to grain stored in granaries. It is much more common in the southern than in the northern parts of Europe. The perfect insect is of a dark chestnut or reddish pitchy color, with short oval wing-cases, but without wings, the thorax much marked with depressed dots, the head elongated into a proboscis, the antennæ bent at right angles. The female makes a little hole in a grain of corn, and deposits an egg in it, the larva feeds on the farina; and as a single female lays many eggs, and perfect insects are soon produced from them, the mischief, unless counteracted, extends very rapidly. To arrest it, however, has always been found extremely difficult; and the most successful method is said to be that of making a little separate heap of grain, which being left unstirred, whilst the greater heap is stirred very frequently, soon becomes the refuge of the weevils, particularly if it is a heap of barley, of which they are fondest, although they will eat any grain, and there they are killed by boiling water.-Of the same genus are the rice weevil (calandra oryza), and a large South American insect (C. palmarum), an inch and a half long, the grub of which lives in the stems of palms, and is eaten as a delicacy both by Indians and Creoles. See illus., BUTTERFLIES, ETC., vol. III., p. 232, fig. 14.

CORO (recently named FALCON), a state in Venezuela on the Caribbean sea and the gulf of Venezuela, the extreme n. part of the republic; 10,253 sq.m.; pop. 99,920. It is drained by many small rivers emptying into the Caribbean sea, one of which, the Tocoyo, is navigable for 120 miles. The soil is sandy and dry, and a large portion is still covered with forests. The principal productions are coffee, corn, cacao, and tropical fruits.

CORO, or SANTA AÑA DE CORO, a maritime t. in Venezuela, capital of the province of Falcon, on the peninsula dividing the gulf of Venezuela from the Caribbean sea, 155 m. w.n.w. of Valencia; pop. 7,000. The town is poorly built, the streets are unpaved, and there are no important public buildings. The climate is hot and unhealthy. The water supply is brought by mules from springs some miles away. There is some trade with the West Indies. This is one of the oldest of the Spanish settlements, having been formed in July, 1527. The town suffered greatly in the Venezuelan war of independ

ence.

COROLLA, in botany, the inner floral envelope of the greater number of phanerogamous plants; the second of those whorls of modified leaves which form the flower (q.v.). It is in the C. that fine colors and the greatest delicacy and beauty of the flower are in general chiefly displayed. The modified leaves of which it is composed are called petals, and are very various in form and number. They are also in very many plants united into a tube at the base, when the C. is said to be monopetalous; and this union often extends through their whole length, leaving their number to be discerned merely in the teeth in which the C. (bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, tubular, etc.) terminates. The petals of a flower are either similar, when the C. is said to be regular, or they differ in form, often very widely, when it is called irregular. They not unfrequently assume remarkable and even grotesque forms. Many petals have appendages of various kinds, as scales, nectaries, spurs, coronæ or crowns, etc. Petals often consist of a limb, or expanded portion, and a claw, the narrower part, which is covered by the calyx, and by which the petal is attached, but sometimes the claw is wanting or obsolete, sometimes it is united with the tube of the calyx, so that the petals appear to rise out of the calyx. See CALYX and PERIANTH.

COR'OLLARY, a proposition the truth of which appears so clearly from the proof of another proposition as not to require separate demonstration.

COROMAN'DEL COAST, often vaguely taken as the whole of the w. shore of the bay of Bengal, extends, in its proper acceptation, from point Calimere, in lat. 10° 17′ n., long. 79° 56' e., to Gondegam, in lat. 15° 20' n., long. 80° 10' east. It is pretty nearly co-extensive with the districts of Tanjore, Arcot, Chingleput, and Nellore, comprising, along with Madras and Pondicherry, the grand battle-field of last century between England and France in India. With various estuaries and inlets, it is yet commercially of very little value, not presenting a single safe place of refuge for large vessels. So shallow, moreover, is the water for a considerable distance from the land, that ships of any size are obliged to lie several miles off; while the intermediate space, or at least that belt of it that is nearest the beach, presents a surf in which no ordinary boat can live-the only safe craft being the native catamaran (q.v.).

CORO'NA, in astronomy, the name given to the phenomenon seen around the sun during a total eclipse. This phenomenon is a complex one, and comprises effects due to the sun's surroundings or the various layers of its atmosphere, to the light falling on something between the observer and the sun, and to certain physiological effects in the eye. The solar part of the phenomenon comprises the "chromosphere," a layer of brightly incandescent hydrogen, with other included metallic vapors, which lie immediately over that interior part of the sun which we ordinarily see; the "prominences," or "red flames," which are the local uprisings of the chromosphere; and outside of all, the coronal atmosphere," which consists, as far as known, of hydrogen less brightly incandescent than that in the chromosphere, and of an unknown substance, the vapor density of which appears to be less than that of hydrogen.

Coronation.

CORONE, in meteorology, colored rings seen around the sun or moon through peculiar forms of cloud. See HALO.

CORONA (Lat. a crown), in architecture, the drip, or lower member of the projecting part of a classical cornice. See ENTABLATURE. The term C. is also applied to the apse or semicircular termination of the choir, especially by ecclesiastical writers. Hence we hear of "Becket's crown," at Canterbury. C. is also applied in ecclesiastical nomenclature, to a chandelier, in the form of a crown or circlet, suspended from the roof of a church, or from the vaulting of the nave or chapels, to hold tapers which are lighted on solemn occasions.

CORONA, or CROWN, in botany, an appendage of the corolla in some flowers; sometimes assuming the appearance of an interior corolla very different from the true corolla, and either divided into parts resembling petals, or consisting only of one piece, and surrounding the organs of fructification like a monopetallous corolla; sometimes assuming very peculiar forms. It is often difficult to determine whether the C. is properly to be regarded as belonging to the row of petals, or to that of stamens. The C. was included by Linnæus under the very comprehensive term nectary. A familiar example may be seen in narcissus, forms very different may be seen in stapelia, and other genera of the natural order asclepiadacea.

CORONA BORËA'LIS, a small and bright constellation near Hercules.

CORONACH, a dirge, or wailing for the dead, long common among the Gaels of Scotland and Ireland in early times. The practice seems to have been in vogue in Greece and Rome, and is still, to some extent, in use at Irish wakes. See CORANACH,

CORONATION. The use of crowns in antiquity, as a mark either of honor or of rejoicing will be explained under CROWN. It was, no doubt, as an adaptation of this general custom to a special use that the practice of placing a crown on the head of a monarch at the commencement of his reign was introduced. The practice is very ancient, as we may learn from the fact that Solomon and Ahaziah were crowned, and there is probably scarcely any country in which it has not been followed in one form or another. Generally it has been accompanied by what was regarded as the still more solemn rite of anointing with oil, a ceremony which, from the time of the ancient Hebrews to our own, has been peculiarly significant of consecration or devotion to the service of God. The term employed for C. in the Saxon chronicle, "gehalgod," is hallowed or consecrated; and it would seem that the ceremony as then performed at Kingston-onThames or Winchester, was in all essentials the same as that which now takes place in Westminster abbey. A copy of the Gospels is still in existence amongst the Cottonian MSS. in the British museum, which is believed to be the identical copy on which the Saxon kings were sworn. Detailed accounts of many English coronations, from Richard I. downwards, have been preserved. They will be found enumerated, along with those of the German emperors, the kings of France, emperors of Russia, etc., in Bohn's Cyclopadia of Political Knowledge; and much more fully, along with much interesting information on the subject generally, in Chapters on Coronations (Lond. 1838).

CORONATION GULF, an inlet of the Arctic ocean, forms the s.e. part of the land locked and isle-studded bay that receives the Coppermine. Lat. 66° 30′ to 68° 30′ n., long. 109 to 110' west.

CORONATION OATH. The form in which the limitations imposed on the monarch were defined by the nation and accepted by him, was probably from the first something equivalent to a coronation oath. Up to the period of the revolution, however, the C.O., like all the other guarantees for popular liberty, admitted of being tampered with; and there is in existence (Cottonian MS., Tib. E. viii.) a copy of the oath sworn by Henry VIII., interlined and altered with his own hand.

To obviate the possibility of such proceedings for the future, the existing C.O,, altered only in consequence of the subsequent unions between England and Scotland. and Great Britain and Ireland, was fixed by stat. 1 Will. and Mary, st. 1, c. 6. It is to the following effect, and thus administered. The archbishop of Canterbury demands of the king (or queen): "Sir, (or madam), is your majesty willing to take the oath?" and on the king answering, "I am willing," the archbishop ministereth these questions: and the king, having a copy of the printed form and order of the coronation service in his hands, answers each question severally, as follows:

Archb. Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of this United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the dominions thereto belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the respective laws and customs of the

same?

King. I solemnly promise so to do.

Archb. Will you, to your power, cause law and justice, in mercy, to be executed in all your judgments?

King. I will.

Archb. Will you, to the utmost of your power, maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant reformed religion, established by law? And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the settlement of the united church of England and Ireland, and the doctrine, worship, discipline, and government thereof, as by

Corporation.

law established within England and Ireland, and the territories thereunto belonging? And will you preserve to the bishops and clergy of England and Ireland, and to the churches there committed to their charge, all such rights and privileges as do, or shall appertain unto them, or any of them?

King. All this I promise to do.

The sovereign then goes to the altar, and laying his hand upon the Gospels, takes the following oath: The things which I have heretofore promised, I will perform and keep, so help me God."

The sovereign then kisses the book, and signs the oath.

The passage in the oath in which the sovereign guarantees the privileges of the church of England, is framed in conformity with the act for securing the church of England as by law established," which is declared to be a fundamental and essential part of the treaty of union, and which was inserted accordingly in the act by which the treaty of union was finally ratified. The passage in the act which provides for the security of the church of Scotland was framed in conformity with an "overture for an act for security of the church"-of which a copy will be found in the appendix to Defoe's History of the Union, p. 617. It is to the effect that, "after the decease of her present majesty (whom God long preserve), the sovereign succeeding to her in the royal government of this kingdom shall, in all time coming (not at the coronation) at his or her accession to the crown, swear and subscribe that they shall maintain and preserve the aforesaid settlement of the true Protestant religion, with the government, worship and discipline of this church, as above (that is, by the previously recited act, 1 Will. and Mary, c. 5) established inviolably." The security of the church of Scotland is thus provided for, by what may be called an accession oath, even during the period which must intervene between the accession of the sovereign and his coronation, when he is not bound, by oath at least, to the maintenance of the other branches of the constitution. The oath has not yet been altered to suit the disestablishment of the Irish Church.

CORONEL LA, a genus of non-venomous serpents of the family colubrida, of a small size, having a somewhat compressed and generally pentagonal body, and rather long conical tail. They inhabit the warm and temperate parts of the world. One species, C. lavis, is found in the center and s. of Europe.

CORONER (Lat. coronator, corona, a crown), a very ancient officer in England, at the common law. He is mentioned in a charter of king Athelstan, 905 A.D; and the office, like much of the common law, is acknowledged to be of Saxon origin. The name is derived from the fact, that the C. has chiefly to do with pleas of the crown. In this light, the lord chief-justice of the queen's bench is the principal C. in the kingdom, and may exercise jurisdiction in that capacity in any part of England. There are, however, particular coroners for every place in England, and in some counties, three or four, or even more. They were formerly paid by fees on each inquest, but now (23 and 24 Vict. c. 116) by salary paid out of the county rate. The C. is chosen for life, and the election rests with the freeholders of the county or district. A C. may, however, be dismissed by the lord chancellor for inability or misbehavior in his office. By the statute of Westminster the first (3 Edw. I. c. 10), it was enacted that none should be chosen but lawful and discreet knights; and in the time of Edward III., there is an instance of a man being removed from the office because he was merely a merchant. Subsequently, it was thought sufficient if a man had lands enough to entitle him to be made a knight; and Blackstone complains that in his time it had come to be sought for the perquisites, and not for the honor of serving the country. This motive has now ceased. The C. is now usually a professional man, frequently an attorney or a medical man.

The office of C. is to some extent the only one in England charged with the investigation of crime. Where the C. cannot act, there is no authority to examine witnesses until a suspected person has been actually charged or accused before a magistrate. But even the C.'s duties are very limited, and little is added to the statute 3 Edw. I. The C. can inquire only into the causes of violent or sudden death, and into these only when the body has been found. When such a death happens, it is the duty of the constable to give notice of it to the C., who then summons a jury from the body of the county for the purpose of making an inquisition into the matter. The C. presides over the inquisition, and the court thus constituted is a court of record. The jury consists of twelve men at least, who are sworn and charged by the C.; and the verdict must be of twelve. By 6 and 7 Vict. c. 12, it has been enacted that the inquest shall be held before the C. in whose district the body shall be "lying dead." If any be found guilty by such inquisition of murder or other homicide, the C. is to commit them to prison for further trial, and is also to make inquiry concerning their lands, goods, and chattels (which are forfeited thereby), if not otherwise known; and he must, moreover, certify the whole of this inquisition under his own seal and the seals of the jurors, together with the evidence thereon, to the court of queen's bench or the next assizes. The accused may thereupon be put on his trial without other indictment. By 6 and 7 Will. IV. c. 89, the C. is empowered to summon, and by 1 Vict. c. 68, to pay, medical witnesses, in place of referring them for payment to the church-wardens. The sums allowed are one guinea for a simple examination, and two guineas if a post-mortem examination of the body has been made. By 6 and 7 Vict. c. 83, coroners are empowered to appoint deputies in case of absence from illness or other reasonable cause. 9 and 10 Vict. c. 37, regulates the duties

Corporation.

of the C. and the expenses of inquests in Ireland. Another branch of the C.'s office is to inquire concerning shipwrecks and treasure-trove; but this has been nearly superseded by the provisions of the merchant shipping act, 1854. He is a conservator of the king's peace, in which capacity he is mentioned in one of the oldest treatises on the common law (Mirror, c. 1, s. 3). As such, he may cause felons to be apprehended, whether an inquisition has found them guilty or not. The C. has likewise ministerial functions as the sheriff's substitute, in executing process in suits in which the sheriff is related either to the plaintiff or defendant. Latterly, the office of C. has been the subject of consideration, with a view to certain reforms of administration. In many cases, it is alleged that the C. makes a job of his office, trumps up cases, and acts vexatiously at variance with the warrants of magistrates. Coroners or crowners, as they were also called in England, are mentioned in many old Scottish statutes; and there is no doubt that the office, as well as that of alderman and mayor, existed in those parts of the country that were peopled by persons of Teutonic race. But it was abolished or fell into desuetude, probably in consequence of the secession war and the French connection; and in Scotland the duties are now chiefly performed by an officer appointed by the crown, styled the procurator-fiscal (q.v).

CORONER (ante), in the United States, elected or appointed, usually one or more in each county or city. The functions of a coroner are almost exclusively confined to holding inquests upon persons who have died by violence or accident, or in a sudden or mysterious manner. He summons a jury, and if need be a physician, and inquires into the facts, after which a verdict is returned. Neither the coroner nor the jury have any defined responsibility; they can only recommend, except in cases of crime, where the coroner has power to cause arrests and to commit to prison.

CORONET. See CROWN.

COROT, JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE, 1796-1875; a French landscape painter. He labored many years without special recognition, but triumphed at last, and received the cross of the legion of honor and many other marks of distinction. Among his works are "View in Italy," ," "Souvenir of the Environs of Florence," Dance of the Nymphs," 'Sunset in the Tyrol,” “Hagar in the Desert,' Dante and Virgil," "Repose,' Solitude, etc.

CORPORAL (more properly caporal, from the Italian capo di escadra) is, so far as concerns the British army at the present day, the grade next below non-commissioned officers. When the regiment is formed as a corps, he has no function different from the private soldier. In barracks or camp, however, he exercises certain disciplinary control over the privates. At present, in the British army, there are 32 corporals to each regiment of cavalry, and 40 for each infantry battalion. They receive pay varying from 18. 3d. to 28. 5d. per day. The lance C. is an assistant C., who remains, however, on private's pay; he wears one chevron (q.v.) on his arm, and two when he rises to the rank of corporal.

On shipboard, there is a ship's corporal, a petty-officer under the master-at-arms; to aid in teaching the seamen the use of small-arms, to guard against the smuggling of spirits on board, to extinguish the fires and lights at a given signal, and to keep order below at night.

CORPORAL (ante), in the United States, does not differ from the same officer in England. He is the lowest officer in a company, standing between a private and sergeant, and does duty in the ranks as a private, except that he places and relieves sentinels, and at drill has charge of a squad.

CORPORAL (Lat. corpus, a body, because of the belief that the bread and wine are the body and blood of our Saviour), a name given to the cloth with which the minister covers what is left of the consecrated elements in the Lord's supper until the service is concluded. It is also called the pall, and its use is of the highest antiquity.

CORPORAL PUNISHMENTS. See FLOGGING.

CORPORATION. This, in England, is either aggregate or sole. A C. aggregate is a society of persons authorized by law to act as one person, and to perpetuate its existence by the admission of new members. Without such legal authority, the acts of the society would be regarded only as the acts of the individuals, and the property of the society would descend to the heirs of the individual members. A C. sole consists of one person, and his successors, who are by law invested with the same capacities as a C. aggregate. The sovereign is a C. sole, and so is a bishop and the vicar of a parish, for these in the eye of the law never die, and each successive holder of the office takes the property belonging to it, neither by conveyance nor by ordinary succession, but is vested in it by his mere holding of the office.

A C. could formerly be established only by charter from the crown or act of parlia ment, unless, indeed, it existed by immemorial prescription; but of late years the exigencies of commerce have led to the passing of various enactments, by compliance with which any society of persons may acquire for themselves the character of a corporation. The particulars of these will be considered under the title JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. A C. always receives a corporate name, by which it sues and is sued, and must possess a common seal, the affixing of which is the only competent way of affixing

Corpus.

the signature of the corporation. The majority of the members of a C. are entitled to act in its name, and may, by a by-law, even delegate-except in the case of municipa! corporations-the power of acting in its name to a certain number of its members. For the acts of the C. none of its members are personally liable. A C. may hold landssubject to the statutes of mortmain (q.v.)-and may be possessed, if a C. aggregate, of chattels; but a C. sole has not this privilege, unless it be the representative of a number of persons for whose benefit the chattels are held. But no C. can be either a trusteeproper or an executor.

Corporations, whether aggregate or sole, are divided into ecclesiastical and lay, and the lay are subdivided into civil and eleemosynary. The ecclesiastical are such as are composed wholly of clergymen, in their ecclesiastical capacity, and are chiefly for the purpose of holding ecclesiastical property. Civil corporations include municipal corporations, the universities, the colleges of physicians and surgeons, learned societies, and many trading companies incorporated. Eleemosynary corporations are for the administration of funds for charitable and pious purposes, such as hospitals, the colleges in universities, etc. An important consequence of these distinctions is the effect it has on the right of visiting a C. or exercising a legal superintendence over its proceedings. The crown is the visitor of the archbishops, each archbishop is the visitor of his suffragan bishops, and each bishop is the visitor of all the ecclesiastical corporations in his diocese. Civil corporations have no visitor, but the court of queen's bench is the authority entitled to restrain and direct them. Eleemosynary corporations are visited by the founder and his heirs, or such persons as the founder appointed to be visitors; and in default of such persons, or of the founder's heirs, the court of chancery acts as visitor. Hospitals, if of ecclesiastical nature, are, however, subject to the visitation of the bishop.

A C. may be dissolved by the death of all its members, or of such number as leaves not enough to make new elections in the way the charter requires; by forfeiture of the charter, through breach of its conditions; by surrender of the charter; or by act of parliament. In all such cases, the lands of the C. revert to their several donors, and the debts due by or to the C. are extinguished.

Municipal corporations, formerly dependent on special charter alone, are now made uniform, and regulated by the 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 76, and some subsequent acts. See MUNICIPAL CORPORATION.

As to public corporations in Scotland, see BURGH, TOWN COUNCIL, FRIENDLY SOCIETIES; and as to private corporations for trading purposes, see Bank, LIABILITY (limited), PARTNERSHIP.

CORPORATION (ante). There are, strictly speaking, no ecclesiastical corporations in the United States. In addition to the explanation given respecting English corporations which serves equally to define the position of our own, it may be said, that corporations are public and private. A public corporation (as a village) is a governmental instrument, and may be dissolved at the will of the creating power; but a private corporation, as a college, cannot be dissolved at will, as no state has the power to deny obligation of contracts. Therefore it is that in many instances the right of repeal is reserved by the state in the charter of the corporation. But a private corporation may be dissolved for the non-fulfillment of contract, for misdirection of funds, and for other causes. The law respecting the power of corporations to inherit money or estate is dif ferently construed in different states; in some they are entirely deprived of right of inheritance, while in others they have the right under various restrictions, such as the limitation of the value of the bequest, or an expiration of a certain time between the making of the will and the death of the testator. A corporation may, through an agent, act outside of the limits of its own state, unless prohibited from so doing by a special enactment. The direction of corporations is never placed in the hands of one person, as in England, but is generally vested in a board of trustees. The property of a corporation is subject to the control of the U. S. court of bankruptcy, and the corporation may be sued as an individual.

CORPS D'ARMÉE, in the military system of the greater continental European states, is an organization of the forces in the time of peace. The whole military strength is divided into several corps, each complete in itself as an army, with everything needful for service, staff and artillery park included. The English army is now distributed into eight army corps, stationed in eight territorial centers. The French army, had in 1879, nineteen corps d'armée; which have been increased in strength by the recent military reorganization. Germany had in the same year eighteen corps d'armée. In the Austrian service, the normal number of corps d'armée is thirteen. The military strength of Russia, as finally settled in 1876, is distributed over fourteen military districts.

CORPS D'ARMÉE (ante), a title not used in the United States. At present the army is in three great divisions: the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Missouri. During the late war, sections of the army were known by location, such as the army of the Poto mac, or of the Cumberland.

CORPSE-CANDLE. See CANDLE.

CORPS LÉGISLATIF, the name of the lower house of the French national legis lature under Napoleon III. from 1857 to 1870. Members were elected for six year terms.