Claremont.

of Africa, but the great geographical problem of the course of the Niger was still much in the same position. To solve it, if possible, C.—the rank of commander having been conferred upon him-started again in Aug., 1825, in company with capt. Pearce, R. N., Mr. Dickson, and Dr. Morrison. He had also Richard Lander as his confidential servant. They commenced their exploration into the interior from the bight of Benin. His companions died early on the journey, but C. and his faithful attendant, Lander, reached Sakkatu. Detained here by the sultan, Bello, the vexation joined to the hardships of the journey so affected his health, that he died at Changary, near Sakkatu, April 13, 1827. C. was the first European that penetrated from the Bight of Benin into the interior of Africa, and followed the course of the Niger for a great way. Though without scientific education, he was an intelligent and unprejudiced observer, and made important additions to geographical knowledge.-Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the years 1822-23-24, by Denham, Clapperton, and Oudney (Lond. 1826); Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, etc. (Lond. 1829); Records of Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa, by Richard Lander (Lond. 1830).

CLAQUE (from Fr. claquer, "to clap the hands,” or “applaud ") is the name given to a contrivance for securing the success of a public performance or production, by bestowing upon it preconcerted applause, and thus giving the public, who are not in the secret, a false notion of the impression it has made. This artifice first came into operation in theaters and concert-rooms, and arose from friendly or party motives; but it is to be feared that it has spread into other departments of public life, not excepting even parliaments.

It was in Paris that it was first regularly organized and turned into a trade. One Sauton, in 1820, established an office for the insurance of dramatic success (Assurance des Succès Dramatiques), and was thus the organizer of the Parisian "claque." The directors or managers of a theater send an order to the office for whatever number of claqers" they think necessary. If the success of a piece seems doubtful, as many sometimes as from 300 to 500 of these people are furnished with gratis tickets, and are often instructed at the rehearsals at what particular places they are specially to applaud. How minutely the art is organized, may be seen from the exact division of functions among the several claquers. The "commissar" is bound to learn the play by heart, and call the attention of the audience about him to the various beauties of the piece; the "rieur". must laugh at every jest; the "pleureur" (weeper) has to manifest his sensibility at the moving passages. This last part is generally assigned to women, in whom the frequent use of the handkerchief seems most natural. The "chatouilleur " (tickler), on the other hand, endeavors, by distributing bonbons, snuff, theater-bills, etc., and by hvely conversation, to keep his neighbors in good-humor; and lastly, the "bisseur" calls encore ! with the utmost enthusiasm, at the conclusion of the specified pieces of music.

The following incident, which found its way into the newspapers on the occasion of the death of the famous French actress, Mademoiselle Rachel, shows the ludicrous seriousness with which the members of the C. view their singular profession: Mademoiselle Rachel had just created a new character in a modern piece, and during the first evening, was loudly applauded. The next, however, she thought her reception by no means so warm, and she complained of it, adding that the C. did not do its duty. It turned out that the head of the C. had been ill, and that his place that evening had been supplied by a confrère from another theater. This individual, on hearing of the complaint that had been made, wrote to mademoiselle as follows: "MADEMOISELLE-I cannot remain under the obloquy of a reproach from such lips as yours! The following is an authentic statement of what really took place: At the first representation, I led the attack in person not less than 33 times. We had three acclamations, four hilarities, two thrilling movements, four renewals of applause, and two indefinite explosions. In fact, to such an extent did we carry our applause, that the occupants of the stalls were scandalized, and cried out, A la porte! My men were positively extenuated with fatigue, and even intimated to me that they could not again go through such an evening. Seeing such to be the case, I applied for the manuscript, and after having profoundly studied the piece, I was obliged to make up my mind for the second representation to certain curtailments in the service of my men. I, however, applied them only to MM., and if the ad interim office I hold affords me the opportunity, I will make them ample amends. In such a situation as that which I have just depicted, I have only to request you to believe firmly in my profound admiration and respectful zeal; and I venture to entreat you to have some consideration for the difficulties which environ me."

The allegation that in London theatrical artists and managers are obliged to endeavor to insure success by means of a similar institution, is strenuously denied. Although no public offices of the kind have yet been established in Germany, the artifice is extenively practiced, to the perversion of the public judgment and the detriment of art.

CLARAC, CHARLES OTHON FRÉDÉRIC JEAN BAPTISTE, Count, 1777-1847; a native of Paris, an artist and antiquary. He superintended the excavations at Pompeii, of which he gives an account in Fouilles faites à Pompeii. He was for a time a member of the French embassy in Brazil, and on returning to Paris, was made keeper of the museum of antiquities in the Louvre, of which museum he published a catalogue. Others of his

works are Manuel de l'Historie de l'Art chez les Anciens, and Musée de Sculpture Antique et Moderne.

CLARE, a co. in central Michigan, on the head-waters of Muskegon river, reached by the Flint and Pere Marquette railroad; 650 sq.m.; pop. '80, 4,187. It is mostly covered with forests. Co. seat, Farwell.

CLARE, a maritime co. in the province of Munster, Ireland, bounded n. by Galway and Galway bay; e. and s. by the Shannon, and its expansion lough Derg, separating it from Tipperary, Limerick, and Kerry; w. by the Atlantic. It lies between lat. 52° 32′ and 53° 7 n., and long. 8° 25' and 9° 58' west. It is seventh in size of the Irish counties; length, 67 m.; greatest breadth, 38; average, 21; area, 1294 sq.m.-more than a half being arable, and a hundredth in wood. The surface is mostly hilly, with some mountains, bog, marsh, and rugged pasture. There is an undulating plain in the center, from n. to south. On the e., lie the Inchiquin, Slieve Baughta, and Slieve Barnagh mountains, the highest being 1758 ft., with rich pastures between. The mountains on the w. rise in Mt. Callan to 1282 feet. In the s., along the rivers, are rich loamy pastures called corcasses. The coast-line is 140 m. along the sea, and 80 along the Shannon estuary. The sea-line is high and rocky, in parts precipitous, with many isles and fantastic detached rocks. For 5 m. at Moher, the coast rises 400 ft. nearly perpendicular, and at another point 587 feet. The chief rivers are the Shannon (q.v.), and the Fergus, running s. 27 m. through the middle plain, and by an estuary 5 m. broad. The county has about 100 small lakes. Carboniferous limestone is a prevailing formation in the county. The s.w. third of the county forms part of the Munster coal-field, with beds of ironstone, and thin seams of coal and culm. C. has mines of lead, copper pyrites, and manganese; slate and flag quarries; a black marble quarry near Ennis; and many chalybeate springs. The soils are warm and friable on limestone, deep rich loam on the Shannon, and cold and wet, with bogs and much timber on the coal tracts. Part of the limestone district is flooded in winter, but affords rich pasture in the summer, when the water dries up. In some places, spring-water is very scarce, and water can only be procured from the neighboring corcasses. The climate is moist and mild, but with frequent violent gales from the Atlantic. In 1880, 141,302 acres were under crops, the chief crops being oats, potatoes, wheat, barley, and turnips. The chief trade is in grain and provisions. Fine sheep and cattle are reared on the pastures. Fish are caught on the rivers in the native wicker-boats. The chief manufactures are coarse linens, hosiery, flannels, and friezes. C. is divided into 11 baronies, 80 parishes, and seven poor-law unions, with parts of three others. The chief towns are Ennis (the county town), Kilrush, Ennistymon, and Killaloe. Pop. in '41, 286,394; in '51, 212,428; in '71, 147,864, of whom 144,440 were Roman Catholics, 3,027 Protestant Episcopalians, 220 Presbyterians, and the rest of other denominations. In 1881, C. had 32,130 pupils on the rolls of the national schools. It returns three members to parliament, two for the county, and one for Ennis. C. has many cromlechs, raths, remains of abbeys, and old castles or towers, and several round towers, one at Kilrush being 120 ft. high. C., till the time of Elizabeth, was called Thomond. An adventurer called Clare gave it its present name. Pop. '81, 141,457.

CLARE, JOHN, 1793-1864; known as the Northamptonshire Peasant Poet, the son of a farm laborer. He was taken from school at the age of 7, and set to watching geese and sheep; at 12 he worked on a farm, paying for such education as he could get in earnings from his meager wages. He tried to get a place in a lawyer's office, but failed; studied algebra; fell in love; became a pot-boy in a public-house; was apprenticed to a gardener; ran away; enlisted in the militia; lived among the gypsies; worked as a lime-burner, and at the age of 25 was compelled to seek parish relief. Two years after, he published Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery," and in the following year his Village Minstrel and other Poems. He became famous, was patronized and flattered, and overrun with curious visitors, fell into dangerous habits, and died a madman in a lunatic asylum.

CLARE COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, founded 1326, under the name of University hall, by Richard Badew, was burned in 1338, and rebuilt and endowed by Elizabeth, countess of Clare. Chaucer calls this college "Solere" hall. It has a master, 8 senior and 10 junior fellows. The 18 fellowships are open to gentlemen of the degree B. A. or a higher, without restriction as to marriage. The master is elected by the senior and junior fellows. The buildings, which are in the renaissance style, are amongst the most pleasing in the university. Richard III., pretending himself to be descended from the foundress, claimed the patronage of this hall. The chapel was built in 1535, previ ous to which an aisle of St. Edward's church, where the masters and fellows were anciently interred, was used for the purpose.

CLARE ISLAND, an island of Ireland, belonging to the county of Mayo, situated in the Atlantic, at the entrance of Clew bay. It has a length of 44 m., with a breadth of 2 miles. On its n.e. extremity, there is a light-house at an elevation of 487 ft. above the sea. Lat. 53° 49′ 30′′ n., long. 9° 55' 30" w.

CLAREMONT, a t. in Sullivan co., N. H., on the Connecticut river, and the southern division of the Vermont Central railroad; 48 m. n. w. of Concord; pop. '80;

4,704. The principal village is 3 m. from the Connecticut, on the Sugar river, which furnishes abundant water-power, employed in the manufacture of cotton, wool, and paper. The Stevens high school, founded by Paran Stevens, a hotel-keeper first in Claremont and afterwards in Boston and New York, is the principal public institution.

CLAREMONT, a mansion or country-seat at Esher, Surrey, built by a noble family of that name. When the princess Charlotte, heiress-apparent to the crown of England, was married to prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, C. was assigned as their residence; and at the death of the princess in 1817, the use of it was continued to the widower for life, along with the allowance settled on him of £50,000. The prince lived here till his elec tion as king of Belgium, after which time he only occasionally visited it. After the revolution of Feb., 1848, he placed it at the disposal of his father-in-law, ex-king Louis Philippe, who inhabited it till his death in Aug., 1850, and whose family have since continued to reside there. C. has been to the younger line of the house of Bourbon what Frohsdorf is to the elder, and has been the scene of more than one congress of the leading Orleanists.

CLARENCE, DUKE OF, the title occasionally given to a younger male member of the British royal family.

CLARENCIEUX, the first of the two provincial kings-of-arms, in England, the second being Norroy. The jurisdiction of C. extends to all England s. of the Trent, that of Norroy (q.v.) comprehending the portion n. of that river. C. is named after the duke of Clarence, third son of king Edward III. It is his duty to visit his province, to survey the arms of all persons bearing coat-armor within it, to register descents and marriages, and to marshal the funerals of all persons who are not under the direction of Garter. He also grants arms within his province, with the approval of the earl marshal.

CLARENDON, a co. in e. South Carolina, bounded on the s. and w. by the Santee; 700 sq.m.; pop. '80, 19,190-12,908 colored. The surface is generally even and the soil fertile, producing corn, cotton, rice, etc. Co. seat, Manning.

CLARENDON, a t. and village in Rutland co., Vt., on Otter creek and the Western Vermont railroad, 6 m. s. of Rutland; pop. of township, '80, 1105. C. is much visited for its mineral springs, the waters of which are said to be useful in kidney and cutaneous diseases.

CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF, were laws made by a parliament, or rather by a general council of the nobility and prelates, held at Clarendon, a village in Wiltshire, in 1164, whereby king Henry II. checked the power of the church, and greatly narrowed the total exemption which the clergy had claimed from the jurisdiction of the secular magistrate. These famous ordinances, 16 in number, defined the limits of the patronage, as well as of the jurisdiction, of the pope in England, and provided that the crown should be entitled to interfere in the election to all vacant offices and dignities in the church. The constitutions were unanimously adopted, and Becket, the primate, reluctantly signed them, at the solicitation of his brethren. But they were at once rejected by pope Alexander III., when sent to him for ratification, and Becket thereupon immediately retracted his consent, and imposed upon himself the severest penances for his weakness in giving it. This, and the other measures adopted by the haughty and imperious archbishop, to vindicate the independence of his order, led to the unhappy disputes between him and the monarch, which terminated in the famous tragedy at Canterbury, commonly known as the martyrdom of St. Thomas-à-Becket, the canonization of the saint, and the pilgrimages to his tomb, which subsequently became an institution of the Roman Catholic church. Notwithstanding the personal humiliation to which Henry submitted after Becket's death, most of the provisions of the constitutions of C. continued to be permanent gains to the civil power. A masterly and dispassionate appreciation of the constitutions of C. will be found in Dr. Pauli's Geschichte v. England; and in prof. Stubbs's Select Charters illustrative of English Constitutional History, the text of the constitutions is given.

CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, Earl of, an English historian and statesman, son of a private gentleman, was b. at Dinton, Wiltshire, 18th Feb., 1608, and educated at Oxford. He studied law under his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief-justice of the king's bench; was a member of the Long parliament, and for some time spoke and voted on the side of the popular party; but on the breaking out of the civil wars in England, he attached himself to the royal cause, and in 1642 was appointed chancellor of the exchequer, knighted, and sworn of the privy council. Accompanying prince Charles (Charles II.) to Jersey, he remained there for two years, and began his History of the Rebellion (London, 1702-4; continuation, with Life, 1759), and also wrote the various papers which appeared in the king's name, as answers to the manifestoes of the parliament, and which far surpassed in vigor and elegance the productions against which they were directed. In May, 1648, he went to Paris, and in Nov., 1649, was sent on an unsuccessful mission for assistance from the Spanish court. He afterwards proceeded to the Hague, where, in 1657, Charles II. appointed him high chancellor of England. At the restoration, he was confirmed in that office, and elected chancellor of the university of Oxford. In Nov., 1660, he was created baron Hyde, and in April following, viscount Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon.

In 1663, the earl of Bristol accused him of high treason in the house of lords; and though this charge failed, public indignation was excited against him by the ill success of the war with Holland, and the sale of Dunkirk to the French. The victim also of some court intrigues, he was deprived of his offices; and he secretly withdrew to Calais, whence he sent his apology to the lords; but this writing was ordered, by both houses of parliament, to be burned by the common hangman. After living six years in exile, he died at Rouen, Dec., 1674, and was buried in Westminster abbey. His daughter, Anne Hyde, became the wife, in 1659, of the duke of York, afterwards James II., and was the mother of Anne and Mary, both queens of Great Britain.

C. was, on the whole, both well-intentioned and wise. There can be no doubt that he loved his country sincerely, and was humanely and liberally disposed. He was too moderate for the troublous times in which he lived. Lacking enthusiasm, he failed to appreciate the position of the Puritans; and after a brief period spent in their service, he passed over to the camp of the royalists, but was never a bigoted partisan. His firmness, however, was not equal to his sagacity, and hence arose the perplexities which ultimately occasioned his fall. C.'s private character was excellent, in an age when virtue was utterly unfashionable among noblemen.

CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, Earl of, a distinguished English statesman, was b.. 12th Jan., 1800. He was a descendant of Thomas Villiers, who, in 1752, married the heiress of the last lord Clarendon of the Hyde family, and was, in 1756, made baron Hyde, and in 1776, earl of Clarendon. Having studied at Cambridge, he early entered the diplomatic service, and in 1833 was appointed to the then important post of ambassador at Madrid, where he acquired great influence, which he employed in establishing the government of Spain on a constitutional basis. On the death of his uncle, the third earl, without issue, in 1838, he succeeded to the title, and returned to England to take his seat in the upper house. In 1840, he was appointed keeper of the great seal. When the Whig ministry was broken up in 1841, he became an active member of the opposition; but warmly supported sir Robert Peel in his measures for the abolition of the corn-laws. Under lord John Russell's premiership, he became president of the board of trade in 1846, and the following year was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He entered upon his duties in troublous times. The insurrectionary follies of Smith O'Brien and his coadjutors might have set the whole country in a blaze. but for the prompt and decisive measures which C. adopted, and which soon rostered general tranquillity. At the same time, his tact and impartiality contributed to ally and reconcile the exasperations of party. The severity of his proceedings against the Orangemen on occasion of disturbances in 1849, was made the subject of a formal accusation in the house of lords; but C. made a convincing defense, and ministers declared their complete approval of his proceedings. When the Russell cabinet resigned in 1852, C. was replaced by the earl of Eglinton; but on the formation of the Aberdeen ministry, in a later part of the same year, he was intrusted with the seals of the foreign office. When lord Palmerston became premier in 1855, C. held the seals until the resignation of the ministry in 1858. He resumed them, under the same premier, in 1865; retired with his colleagues in 1866; and taking the same office once more in 1868, he retained it till he died in June, 1870.

CLARENDON PRESS, a printing establishment connected with Oxford university (England); founded in 1672, and named Clarendon, because the printing-house was paid for by the profits on the sale of Lord Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, of which work the university has a perpetual copyright.

CLARET (Fr. clairet), a term originally applied to wines of a light-red color, but which is now used in England as a general name for the red wines of Bordeaux (q. v.). The name as used in England is unknown in France.

CLARI, GIOVANNI CARLO MARIA, b. 1669; an Italian composer of music, pupil of Colonna, chapel-master, and author of the opera Il Savio delirante. He wrote also church music, duets, and trios.

CLARIFICATION is the process of clearing a fluid from a turbid condition, as in the case of beer (q.v,), or in the action of gelatine in fining British wines. Natural waters containing much organic matter in mechanical suspension and in chemical solution, are clarified by the addition of a little alum, which is precipitated with the organic matter, and the water then becomes healthy and refreshing. Liquids are often clarified by straining through several layers of cloth; and the addition of cold water to hot coffee, etc., causes a deposit to be thrown down, which clears the solution. The use of the clearing nut (q.v.), for clarifying water, is general in India.

CLARINET, or CLARIONET', a wind-instrument of the reed kind, invented by Joseph Christoph Denner, in Nürnberg, in 1690. Its tone is produced by a thin piece of Spanish reed nicely flattened and tied, or otherwise fixed on the mouth-piece. On the body of the instrument there are holes and keys for the fingers of the performer, by which the notes are produced. In extent, fullness, and variety of tone, the C. is the most perfect of wind-instruments. Its construction, however, does not admit of every key in music being played on the same instrument, for which reason clarinets of different pitch are used in orchestral music-viz., the C C., which plays all the notes as they are written;

Clarke.

the B flat C., a whole tone below the C; and the A C., a minor third below the C. In military music, an E flat C., a minor third above the C one, is much used.

CLARION, a co. in n.w. Pennsylvania, on the Alleghany and Clarion rivers, traversed by the Alleghany railroad, 600 sq.m.; pop. '80, 40,326. Surface hilly, and Co. seat, soil fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats, rye, buckwheat, butter, wool, etc. Clarion.

CLARION, or CLAR'IN, a species of trumpet, more shrill in tone than the ordinary one; also the name of an organ-stop of four feet pitch.

CLARK: co., S. Dak. See page 882.

CLARK, a co. in e. Illinois, bordering on Indiana, and bounded on the s.e. by Wabash river, intersected by the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Indianapolis railroad; 460 sq.m.; pop. '80, 21,900. The chief business is agriculture. Co. seat, Marshall. CLARK: co., Kansas. See page 882.

CLARK, a co. in central Kentucky, bounded by the Red and Kentucky rivers on the s.; intersected by the Lexington and Big Sandy railroad; 210 sq.m.; pop. '80, 12,113 -4,185 colored. It has a hilly and broken surface, with unusually fertile soil; chief products, wheat, corn, butter, and wool. Co. seat, Winchester.

CLARK, a co. in s.e. Mississippi, on the Alabama border, intersected by the Mobile and Ohio railroad; 650 sq.m.; pop. '80, 15,022-7,792 colored. The region is hilly, and occupied chiefly by pasture lands. The crops are corn, cotton, rice, etc. Co. seat, Quitman.

CLARK, a co. in s.w. Ohio, on Mad river, traversed by the Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis, and a branch of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis railroads; 380 sq.m.; pop. '80, 41,947. The surface is diversified; soil fertile, with plenty of timber, and well watered. The chief products are wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, butter, wool, and flax. Co. seat, Springfield.

CLARK, a co. in Wisconsin, on the Black and Eau Claire rivers, reached by the w. branch of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad; 1548 sq.m.; pop. '80, 10,715. It has a hilly surface and fertile soil. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, Neilsville.

CLARK, ABRAHAM; 1726-94; one of the signers of the declaration of American independence. He was a native of New Jersey, in which colony and state he held many important offices, representing the state in congress, and in the commercial convention of 1786.

CLARK, ALONZo, b. Vt. 1807; a graduate of Williams college, and of the New York college of physicians and surgeons in 1835, in which institution he was professor of physiology and pathology, and of the practice of medicine. He has been president of the New York state medical society, and has been a leading hospital and general practitioner in New York city for many years.

CLARK, ALVAN; 1804-87; b. Mass.; the son of a farmer, and a self-taught engraver, portrait-painter, and optician. His telescopes have won high reputation and the praise of astronomers in all countries. He was the inventor of a double eye-piece, an ingenious method of measuring celestial arcs of from three to sixty seconds. In 1863, with one of his own telescopes he discovered a new star near Sirius, in honor of which the French academy of sciences awarded to him the Lalande prize. He resided in Cambridge, Mass. CLARK, DAVIS WASGATT, D.D., 1812-71; a native of Maine, graduated at Wesleyan university in 1836, and for seven years presided over the Amenia seminary. In 1853, he was editor of the Ladies' Repository, and of the works issued by the western Methodist book concern. In 1864, he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church. He published Treatise on Mental Discipline; Fireside Readings; Life and Times of Bishop Hedding; Man Immortal; Sermons; etc.

CLARK, Sir JAMES, Bart., a distinguished physician, was born at Cullen, Banffshire, Dec., 1788. His early education was obtained at the grammar-school of Fordyce; and he afterwards passed to King's college, Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A. He studied medicine at Edinburgh and London, and entered as a navy surgeon in 1809a position he held until 1815. Taking his degree of M.D. in Edinburgh in 1817, he, after traveling on the continent, settled at Rome, where he practiced as a physician for eight years. In 1826, he took up his residence in London, where he soon secured for himself a prominent place among the most eminent medical men of the time. On the accession of queen Victoria to the throne, C., who for two years previously had acted as physician to the duchess of Kent, was appointed physician in ordinary to her majesty; and in that capacity he attended the queen on most of her journeys to Scotland and the continent. He was created a baronet in 1838. Among the most important of C.'s contributions to medical science, is his work On the Sanative Influence of Climate, a subject upon which he was considered a high authority; and A Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption, in which he showed that this destructive malady is one of the general health, depending upon mal-assimilation of the food, and to be prevented, and in certain cases arrested, by a wise regulation of food, air, and exercise. He was among the first in his. profession, along with Dr. Andrew Combe and sir John Forbes, who demonstrated the importance of the study of the laws of health, in order to the salutary direction and control of morbid action in disease; and he did great public and professional good by