Coleoptera.

ture is long continued, even the healthy are sure to suffer, when impoverished so as not to have sufficient means of external warmth in their homes. The most direct effects of C. are in the production of what is commonly called frost-bite. The part so affected is deprived of circulation, and does not bleed on being wounded; it is marble-white or livid, and has lost all sensibility; and if the exposure is continued, or reaction is brought about too rapidly, it is apt to pass irto gangrene. The extremities, especially the fingers and toes, and the tip of the nose, are the parts most liable to frost-bite. The remedy is exceedingly gradual restoration of the temperature, with gentle friction. In Russia, friction with snow is commonly resorted to, so as to secure against too rapid reaction. The effects of C. upon the general system are described by arctic voyagers, and a medical detail of them may be found in baron Larrey's interesting account of Napoleon's disastrous campaign in Russia. The circulation is much depressed; diarrhoea and rheumatic pains are frequent; in the end, the general sensibility becomes impaired, and an irresistible tendency to lie down is experienced, with excessive drowsiness. If this be not resisted, death is certain. The disease commonly termed "a cold" has been already described under CATARRH.

COLD. See CATARRH,

COLD CREAM is the term applied to a preparation of fatty substances, which is used as a mild and cooling dressing for the skin. It may be prepared by heating gently four parts of olive-oil, and one part of white wax, till a uniform liquid mass is obtained, when a little color and scent may be added; the mixture is then allowed to cool, but must be stirred the whole time, so as to prevent the concretion and consequent separation of the wax. Another variety is prepared with the addition of hogs' lard, but the latter sometimes contains common salt, and is liable to become more or less rancid. C. C. softens the skin, and tends to promote the healing of wounds and of chapped hands.

COL DE LA SEIGNE, a pass in the Alps leading from the Val d'Aosta in Piedmont into Savoy, 7 m. w.s. w. of Mont Blanc. The crown of the pass is 8,472 ft. above tide.

COLDEN, CADWALLADER, 1688-1776; a native of Scotland who came to America in 1708 and practiced with great success as a physician in Philadelphia. In 1718, he settled in New York city. He was the first surveyor-general of the colony, a member of the provincial council, and in 1761 was appointed lieutenant-governor, holding the office until his death, which took place on Long Island five weeks after the British took possession of New York city. As the governors were often changed, C. was the real executive of the colony for 15 years. He published a number of works, of which the most important is his History of the Five Indian Nations of Canada, a work of great value. One of his favorite studies was botany, in the pursuit of which he sent many hundred plants to Linnæus, who published descriptions of them.

COLDEN, CADWALLADER DAVID, 1769-1834; grandson of Cadwallader. He was bred to the law, and became one of the most eminent of the New York bar. In the war of 1812, he was a colonel of volunteers. In 1818, he was chosen to the state assembly, and in the same year was appointed mayor of New York. He was chosen to congress in 1822, and to the state senate in 1824. C. was one of Clinton's best supporters in the work of internal improvements; and he was conspicuous in the cause of public education, the reformation of juvenile offenders, and other moral and social reforms. He wrote the life of Robert Fulton, and a memoir on the opening of the New York canals. COLD HARBOR, BATTLES OF. See CHICKAHOMINY.

COLD PIT, or COLD FRAME, in gardening, is a simple contrivance for the preservation of half-hardy plants throughout winter, and consists of a pit, seldom more than 3 ft. in depth, and often not so much, walled or unwalled, and covered with a frame, either thatched or glazed.

COLD SPRING. a village in Putnam co., N. Y., on the Hudson river and the Hudson river railroad, 53 m. n. of New York. The place is noted for the manufacture of cannon, brass castings, and machinery. Pop. '80, 2,111.

COLDSTREAM, a border t. in the s. of Berwickshire, on the left bank of the Tweed, 15 m. s. w. of Berwick, and on one of the main routes from Scotland to England. It is irregularly built on a high site. Pop. '81, 1,116. Near C. is the famous ford of the Tweed, where the Scotch and English crossed in former times, before the erection of Berwick bridge. By this ford Edward I. entered Scotland in 1296, and near it he met the Scottish nobles, to settle the disputes of Bruce and Baliol about the crown of Scotland. By this ford also the Scottish army entered England in 1640. Here gen. Monk, 1659-60, raised the regiment still known as the Coldstream guards (q.v.). Being a border town, C., like Gretna Green, was formerly celebrated for its clandestine marriages.

COLDSTREAM GUARDS, a regiment in the foot guards (q.v.) or household brigade, is the oldest corps in the British army except the 1st foot. Gen. Monk, in 1660, raised a corps at Coldstream, which was at first called "Monk's regiment;" but when parlia ment consented to give a brigade of guards to Charles II., this corps, under the name of C. G., was included in it.

Coleoptera.

COLDWATER, a city in Branch co., Mich., on the Coldwater river and Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railroad, 115 m. w.s. w. of Detroit; pop. '80, 4,681. It is the center of an important local trade.

COLE, a co. in central Missouri, on the Missouri river, bounded s.e. by the Osage, intersected by the Pacific railroad of Missouri; 410 sq.m.; pop. '80, 15,519-1871 colored. The soil is generally fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats, etc. Co. seat, Jefferson City, the state capital.

COLE, THOMAS, 1801-48; b. England; came to the United States in 1819. Having a taste for painting, he persevered, without teachers, money, or encouragement, until 1825 before obtaining general recognition. In that year he set up a studio in New York in the garret of his father's house. He began to paint scenes from nature, going to the Catskills for the purpose, and very soon secured the public appreciation for which he had labored. Thenceforth his career was prosperous, and in 1829 he went to Europe. After visiting Florence, Rome, and other art centers, he returned to New York in 1832. Receiving an order to furnish a private gallery with his pictures only, he produced his "Course of Empire," five paintings which he intended to be an illustration of the history of the human race. These works are now in the gallery of the New York historical society. In later years Cole produced “Departure" and Return," the "Dream of Arcadia," and the " Voyage of Life." The latter, an allegory in four pictures, was one of his most popular works, and elicited praise from Thorwaldsen. Among other works are a picture of Mt. Etna, views in the White mountains, and on Lake Winnipiseogee, "L'Allegro," Il Penseroso," Home in the Woods," etc.

COLE BROOKE, HENRY THOMAS, an eminent orientalist, was b. in 1765. He early went out to India, where, having served in various civil capacities under the East India company, he was appointed Sanscrit professor in the newly founded college at Fort William. Afterwards he became a judge at Mirzapore, and subsequently held the appointment of president of the board of revenue. During his residence in India, he had gained an extensive knowledge of the literature of the Vedas and their commentators, as well as of the writings of ancient Hindu grammarians, metaphysicians, and mathematicians. A sound critical judgment marks all his writings. He was a director of the Bengal Asiatic society; and many of the most valuable essays in the Asiatic Researches were contributed by him. These, with other papers, were afterwards republished as Miscellaneous Essays, in 2 vols., 1837. He also made translations from the Sanscrit works on Hindu law, algebra, arithmetic, and mensuration, which were important contributions to the history of mathematics. Among his other publications are a Sanscrit dictionary and grammar, and treatises on the philosophy and sacred books of the Hindus. He d. in London (where he had for some years been president of the Asiatic society), Mar. 10, 1837.

COLEMAN, a co. in w. Texas, on the affluents of the Colorado; 1000 sq.m.; pop. 1880, 3603. The region is adapted to cattle-raising. Co. seat, Coleman.

COLEMAN, LEIGHTON, D.D., b. Philadelphia, 1837; was graduated at the general theological seminary, N. Y., 1861, and held pastorates in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Del., Mauch Chunk, and Toledo, O.; elected bishop of Wis., 1875, but declined; in 1888 elected and consecrated bishop of Delaware.

COLEMAN, LYMAN, D.D., b. Conn., 1796. He traveled and studied in Europe, and has been connected with several literary institutions in the United States. In 1873, he was professor in Lafayette college. Dr. C. published Antiquities of the Christian Church; Ancient Christianity; Historical Text-book and Atlas of Biblical Geography; Prelacy and Ritualism, and other works. He d. 1882.

COLENSO, JOHN WILLIAM, D.D., b. England, 1814; educated at Cambridge, and was fellow and assistant tutor in St. John's college. In 1854, he was appointed first bishop of Natal, South Africa. He published a number of books on mathematics, Village Sermons, etc.; but the first of his works that attracted especial attention was A Translation of the Epistle to the Romans, Commented on from a Missionary Point of View, issued in 1861. This was followed in 1862 by The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically Examined, in which the authorship of Moses and the accuracy of many statements in the books were questioned. An attempt was made to depose the writer by his superior, the bishop of Cape Town, but the deposition was declared void by the privy Council. The local bishops then stopped his income, but the court of chancery ordered it to be paid, with arrears and interest. Previous to '70, Colenso had published Natal Sermons, a Zulu grammar, dictionary, and New Testament, and other educational books in that language. His later works are The New Bible Commentary by the Bishops and Other Clergy of the Anglican Church, Critically Examined, and Lectures on the Pentateuch and the Moabite Stone. He d. 1883.

COLENSO. See NATAL, BISHOP OF.

COLEOPTERA, or COLEOP'TEROUS INSECTS (Gr, koleos, a sheath; and pteron, a wing), an order of insects which, with a little change of limits and characters, has been recognized since the days of Aristotle. The number of species enumerated by naturalists, and of which examples are gathered in museums, amounts to many thousands. The C. are sometimes collectively called beetles, although that name is gen

Coleridge.

erally more limited in its application, and many of them are known by other names, as weevils, lady-bugs, etc. The glow-worm and the blistering-fly (cantharis) belong to this order.

The C. may be described as four-winged insects, which have the first pair of wings converted into crustaceous wing-cases (elytra), and the second pair of wings folded crosswise under these when not in use. In some of them, the membranaceous wings are wanting, or rudimentary, in one or in both sexes, for there is often a difference of the sexes in this respect: more rarely, the elytra also are wanting in one sex, as in the female glow-worm. The head and antennæ vary extremely in different C., the antennæ often differ considerably in the male and female of the same species. The first segment of the thorax (prothorax) is greatly larger than the other two. The abdomen is united to the thorax by its whole width, and not by a stalk. C. have two composite eyes, and no additional simple or stemmatic eyes (ocelli). The mouth is fitted for cutting, gnawing, tearing, or chewing, but never at all for suction, and exhibits in the greatest perfection of development the complicated structure which belongs to the mouth of ali the masticating or mandibulated insects. See INSECTS. The upper jaws or mandibles are hard and horny in most of the C., but comparatively soft in those which feed on vegetable juices, or on putrescent animal matter. The food of the C. is very various: some prey on other insects, worms, etc.; some feed on carrion; some on rotten woodsome on wood in a fresh and growing state-some on the roots of grasses and other plants-some on grain-some on leaves-some on flowers, etc. The food of their larvæ is equally various; but perfect insects and larvæ generally agree in being very voracious. Their digestive organs exhibit great diversities, according to the kinds of their food. The C. are among the insects which undergo complete transformations, and of which the pupa is inactive. The larva (grub) is generally like a short thick worm, with a scaly head and mouth, generally with six legs, of which, however, some species are destitute. Coleopterous insects are distributed over all parts of the world, but are most abundant within the tropics, where also they attain their greatest size and greatest brilliancy of colors. The splendor of the metallic tints exhibited by many of the tropical species is not excelled in nature. The order, however, contains also many species of dull hue, and sufficiently unattractive appearance. Many of the C. are noted for the mischief which they do to crops, stores of provisions, timber, and articles of furniture, trees, etc.; few of them are of any immediate use to man, the principal of these being the blistering-flies or cantharides. See illus., BEETLES, vol. II.; INSECTS, Vol. VIII.

COLERAINE', a parliamentary and municipal borough and seaport, in the co. of Londonderry, Ireland. It is situated chiefly on the right bank of the Bann, 4 m. from the sea, and 47 m. n.n w. of Belfast, with which it is connected by railway. It consists of a central square and several diverging streets. C. has manufactures of fine linens, leather, paper, and soap, and a large salmon and eel fishery, which produces a rent of nearly £5,000. The river Bann has recently been deepened, so that, since 1873, larger vessels reach the quay at Coleraine. In 1875, 437 vessels, of 51,000 tons burden, entered the port, and 279, of 38,720 tons, cleared. The revenue of the borough was, in 1875, £2,463; its debt, £13,109. The population, in 1871, was 6,082, of whom 1329 were Roman Catholics, 2,090 Protestant Episcopalians, and 2,124 Presbyterians. C. returns one member to parliament. Pop. '81, 6,694.

COLERIDGE, HARTLEY, the eldest son of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, was b. at Clevedon, near Bristol, on the 19th Sept., 1796. In 1815, C. was entered a scholar of Merton college, Oxford. At the university, he became the slave of intemperate habits, and after obtaining the Oriel fellowship in 1818, he was judged to have forfeited it by the authorities. He then went to London, wrote for the London Magazine, and published therein some sonnets of remarkable beauty. He afterwards repaired to Ambleside, to receive pupils, but the scheme failed. Near this little town, so associated with genius, he resided till his death in 1849. He inherited much of his father's genius, and all his weakness of will. He wrote good verses and better prose. As a writer of verse, he is best known by his sonnets, some of which are surpassed only by those of Milton and Wordsworth. His most important prose works are the Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire, and the Life of Massinger.

COLERIDGE, HENRY NELSON, 1800-43; nephew of the English poet, and graduate of Cambridge, devoted to letters, an associate of Macaulay, Praed, and others in writing for Knight's Quarterly Magazine, where he appeared over the signature of Joseph Haller. In 1825, he published Six Months in the West Indies. The next year he was called to the bar, and about that time married his cousin, the poet's daughter. His most important literary work was done as his uncle's executor in publishing the Table Talk; Literary Remains; and Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit.

COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE, Baron. See page 886.

COLERIDGE, Sir JOHN TAYLOR, D.C.L., b. 1790; a nephew of the poet, and member of the English bar. In 1835, he was made a judge of the king's bench, and a privy councilor in 1858. On the retirement of Gifford in 1824, he became for a short period editor of the Quarterly Review. He published an annotated edition of Blackstone's Commentaries, and a Memoir of the Rev. John Keble, 1869. He d. 1876.

Coleridge.

COLE'RIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, was b. at Ottery St. Mary, in the county of Devon, of which parish his father was vicar, on the 21st Oct., 1772. He was educated at Christ's hospital, and numbered Charles Lamb among his school-fellows. His acquirements in Greek were extensive; and before his 15th year he plunged boldly into the sea of metaphysics, and swam therein until the day of his death. His industry, if desultory, was great; he read whole libraries. Full of book-knowledge, and without ambition or any practical bent, he was on the point of apprenticing himself to a shoemaker, when his head-master interfered, and rescued to literature and thought his most distinguished scholar. A copy of Mr. Bowles' sonnets falling into his hands at this time, attracted him towards poetry, in which for a time he found rest.

In 1791, C. entered Jesus college, Cambridge. At the university, he displayed no mathematical aptitude; his whole mind was given to classics, and he obtained a prize for a Greek ode. He did not take a degree. During the second year of his residence at the university, in a fit of despondency, occasioned by an unsuccessful love matter, he quitted Cambridge for London, and enlisted in the 15th dragoons, under the assumed name of Comberbach. He never advanced beyond the awkward squad, and he enjoyed to the close the reputation of being the worst rider in the corps. One of the officers luckily discovered his classical acquirements, and, becoming acquainted with his real history, communicated with his friends, and C. effected his discharge.

On his release, the poet proceeded to Bristol, and, making the acquaintance of certain poetic enthusiasts-Southey was of the number-whose minds were somewhat unsettled by the revolutionary movement in France, he formed a scheme to emigrate to the banks of the Susquehanna, in North America, and there, in pastoral peace and plenty, to bring back the golden age to man. C. found, to his surprise, that before Paradise could be thus regained, money was indispensable; and as of that both he and his friends were absolutely devoid, the dream of "Pantisocracy" had to be given up. About this time, Joseph Cottle, bookseller in Bristol, paid C. 30 guineas for a volume of poems, and, after many delays and the advancement of additional sums, the volume was published. In 1795, he married Miss Fricker-his friend Southey on the same day wedding another sister and removed to Nether Stowey, a village in Somersetshire, in which neighborhood Wordsworth was then staying. It was here, surrounded with beautiful scenery, and in daily communication with the graver and intenser spirit of his friend, that C.'s principal poems were composed. Here he wrote the Ancient Mariner, and the first part of Christabel, the music of which took captive Scott and Byron, and which was imitated by both with no remarkable success. At this time, C. was in theology a Unitarian, and preached frequently to congregations of that religious sect. In 1798, he visited Germany, and studied at Göttingen. On his return to England, he went to reside at the lakes, where Wordsworth and Southey then lived; and then it was that the nickname "lake poets" was applied by the opposition reviews to the trio of friends-a nickname which has long since ceased to be a reproach. In the year in which C. went to live in Cumberland, he published his noble translation of Schiller's Wallenstein. Having formed a connection with the Morning Post, he contributed to its columns articles on politics and literature. In 1804, he was at Malta, acting as secretary to the governor, sir Alexander Ball, an appointment he held nearly a year and a half. In 1808, he delivered lectures on poetry and the fine arts at the Royal institution, London; and the year after, he commenced the publication of The Friend, a serial which did not find much commercial success. By this time, C. had written, if he had not published, his finest poems; and imprudent, without resolution or strong sense of duty, and with a taste for German metaphysics and opium gradually taking possession of him, he left his wife and family with Southey, and went to London, where he resided first with Mr. Basil Montague, and afterwards, and up till the period of his death, with Mr. Gillman at Highgate. Here the rays of his splendid genius shone more and more fitfully through clouds of German metaphysics, and his mental and moral fiber became more and more debilitated by opium. He meditated many theological and philosophical works, which were to "reduce all knowledge into harmony," and many epic poems which were to be the glory of literature, and never progressed so far ss the first sentence of either. With the subsidence of the writing faculty, the talking faculty developed itself in C. after a fashion unknown to ancient or modern times. At Mr. Gillman's house, he held weekly conversazioni, discoursing on every subject human and divine for hours; and thither, from all parts of the country, ardent young men came rushing to listen to the wisdom of the sage, in linked sweetness" exceedingly "long drawn out." Towards the close of his life, his religious opinions underwent a change, and he became a believer in the trinity. All intellectual pride had ceased, and the most childlike humility had taken its place. He seemed to be conscious that the greatest powers which for generations had been granted to any Englishman had been by him miserably wasted. He died at Highgate on the 25th July, 1834, in his 62d year.

Com

As an intellectual power, C. manifested himself in a great variety of ways. pared with his contemporaries, he did not produce a very large amount of original poetry; and of what he did produce, a considerable portion is prosaic and artificial, but the residue is of the highest order of merit. No poet ever evolved such exquisite fantasies, or wove our language into such webs of spiritual melody. He is also to this day the greatest of philosophical critics. He was the first who gave a definite reason for the

Coligny.

“faith that is in us" regarding Shakespeare. He was the first representative of German literature and philosophy in England, and, till Carlyle came, the most potent. His own philosophical and theological writings, although, from constitutional indolence and irresolution, in some measure incomplete, are full of incidental merits, and have given a new impulse to English thought; yet it is right to mention here, that in his philosophical writings he has been convicted of the most extraordinary plagiarism. Prof. Ferrier, in Blackwood's Magazine, April, 1840, "tracked the footsteps of this literary reaver through the Hercynian brakes" of Schelling's metaphysics (see also Hamilton's Reid, note), and has shown page after page to be pilfered from the German author. It has been argued, however, by way of explanation and palliation, that C., who certainly did not lack original and penetrating powers as a metaphysician, was, from the sluggishness and irresolution of his mind, better fitted to conceive in outline, and then adapt from others in detail, than to elaborate for himself a system of thought, or even the fragment of a system; while his notoriously confused and dreamy memory would be apt to mingle and confound what was his own with what might have been such. As a thinker, C. exerted greater influence through conversation than through books; and to him we are largely indebted for what the young men who listened to him at Highgate, Sterling, Hare, Maurice, etc., have since produced. A complete edition of his Poetical and Dramatic Works, with Memoir, was issued in 1877.

COLERIDGE, SARA, 1802-52; only daughter of the poet, and wife of her cousin, Henry Nelson Coleridge, whom she married in 1829. One of her first publications Pretty Lessons for Little Children, designed for her own children, became a popular household book. She assisted her husband in editing her father's works, and when the husband died, assumed the whole responsibility herself. She edited Notes on Shakespeare; Aids to Reflection; and Essays on His Own Times. In 1837, she published Phantasmion, a Fairy Tale, her longest original work. In her later years she was a confirmed invalid.

COLEROON', the largest and most northerly branch from the Cauvery, flows, after a course of 93 m., into the bay of Bengal between Trichinopoly on the n. and Tanjore on the s., separating these two districts throughout its last 80 miles. This river is remarkable for two specimens of what is called an anakatt, being something of the nature of a weir or dam. For many years, the bed of the C. had been observed to be gradually deepening, while that of the Cauvery, below the point of divergence, was proportionally rising, so as constantly to lessen the supplies for the irrigation of Tanjore. In 1836, however, two anakatts, an upper and a lower, were constructed, to prevent the C. from being further deepened, and to throw more water into the Cauvery-works which were soon found to act so powerfully as to require the balance of an anakatt across the Cauvery itself.

COLES, a co. in s.e. Illinois, watered by Embarras river, and intersected by the Illinois and St. Louis, and Illinois Central railroads; 550 sq.m.; pop. '80, 27,055. The surface is prairie and forest with fertile soil. Chief productions, wheat, oats, corn, butter, wool, and sorghum molasses. Co. seat, Charleston.

COLE'SEED. See RAPE.

COLET, CHARLES THEODORE. See page 886.

COLET, JOHN, 1466-1519; an English theologian who studied in Paris and Italy, and became acquainted with Budæus and Erasmus. Returning to England he filled several offices in the church, ending with dean of St. Paul's. He founded St. Paul's school in London, of which William Lilly was the first master. His religious opinions were so much more liberal than was common at the time that he was subjected to considerable persecution. As dean of St. Paul's, he introduced the practice of preaching from and expounding the Bible; and though he remained in communion with the church of Rome, he disapproved of auricular confession and the celibacy of the clergy. His influence is traceable as paving the way for the reformation.

COLET, LOUISE REVOIL, 1808-76; a French poetess and novelist, wife of a musical professor in the Paris conservatory. Her first work, Fleurs du Midi, gained her the friendship of Cousin, but it was so severely criticised by Alphonso Karr that the authoress undertook to stab him with a knife. In 1839, she published Penserosa, a second volume of verse; and this was followed by Le Musée de Versailles, a poem for which she was crowned by the institute; La Jeunesse de Goethe, a comedy; and Les Cœurs Brisés, a novel. In 1840, she published Les Funerailles de Napoléon, a poem, and La Jeunesse de Mirabeau, a novel. În 1849, she was sued by the heirs of Madame Recamier for publishing that famous woman's correspondence with Benjamin Constant. She was crowned five or six times by the institute, more through the influence of Cousin than from the merit of her works. She wrote many stories, plays, didactic poems, and travels, but they show no remarkable talent.

COLE WORT, a name given to some of the many cultivated varieties of brassica oleracea (see BRASSICA), and applied, like the names borecole and kale, to varieties differing from the cabbage (q.v.) in their open heads of leaves, which are used as greens, especially in the winter months. The same name is also given to cabbages cut for use before their leaves have fully closed into heads; and the common kinds of cabbage are often planted pretty close together, in order to be used in this way, for a supply of greens in winter