(in one chair) horticulture, biology, vegetable physiology, and animal husbandry. From the Michigan Agricultural College R. F. Kedzie and F. A. Gully were called to be professors of chemistry and agriculture, respectively. A professor of military science and tactics was detailed from the War Department. There were also a principal and four assistants for the preparatory department, an instructor in writing, a farm foreman, and a steward. During the first college year the total attendance was 354, of whom 267 were in the preparatory department, 73 in the freshman class, and 14 in the sophomore class. During the first 10 years the attendance fluctuated between 257 and 415, about half the students being in preparatory classes. The total number of individuals during this period was 1,832. The college graduates from 1883 to 1890 numbered 104, about half of whom engaged in farming, teaching agriculture, or experiment-station work. The student body was organized on a military basis and General Lee enforced strict military discipline. During the early years— The College work was confined to a single course of study, extending over two years of preparatory, afterwards reduced to one year, and four years of collegiate, and regular farm work was made compulsory as a part of the daily program. The college boys worked in the fields, grubbed stumps, cleared land. filled ditches (and they were numerous), and attended to the stock three hours a day, at 8 cents an hour for their work. Conditions at that time were very crude and primitive. At night the students brought in their own coal to their rooms in the dormitory and made their fires; they drew their water from the deep wells on the campus with rope and bucket and carried it to their rooms for all bathing purposes; and their rooms were lighted with kerosene oil lamps. The mess hall, kitchen, and dining room were in the basement of the old chapel building with only dirt and brick floors (212). The college course included for freshmen natural philospophy in first term, agriculture and horticulture in second term; for sophomores chemistry all the year, agriculture in third term; for juniors, anatomy and physiology in first term, horticulture, veterinary science, and agricultural chemistry in second term, entomology and botany in third term; for seniors, chemical physics, and zoology in first term, geology and agriculture in second term, meteorology and botany in third term. The period in the course in which the several subjects were taught was shifted from time to time. In addition to these scientific and technical subjects the course included algebra, geometry, analytical geometry, mechanics, trigonometry, surveying, civil engineering, astronomy, English language, composition and literature, history, United States Constitution, moral science, and military science and tactics. Some elementary instruction in agriculture was given to preparatory students and after a time Professor Gully formulated this in a textbook entitled "First Lessons in Agriculture." Commenting on this instruction President Lee said that "work and contact with the experimental farm, college herds, creamery, and gardens illustrate what is taught and give even these beginners a good idea of improved and progressive agriculture." Field experiments were begun at the college in 1883 and were gradually increased in variety and extent, leading up to the organization of an experiment station in 1888. The early experiments included variety and fertilizer tests on corn and cotton, feeding experiments with steers and dairy cows, use of silage, variety tests of apples, peaches, pears, plums, apricots, mulberries, Japanese persimmons, grapes, strawberries, and vegetables. Dairying was promoted by means of a college creamery. The college also joined in the farmers' institute movement and undertook the holding of several institutes annually in different parts of the State. In 1886-87 the trustees allotted $500 of college funds to this work. The college was in close touch with the granges, farmers' alliance, and other agricultural organizations. During its first decade the Mississippi college became firmly established and demonstrated that under conditions existing in the South an institution for white students which had the promotion of agricultural education as its primary interest could be successfully organized and managed. Its influence soon began to be felt in the agricultural affairs of the State and was extended to the other States similarly situated. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF PENNSYLVANIA (STATE COLLEGE) The Pennsylvania Legislature accepted the provisions of the Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 on April 1, 1863. Judge Watts, Mr. McAllister, Doctor Pugh, and others connected with the Farmers' High School (p. 67) had been active in promoting the passage of this act and its change of name to the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania in 1862 had undoubtedly been largely brought about to enforce the presumption that it would receive the benefits of the Federal grant. The college was at first given the income from the land-grant fund tentatively because other institutions were claiming at least a share of it. This matter was not finally settled until the act of February 19, 1867, gave the college one-tenth of this fund for experiment farms and the income of the remainder annually, provided three experiment farms were maintained, one at the college and the others in the eastern and western parts of the State. In the act accepting the grant of 780,000 acres in scrip, the surveyor general of the State was instructed to obtain the scrip, to sell it, and to invest the proceeds. The governor, auditor general, and the surveyor general were appointed a committee to prescribe rules and regulations for its management. The surveyor general realized $439,186.80 from its sale. About 10 per cent, $43,886.50, was used to purchase experimental farms for the college and the balance was invested in United States and Pennsylvania State bonds bought at a premium and giving $381,500 face value of investment. The assembly on April 3, 1872, ordered these bonds sold and a 50-year State bond for $500,000 at 6 per cent interest issued to the college to represent the land-grant endowment fund. Pennsylvania State College receives $30,000 a year income from this source (1). By the act of April 11, 1866, the legislature directed that payment of expenses of disposing of the land scrip be paid from the State treasury and authorized the trustees to borrow $80,000 to complete the college building and "consolidate" the college debts. This mortgage was a serious incubus on the college until 1878 when the legislature made an appropriation for its payment. The college also incurred floating debts which caused it much embarrassment for many years. No further aid was given the college by the Stateuntil 1887. Originally the entire charge to students for board, room rent, tuition, etc., was fixed at $100 per year, but in 1864 it became necessary to double this and two years later it was raised to $260. The college was housed in a substantial stone building, which as completed some years after the opening of the institution was 240 feet in length, 80 feet in average width, and five stories in height, exclusive of attic and basement. In this building were the administrative offices, chapel, library, cabinets, laboratories, classrooms, and a large number of dormitories. Its internal arrangements were changed from time to time to meet the necessities of the developing institution. In 1885 two frame buildings were erected for work in mechanic arts. The other buildings on the college land were professors' houses, barns, and smaller farm buildings. Not until 1887 did the State provide funds for other college buildings. About 1875 students began to rent rooms in the little village which was growing outside the college campus. During the progress of the struggle to retain the land-grant fund for the agricultural college Doctor Pugh came to realize that in Pennsylvania a beneficiary of the land grant act would be expected to maintain a broad "industrial college." Therefore in 1864 he made an elaborate report to the trustees regarding the financial and educational requirements of such an institution (359). To this was added an argument against giving the land-grant fund to more than one institution in the State. The professors and assistants required for complete organization of an industrial college are as follows: (1) A professor of pure mathematics and the higher mechanics and astronomy. (2) A professor of civil engineering and applied mathematics. (3) A professor of natural philosophy and astronomy, mechanics and physics; an assistant, to prepare experiments for lectures, and to teach classes in the physical laboratory, where students would learn the art of experimentation with philosophical apparatus. (4) A professor of pure chemistry; an assistant to help prepare lectures and look after classes in the laboratory; a subassistant to take charge of the chemicals, and to help in the laboratory, with no other salary than free tuition. A chemical department, embracing laboratory instruction, can not be efficient with less aid than one professor and two assistants. (5) A professor of agricultural chemistry and geology; an assistant to help with field experimentation and work in the laboratory. (6) A professor of metallurgy, mining and mineralogy and chemical technology; an assistant, to prepare lectures and help in the laboratories. (7) A professor of anatomy, physiology and veterinary. (8) A professor of natural history, more particularly of zoology, comparative anatomy and entomology. (9) A professor of botany, horticulture and entomology; one assistant, to take charge of the greenhouse, and give field instruction in horticulture, and a gardener, to take charge of the garden. (10) A professor of practical agriculture; as assistant, he should have a practical farmer of the highest attainments in his art, and the latter should be assisted by two good farm hands, and by all the students in the college. (11) A professor of the English language and literature. (12) A suitable professor to take charge of a commercial department. (13) A professor of modern languages. To these thirteen professorships or departments, he would advise the adding of (14) a professor of the Latin and Greek languages and literature; (15) a professor of military art and science and teacher of military tactics; (16) a treasurer, bookkeeper and librarian. Omitting the organization of the culinary department, the summary of the staff of such an institution would be as follows: There should be suitable buildings and laboratories as well as large collections of apparatus, natural history objects, etc. Means for scientific investigations should be provided and scholarships for needy and deserving students. Owing to lack of proper secondary schools this college must give preparatory courses. The college courses proposed are (1) agricultural science and practice; (2) engineering and architecture; (3) industrial courses for instruction in such subjects as metallurgy, technological chemistry or pharmacy; (4) practical short course; (5) commercial course; and (6) a literary department. The financial requirements (evidently for the time being) of such an institution are set forth as follows: Expenditures: Sixteen professors at $1,500. A farm superintendent_ Janitor and helps---- $24, 000. 00 For addition to museums, to scientific apparatus and to library__ For indigent students, orphans of soldiers, free scholarships, For repair of buildings Total expenditures__ Income: Four hundred students, at $50 per annum. $29, 700.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 7,000.00 1,000.00 47, 700.00 20, 000. 00 27,000.00 47, 000. 00 Very soon after this report was prepared Doctor Pugh died. The college retained the land-grant fund but had many difficulties in establishing itself firmly and getting adequate financial support. A period of instability in the administration of the college ensued. Late in 1864 the presidency was filled by the election of William H. Allen, who had been long associated with Girard College in Philadelphia. Then John Fraser, who had been professor of mathematics at the Pennsylvania College, served as president for part of the year 1867. He was succeeded by Thomas H. Burrowes, former State superintendent of public instruction, who died in 1871. There was a great lack of secondary schools in the State and the rural schools in many localities were so weak that children from the farms had great difficulty in getting sufficient education to enable them to enter the college, though its requirements for admission were low. The location of the college, which in its early years was over 20 miles from a railway station, was long a hindrance to getting any considerable number of students. In fact their number declined, and when President Burrowes was elected the college was nearly empty. A circular of the college issued in 1870 gives a list of 59 students, of whom 40 were in the first year, but in 1871 when President Burrowes died the actual attendance was reduced to 37. After the reorganization of the college by his successor, the number of students rose to 148 in 1872, including 7 seniors, 10 juniors, 21 sophomores, 42 freshmen, and 68 preparatory students. There were 125 men and 23 women. These numbers had only minor variations for the next decade. Up to 1867 only one course of study had been in effect and each student had been required to perform three hours of manual labor per day on the farm or about the college building. After the 12931-29-12 acceptance of the land-grant fund military drill was required and at first took the place of one day's manual labor per week. There was much dissatisfaction regarding the labor requirement and in September, 1866, the trustees ordered "that the rule requiring every student to work three hours daily on the farm, having proved uniformly injurious to the financial and educational interests of the college, shall cease to be enforced at the end of the present term." Voluntary labor of students with pay was provided. For students in the college departments daily military drill was required and preparatory students were to have one hour's exercise daily in a gymnasium. According to a circular issued by the United States Bureau of Education in 1902 (345) the college announced that— Agriculture will be taught as an experimental science, and will be placed under the care of a professor of agriculture, who will give instruction by means of books and lectures in the class room, numerous experiments on the farm, and agricultural excursions. Every student in this department will be required to assist in the work connected with the experiments and to record them in a memorandum book, which will be examined from time to time by his instructor. The college year, which had been practically one session beginning about the middle of February and ending early in December, was divided into two terms of 20 weeks each. Three 4-year courses, general science, agriculture, and literature, were established. graded system of military instruction for all students was adopted. This program was too elaborate to meet the financial condition of the college and President Burrowes was obliged to curtail it. Practically but one course of study was maintained, and the former arrangement of sessions and vacations and the manual labor system. were restored. The first two years included work in arithmetic, algebra_and geometry, chemistry, botany, physiology, geography, history, English, Latin, and Greek, with practice in agriculture and horticulture. The third year as arranged for an agricultural class included trigonometry, analytical geometry, surveying, civil engineering, botany, chemistry, civil government, history, English literature, and ancient languages, with lectures and practice in agriculture. At the end of three years the student might graduate with the degree of B. S. A. or go on in scientific or literary course for another year to obtain the degree of B. S. or a fifth year for B. A. An elective system was practiced to a certain extent, particularly with reference to the ancient and modern languages. For admission to college courses the student must be 15 years of age and have a commonschool education. President Burrowes gave the instruction in practical agriculture. James Calder became president early in June, 1871, and served in that capacity until 1880. During his administration changes were made which broadened the work of the college and brought it more into line with other educational institutions in the State. This was emphasized by the change of name in 1874 to the Pennsylvania State College. Two women were admitted in 1871 and their number increased to 23 the following year and to 47 in 1881. Three college courses of study were again organized-scientific, classical, and agricultural. Preparatory and music courses were con |