he adds, (vol. i. p. 374) "There is one serious charge, however, of which I cannot acquit them; and that is, the too frequent violation of the vows of celibacy. Their attachments, however, are constant, and want only legal sanction to render them even laudable; for they consider their connexion as binding as if it had taken place. Many of them are excellent fazendeiros, or farmers, and leave behind them a family in the midst of the wilderness to extend the improvements they have commenced; and this is deemed in the country so important a benefit that the thing is not regarded with the same degree of scandal as it ought, or as it is in other places. The Brazilians are all anxious to have the rule of celibacy, which they say is a mere matter of regulation, and not of doctrine, immediately repealed, and the discipline of their church adapted to the state of the country."

From this it would appear that the Brazilians think their clergy more usefully employed in peopling the wilderness than in preaching and praying.

"When the harvest is past, and the summer is gone,

And sermons and prayers shall be o'er;

When the beams cease to break of the sweet Sabbath morn,

And Jesus invites thee no more;

When the rich gales of mercy no longer shall blow,

The gospel no message declare;

Sinner, how canst thou bear the deep wailings of wo!

How suffer the night of despair?

When the holy have gone to the regions of peace,

To dwell in the mansions above;

When their harmony wakes, in the fulness of bliss,
Their song to the Saviour they love;

Say, oh sinner, that livest at rest and secure,
Who fearest no trouble to come,

Can thy spirit the swellings of sorrow endure;
Or bear the impenitent's doom!"

At Bahia slaves are made to supply the place of horses and carts, almost every thing being carried by them. They have a round pole, fifteen or sixteen feet long, and about six inches in diameter, and to the centre of this they attach with a chain barrels, boxes, or whatever they have to carry-so many going in front and so many in rear, their numbers being regulated by the weight of their load. For a heavy hogshead I have seen twelve strong muscular slaves employed. The pole rests upon their bare shoulders, and in order to mark time they have a singular sort of cry as they proceed along the streets, sung in a kind of melancholy cadence, that proceeding from those in front being on a higher key than from those behind. They are perfectly naked down to the middle; and the perspiration runs in buckets down their fat glossy backs, thus evincing that this is the very salvation of those who live in a warm climate. The women are also naked down to the middle, with the exception of their chemise, and carry their burdens upon their heads, wearing a sort of thick round turban, with a cavity in the centre, on which they deposit their loads, which are frequently of immense weight. Their heads are generally shaved, or their hair closely cut, in order to allow the perspiration to flow freely. Both they and the men seemed to be the most happy contented race of people imaginable. The female slaves wear thin gaudy petticoats, chiefly of Glasgow manufacture.

They have a military police, who go generally in parties of three or four, armed with swords and muskets. I think it would be an improvement were they to adopt the Chinese fashion, and carry a whip also, as the police of Pekin, the capital of China, in addition to their swords are furnished with a whip, with which they chastise in a summary manner, and upon the spot, those who make a

noise or any disturbance on the streets, not of sufficient consequence to warrant their being taken into custody. Nobody is allowed to carry bowie knives, or sticks above a certain size.

The English were very unpopular amongst the Brazilians when I was there, on account of their interference with the slave trade, as it may be truly said that we almost compelled the government of that country to sign a treaty by which fresh importations were excluded by law.

In 1818 we had given Spain the large sum of £400,000 in order to induce her to abandon this traffic, and as a full compensation for the losses consequent on the abolition. It was stipulated in the treaty, that from and after the 30th of May 1820, it should not be lawful for any subjects of the Crown of Spain to purchase slaves, or to carry on the slave trade on the coast of Africa, on any pretext whatever. This treaty, even to the present day, seems to have been considered by the Spanish government, no less than by private individuals, as a dead letter. Continued agitation in this country finally secured the purchase of freedom to our West India slaves in 1833, at an expense of twenty millions sterling. Slaves, however, are smuggled into Brazil to a great extent, and the Brazilian government, till of late, winked at it, The treaty, in fact, would have been next to a dead letter, had it not been for the sharp look-out kept up by the British squadron stationed along the coast of that country, who are stimulated by the prize money they obtain, in which the common sailors, as well as the officers, participate. The Brazilians are rather an indolent and lazy set of people; and were it not for these industrious slaves there would be but little sugar, tobacco, or coffee, cultivated at all. This accounts for their antipathy to the English, We saw where the slave market used to be held, but that

is abolished, and they are now sold privately. Their price has risen considerably of late in Brazil, owing to the increased difficulty of smuggling them. The landlord of the "Hotel de L'Univers," where I resided, told me that he had sold one shortly before for £100, which is about their average price, some selling as high as £120, and others bringing not more than £80. Good cooks always sell the dearest-a good female cook being nearly as valuable as a male. They are not allowed to marry without the consent of their master, but this is seldom objected to, provided he be the owner of the female, as he has a direct interest in their union, the children being slaves, and belonging, by law, as in the United States, to the owner of the mother. In the kitchen of the hotel, where I resided, I found five male slaves cooking, and two male slaves acted as chambermaids, making the beds, &c. There is one great advantage in travelling through a slave country, namely, that no demand is made for servants at the different inns.

In regard to the extent of the Brazilian and Spanish slave trade with Africa, I may mention that, for the five years ending with 1839, 65,000 slaves were landed annually in Brazil, and that since 1839 the average has been but 35,000. For fifteen years prior to 1835, the average importation into Cuba was 40,000 a-year; but with the first Equipment Treaty in that year, it fell to 30,000 for the next five years. Since then it has diminished greatly, as will appear from the returns mentioned in the next chapter.

CHAPTER IV.

Decay of the Slave-trade betwixt Africa and Brazil-Lord Palmerston's Speech-Report of the Committee of the House of Lords-Remarks by the Rev. J. L. Wilson, an American Missionary-Contrast betwixt American and British Missionaries-Evidence of Jose Cliffe, M.D.-Negroland or Nigritia-Mode of stowing away the slaves in the slave vessels betwixt Africa and Brazil-Mode of hiring slaves.

The slave trade betwixt Africa and Brazil has greatly diminished of late. That eminent statesman Lord Palmerston, in the course of his eloquent speech to his constituents at Tiverton, on 24th September 1851, after stating that great strides had been made, during the last twelve months in particular, towards its suppression, proceeds

thus

cess.

"There is every prospect, I think I may say, that our long-continued labours and great sacrifices may at length be crowned with glorious suc" We have succeeded in inducing the Government of Brazil, which was the great culprit of late, to alter its course, and to go in the way of justice as far as it has been able to do. I do not mean to say that we ought to be so confident of its repentance as to entirely trust to its spontaneous exertions-the thing requires that we should be watchful and active-but the import to Brazil has dwindled down to next to nothing; and that which is equally important is, that on the coast of Africa legitimate trade is taking the place of slave trade, and that the natives, to do them justice (with the single exception of some of their chiefs, who derive great profits from it), the people of Africa, when you come to look at it, are as repugnant to the slave trade as we are-they are the victims of it. (Hear, hear.)

C