54 NILES' REGISTER---SUP. TO VOL. XVI---SOUTH AMERICA. 11,475 Lidians Produces grain, and manufactures mestizoes, 528 free mulattoes, and 253 slaves-pro- Quispicanchi comprehends 10 doctrinas and 16 townships, and is inhabited by 24,337 souls, 25 clergy, 1 recluse, 37 Spaniards and Creoles, 19,947 Indians, 4,306 mestizoes, and 21 free mulattoes. Produce, grain, cattle, wool, and salt, and manufactures linen cloths; annual value Tinta comprehends 11 doctrinas and 13 town ships, and is inhabited by 36,968 souls, 27 clergy, 324 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 29,045 Indians, 5,420 mestizoes, and 152 free mulattoes. Produce, is situated in 8 degrees 5 minutes south latitude, grain; manufactures ships and linen cloths; annual and 72 degrees 44 longitude, founded by Francis The Intendency of Truxillo.-The city of Truxillo value 152,309 dollars. clergy, 60 religious recluses, 129 nuns, 1,263 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 274 Indians, 704 mestiPizarro, in 1535. Population, 5,790 souls, 133 zoes, 1000 negroes, and the rest mulattoes. doctrinas, 5 cities, 2 towns, and 142 townships. The Intendency of Truxillo comprehends 87 recluses 162 nuns, 19,098 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 115,647 Indians, 76,949 mestizoes, 13,757 Population, 230,697 souls, 460 clergy, 160 religious free mulattoes, and 4,725 slaves. Paucartambo comprehends 4 doctrinas and eight townships, and is inhabited by 12,973 souls, 16 clergy, 764 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 11,229 Indians, 957 mestizoes, and 7 mulattoes. Produce, wood, and cocoa; annual value 390,972 dollars. Intendency of Arequipa.-The city of Arequipa is clergy, 60 religious, 129 nuns, 1.434 Spaniards and Cercado De Truxillo comprehends 10 doctrinas situated 16 degrees 13 minutes 29 seconds south Spanish Creoles, 4,577 Indians, 1,549 mestizoes, and 6 townships. Population, 13,032 souls, 144 latitude, 66 degrees 6 minutes 30 seconds longitude. 2,357 free mulattoes, 1,582 slaves. Produce, sugar, Its population is estimated at 23,988 souls, 50 clergy, rice, oil, cotton, and various gums. Annual value, 225 religious, 162 nuns, 5 beatas, 15,737 Spaniards 31,756 dollars. and Spanish Creoles, 1,515 Indians, 4,129 mestizoes; the remainder mulattoes and negroes The Intendency of Arequipa comprehends 60 doctrinas, 2 cities and 2 towns and 8 townships, inhabited by 136,801 souls, 326 clergy, 284 religious, 126 nuns, 5 beatas, 39,857 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 66,609 Indians, 17,797 mestizoes, 7,003 free mulattoes, 5,258 slaves. Cercado De Arequipa comprehends 11 doctrinas, 1 city and 2 townships, inhabited by 37,721 souls, 93 clergy, 325 religious recluses, 162 nuns, 5 beatas, 22,687 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 5,929 Indians, 4,908 mestizoes, 2,477 free mulattoes, 1,225 slaves-produce, grain, wine, brandy, sugar, cotton, and oil; annual value 636,800 dollars. 27 religious, 2,299 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, Lambayeque comprehends 20 doctrinas, and 7 22,333 Indians, 5,448 mestizoes, 3,192 free mulattownships. Population, 35,192 souls, 62 clergy, toes, and 1,831 slaves. sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Manufactures, some cotton and woolen stuffs, soap, &c.; annual value, Produce, grain, saffron, 397,799 dollars. ships. Population, 44,491 souls, 61 clergy, 18 religious, 2,874 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, Puira comprehends 12 doctrinas, and 14 town24,797 Indians, 10,654 mestizoes, 5,203 free mu. lattoes, and 884 slaves. Produce, grain, cotton, some indigo, abounds with cattle. Annual value, 72,686 dollars. Camana comprehends 7 doctrinas and 8 townships, inhabited by 19,052 souls, 34 clergy, 9 religi- townships. Population, 62,199 souls, 23 clergy, ous recluses, 5,005 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 50 religious, 33 nuns, 7,835 Spaniards and Spanish Caxamarca comprehends 17 doctrinas, and 26 1,249 Indians, 1,021 mestizoes, 1,747 free mulat- Creoles, 29,692 Indians, 22,299 mestizoes, 1,875 toes, and 887 slaves-produce, wine, sugar, and oil; free mulattoes, and 328 slaves. Produce, grain annual value 300,000 dollars. cotton and woolen stuffs. Annual value and cotton, abounds in cattle, and manufactures Condesuyos comprehends 9 doctrinas, and 18 townships, and is inhabited by 20,145 souls, 35 clergy, 3,603 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,011 Indians, 4,358 mestizoes, 34 free mulattoes, and 44 slaves-contains gold mines, and produces cochineal and grain; annual value 26,458 dollars. formation respecting this district. Possesses rich Collaguas comprehends 16 doctrinas and 10 2,273 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 17,117 InHuamachuco comprehends 8 doctrinas, and 23 townships, and is inhabited by 13,905 souls, 40 dians, 18,367 mestizoes, 250 free mulattoes, and townships. Population, 38,150 souls, 64 clergy, clergy, 212 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 11,872 79 slaves. Produce, grain and cocoa, and manuIndians, 1,417 mestizoes, 335 free mulattoes, and factures linen cloths. Annual value, 57,853 dol29 slaves-produce, grain, wool, and manufactures lars. some woolen stuffs; annual value 70,100 dollars. The silver mines in this district yield annually ships. 34,000 marks. Pataz comprehends 3 doctrinas, and 13 townMoquegua comprehends 6 doctrinas, and 6 town- Indians, 7,678 mestizoes, 194 free mulattoes, and Population, 15,508 souls, 11 clergy, 3 ships, and is inhabited by 28,279 souls, 53 clergy. 8 slaves. Produce, grain, sugar, and abounds in religious, 987 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 4,627 29 religious recluses, 5,596 Spaniards and Spanish cattle. Annual value, 35,264 dollars. The gold Creoles, 17,272 Indians, 2,916 mestizoes, 887 free mines of this district yield 250 pounds per anni mulat oes, and 1,526 slaves-produce, grain, and and the silver 500 marks.-Value of both $35,500. wine; annual value 705,000 dollars. townships. Population, 25,398 souls, 34 clergy, 11 religious, 1,596 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, Chachapoyas comprehends 17 doctrinas, and 60 12,504 Indians, 10,954 mestizoes, 486 free mulattoes, and 13 slaves. Produce, tobacco, bark, sugar, and cocoa. Arica comprehends 7 doctrinas, 1 city, 26 townships, inhabited by 18,776 souls, 44 clergy, 21 religious recluses, 1,585 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,870 Indians, 1,977 mestizoes, 985 free mulattoes, and 1,294 slaves-produce, wine, grain, cotton, and oil; annual value 160,500 dollars. Tarapaca comprehends 4 doctrinas, and 12 town- is situated in 13 degrees 1 minute south latitude, hips, inhabited by 7,923 souls, 27 clergy, 509 Spa- and 68 degrees 6 minutes longitude. Population, Intendency of Huamanga.—The city of Huamanaga iards and Spanish Creoles, 5,406 Indians, 1,200 25,970 souls, 25 clergy, 42 religious, 32 nuns, 169 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,373 Indians; 168 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,385 Indians, 4,382 mestizoes, and the remainder mulattoes and negroes. The Intendency of Huamanga comprehehds 50 doctrinas, 1 city, and 134 townships, and is inhabit. ed by 111,559 souls, 176 clergy, 45 religious, 82 nuns, 5,378 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 75,284 Indians, 29,621 mestizoes, 943 free mulattoes, and 30 slaves. Cercado De Huamanga comprehends 3 doctrinas, and 2 townships, and is inhabited by 25,970 souls, 25 clergy, 42 religious, 82 nuns, 169 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,373 Indians, 4,372 mestizoes, 30 slaves; the rest free mulattoes. Possesses some manufactures. Annual value 34,268 dollars. Anco comprehends 1 doctrina, and 4 townships. Inhabited by 2,022 souls, 9 Spaniards, 1,744 Indians, 269 mestizoes. Produce, sugar and coffee. Annual value 18,795 dollars. Huanta comprehends 7 doctrinas, and 20 townships, and is inhabited by 27,337 souls, 45 clergy, 3 religious, 219 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 19,981 Indians, 10,080 mestizoes, and 9 free mulattoes. Congallo comprehends 10 doctrinas, and 31 town. ships, and is inhabited by 12,474 souls, 31 clergy, 62 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 10,011 Indians, 2,363 mestizoes, 7 free mulattoes. Produce, grain and cattle. 771 mestizoes and 25 slaves. Produce, grain and cattle. Annual value 76,000 dollars. Intendency of Tarma.-The town of Tarma is situated in 12 degrees 33 minutes 49 seconds south latitude, and 69 degrees 29 minutes longitude. Population 5,538 souls, 2 clergy, 361 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 1,878 Indians, 3,244 mestizoes, the rest mulattoes and slaves. The intendency of Tarma, comprehends 79 doctrinas, one city, 2 towns, 203 townships. Inhabited by 201,259 souls; 229 clergy, 127 religious, 15 beatas, 15,938 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 105,187 Indians, 78,682 mestizoes, 844 free mulattoes, and 236 slaves. Cercado De Tarma, comprehends 13 doctrinas, one town and 45 townships; and is inhabited by 34,491 souls, 32 clergy, 1,681 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles 18,821 Indians, 14,300 mestizoes and 77 free mulattoes. Produces grain and bark. Annual value 8,315 dollars. The mine of Yauricocha yielded, in 1793, 2,016,703 dollars. Rent of the crown for Diezmos and Cobos 231,283 dollars. Xauja comprehends 14 doctrinas, one town, and 16 townships. Inhabited by 52,286 souls, 32 clergy 84 religious, 1,713 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 28,477 Indians, 21,922 mestizoes, and 58 slaves. Caxatambo comprehends 13 doctrinas, and 56 townships, and is inhabited by 16,872 souls, 31 clergy, 504 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 10,500 Indians, 4,808 mestizoes, 629 free mulattoes. Produces grain and cattle. Annual value 30,000 dol Andahuaylas.-This district comprehends 10 doctrinas, and 18 townships, and is inhabited by 12,020 souls, 20 clergy, 3,000 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 5,000 Indians, 4,000 mestizoes. Pro-lars. duce, grain and sugar. Annual value 74,384 dol lars. Lucanas comprehends 14 doctrinas and 44 townships, and is inhabited by 15,727 souls, 27 clergy, 862 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 12,700 Indians, 2,076 mestizoes, and 60 free mulattoes. Produce, grain and cattle. Parinacochas comprehends 14 doctrinas, and 16 townships, population 16,011 souls, 28 clergy, 1,057 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,475 Indians, and 6,451 mestizoes. Raises cattle and manufactures cotton stuffs. Annual value 56,000 dollars. Intendency of Huancavelica-The town of Huancavelica is situated in 12 degrees 53 minutes south latitude, and 68 degrees 46 minutes longitude. Population 5,156 souls, 21 clergy, 18 religious, 560 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 3,803 Indians, 731 mestizoes, and the remainder mulattoes and negroes. The intendency of Huancavelica comprehends 22 doctrinas, one city, one town, and 86 townships, and is inhabited by 30,917 souls, 81 clergy, 18 re ligious, 2,341 Spaniards and Spanisi: Creoles, 23,899 Indians, 4,537 mestizoes, and 41 slaves. Cercado de Huancavelica.-This district comprehends 4 doctrinas and 6 townships. Inhabited by 5,146 souls, 21 clergy, 18 religious, 560 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 3,803 Indians, 731 mestizoes, and 13 slaves. Angaras.This district comprehends 5 doctrinas and 25 townships. Inhabited by 3,245 souls, 23 clergy, 219 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 2,691 Indians, 309 mestizoes, and 3 slaves. Produces sugar, grain and cattle. Annual value 85,000 dollars. Tayacara comprehends 5 doctrinas and 22 town. ships. Inhabited by 13,161 souls, 21 clergy, 1,394 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 9,020 Indians, and 2,726 mestizors. Casioverreyna comprehends 8 doctrinas and 35 townships. Inhabited by 9,365 souls, 16 clergy, Conchucos comprehends 15 doctrinas, and 19 townships, and is inhabited by 25,508 souls, 40 clergy, 2 religious, 1,384 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 9,899 Indians, and 13,983 mestizoes. Produces gran and possesses mines, but which are not very productive. Annual value 73,476 dollars. Huamalies comprehends 8 doctrinas, and 30 townships. Inhabited by 14,234 souls, 18 clergy, 593 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 8,957 Indians, 4,625 mestizoes, and 43 slaves. Produces bark, cocoa, and cattle. Annual value 53,420 dollars. Huaylas comprehends 12 doctrinas and 20 townships, inhabited by 40,822 souls, 67 clergy, 11 religious, 3,604 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 20,935 Indians, 15,971 mestizoes, 138 free mulattoes, and 96 slaves. Huanuco comprehends 4 doctrinas, 1 city, and 7 townships, inhabited by 16,826 souls, 9 clergy, 30 religious, 15 beatas, 6,160 Spaniards and Spanish Creoles, 7,598 Indians, 3,075 mestizoes, and 39 slaves; produces bark, coca, and exports a small quantity of silver. Annual value 45,094 dollars. Panatahuas.-Military government of Callao and of the Archipelago of Chiloe. Number of Indians for the collection of tributes Exempt from age, sex and rank, Amount of tributes, Pensions, expenses, &c. Neat rent, 314,863 304 327 Duties. according to the population of each district, the population of Chile cannot be estimated at less than one million. The distance from the Cordilleras to the Pacific ocean, is thirty leagues, between the latitudes of 25 degrees and 36 degrees south; and 40 leagues, in-between 36 degrees and 43 degrees south. Imposts into Callao, 6 per cent. alcabala, and 3 per cent. customs; woolen exports, 3 per cent. The interior commerce pays 6 per cent, alcabala. Alcabala were first levied in Peru, in the year 1596, at 20 until the year 1771, when they were increased to 400. In the year 1777, they were creased to 6o. The expenses of collecting the customs at Lima, exceeds 50,000 dollars. The country comprised between the 25th and 43d degrees of south latitude, may be considered the length of the kingdom of Chile, it being un Table of the commerce between the port of Spain settled and even unexplored further south. Four ships arrived in 1779, and sailed The excess of exports was occasioned by the war. 1784, occasioning the great expart of that year 17,121,206 6. and Callao. 1781 IMPORTATION. 309.239 3 EXPORTATION 566,128 1 114,952 7 3,727,267 2,073,530 4 3,093.964 Year Spanish effects Foreign effects Total value Gold and silver. 633,435 3 1,199,653 4 1,744,644 424,183 3 Produce Total. 1782 . 1783 695,295 7 1,049,348 1784 1,020,434 1 443,306 16,152,916 41 968,290 217,121,206 6 1785 2,318,448 I 1786 6,136,067 4 7,630,681 713,776,749 3! 6,045,715 5 7,144,325 2 732,587 4 7,877,912 6 8,285,659 7§ 5,220,387 24 448,095 1 5,668,482 2.972,575 6,043,133 3 5,424,268 3 6 3 In the moneys exported is included 3,562,000 dollars, sent by the Royal Philipine company. 177,766 7 561,067 5 narrow strip of land which extends east and west from the summit of the Cordilleras de los Andes to the Pacific ocean, and stretches along the coast north and south, from the river Salado and the desert of Atacama, to the Straits of Magellan. From the chain of frontier posts (which begin at Aranco, on the coast, and extend to the Cordilleras,) to the town of Valdivia, the country is in possession of the warlike tribe of Arancanians, who still remain independent; and from Osorno, south, is inhabited by the various tribes of Patagonia, whose territories have not been explored. The population of Chile, by the census taken in 1791, was found to be 750,000 souls. From the strong motives of concealment, as the census is taken for the purpose of proportioning the taxes From the Cordilleras de los Andes to the Pacific, the inclination is so great, that all the rivers How with the rapidity of torrents, and are therefore not navigable. They serve to irrigate the valleys, and render them the most fertile in the world. The climate makes this method of cultivation absolutely necessary; for, from the Salado to the Itata, that is, from 25 degrees to 36 degrees of south latitude, not a cloud is to be seen above the horizon, from the month of November to the month of May The atmosphere, during this period, is perfectly clear, and the dews are scarcely perceptible, nor is the heat oppressive. The proximity of the Andes, tempers the air, and the mercury fluctuates between 70 degrees and 80 degrees of Fahrenheit, and rarely rises to 85 degrees. Thunder storms, so frequent on the east of the Andes, are unknown in this part of Chile. Winter commences in the month of May; the cold is mild, and the rains gentle and unattended with wind. The rains of the winter fertilize the hills, and the plains, which cannot be irrigated, during that season, afford pasture for the cattle. The spring commences in September; and the face of nature in Chile is then peculiarly beautiful. The hills are verdant, and covered with innumerable flowering shrubs; and the plains present to the eye a carpet of flowers. The abundance of water and peculiarity of climate enable the inhabitants to raise all the fruits of the earth in great perfection. The wheat, which is cultivated in the valleys, is of excellent quality; and the produce seldom less than forty times the seed; sometimes ninety; and, on the best land, even one hundred. Indian corn is likewise cultivated, and produces abundantly. Barley is raised in great quantity for the use of horses and mules, which, in the winter, are fed on this grain, mixed with chopped straw, as in Arabia and old Spain Hemp and flax grow luxuriantly. Cotton is here and there cultivated for their domestic manufactures; and there is one sugar plantation. The climate and soil is well adapted to the culture of sugar; but they have been long accustomed to get that article from Lima, in exchange for their wheat, and are not disposed to change their ancient habits. Rice, likewise, would grow on their low lands, but it is brought from Lima. South of the river Itata, the climate varies. Rains are frequent in the summer, and, in the winter, are attended by storms of wind. The grape is chiefly cultivated in these districts; and the wine is better than where the vineyards are irrigated. The olive grows luxuriantly throughout all Chile; and the oil is of the first quality. On the banks of the river Maule, and on all the rivers south of 35 degrees 17 minutes, there is excellent timber, and the whole country abounds with forests of a thorny minosa, which makes good charcoal, and is in general use for fuel. In the neighborhood of Talcahuano, within 500 yards of the sea, there is a fine vein of sea-coml; which has been used by our whaling ships. The kingdom of Chile was governed by a pre- The district of Coquimbo, extends from the Cor. sident and captain general, who was amenable only dilleras to the sea, it bounds north on Guasco, and to the council of the Indies, and was assisted by extends fifty leagues south to the district of Cusan audienza, or supreme court. His powers were cos. The capital, La Serana, commonly called the same as the vice roys of Lima, or Buenos Ayres. Coquimbo, is situated in 29 degrees 54 minutes There were two bishopricks in Chile. That of south latitude, on the south bank of the river CoSantiago comprehended the territory from the river quimbo, within half a league of the coast. The Salado to the Maule; and the bishoprick of Concep land slopes gradually from the town to the sea, cion, included the country from the Maule to the and being meadow, forms a lawn of never failing island of Chiloe. The presidency was divided into verdure. The town is regular and well built, and districts (partidos) governed by a sub-delegate. is surrounded with gardens, which produce all the Copiapo, the most northern, was the first conquered tropical fruits in great perfection. The inhabiby the Peruvians, under the Incas, who extended tants are remarked for their urbanity and hospithemselves subsequently to the banks of the Maule. tality to strangers; and the climate is equal and The Spaniards followed the track marked out temperate. by the enterprize of this extraordinary people; and The river Coquimbo waters the valley of Hualpassing along the edge of the Cordilleras, descend-que, the most fertile part of the district; and the ed into Chile by the mountains of Copiapo. This Liman, which is a large stream, waters the coun district extends from the Cordilleras to the sea. try above and below the juntas of Guamalata. On the south it is separated from the vice royalty The gold mine of Talca, which is situated in this of Lima by the desert and district of Atacama, and district, is very productive. The copper of Coextends north seventy leagues to the district of quimbo is esteemed the best in the world, and Guasco. The town of Copiapo is situated in 26 contains a small portion of gold. The French degrees 50 minutes south latitude, twenty leagues formerly imported this copper through Spain, and from the coast. It is small and inconsiderable; extracted the gold from it. Mining is carried for the only part of this district capable of cultiva- on by voluntary labor. The mita or conscription tion is the narrow valley which extends from the of the unfortunate Indians, to toil in the mines, was Cordilleras to the town, the river losing itself in never practised in Chile. the sands between the town and the ocean. South from the Hospederia de Yerba Buma, extends a desert tract (travirsia) about thirty leagues to the borders of Guasco. La Caldera Copiapo, the port, is situated in 26 degrees 1 minute south latitude. The wine of Copiapo is much esteemed, and is of excellent flavor, but has not body to keep any length of time. The district of Guasco, extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from that of Copiapo to the district of Coquimbo, occupying a line of coast of thirty leagues extent. The principal town is smail, and situated about sixteen leagues from the sea. The port of Coquimbo is formed by the head lands of Teatimos and Pelicanos; and is one of the best known, and the most secure of the Pacific. It is situated in 29 degrees 54 minutes south lati tude. The district of Cuscos, extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from Coquimbo south to the district of Petorca. Rozas is the principal town. The river Chaupo fertilizes this district. Near where it falls into the sea is a large lake, abounding with fish. The district of Peterca extends from the Cordilleras to the sea, and from Cuscos, its northern boundary, south to Quillota. The capital is Petor. ca, sometimes called Santa Ana de Bribiesca. This district possesses gold and copper mines, and is watered by the rivers Longotama and Ligua. On the banks of the latter, stands the town of San Domingo de Rozas; and near it, the settlement of Placilla. There is a large Indian town in the valley, called Valle Hermoso. The mines of gold in this district have been abandoned; but those of copper produce annually eighteen or twenty thousand quintals. The king exercised the right of purchasing copper at seven and a half dollars per quintal, payable in Santiago. In consequence of this monopoly, the miners preferred disposing of it to the smugglers, who gave them fourteen dollars in goods. The mines of The port of Valparaiso is situated in 33 deg. 1 silver discovered in this district, in 1811, are the min. 45 sec. south lat. It is the most frequented richest ever known; the veins which have been in Chile, although open to the north and northeast, hitherto wrought, are near the surface of the earth, and to northwest winds, which blow with great and have yielded the extraordinary product of forty violence in the winter, accompanied with a heavy marcs, and sometimes even seventy marcs to the sea. caxon of ore.* The town extends around the bay, from the casThe port of Guasco is formed by two rocks, running tle of St. Antonio, for nearly a mile, and is separatout from the island of Carnero, and Point Expedied from the Almendral (a suburb of Valparaiso) tion. It is situated in 28 deg. 26 min. south latiti- by a low beach. The houses are irregularly scat tude, and 75 deg. longitude, west of Cadiz. tered over the sides of steep hills, which rise abruptly from the shore, and extend along the raThe method of estimating the product in Potosi, vines of Saint Augustin, Saint Francisco and GoChile, and generally in Peru, is by the caxon of ore, mez; the ground being very broken and rugged. which contains fifty quintale, of one hundred pounds The country near the town is very barren, and all each. The marc of silver is eight ounces of eight the supplies are draw from Quillota. That abun ochavas; each ochava of seventy-five grains. The dant district furnishes, at a very cheap rate, sup caxon of ore at Guasco produces forty marcs, or plies for the vessels that frequent Valparaiso, three hundred and twenty ounces of silver. In Stock of every description, fruit, potatoes, vegetaPotosi fourteen marcs is the average, or one bles, and excellent biscuit, may be bought at a hundred and twelve ounces; and in Guanaxuato, very moderate price. The best water is brought the richest mines of Mexico, the average is four from the Almendral, at some trouble and expense. ounces the quintal, or two hundred ounces the cazon. Until the late revolution, the only commerce from this port was with Lima; between forty and sixty cargoes were brought annually, consisting of Maipo, east by the Cordilleras, and west by Mefossil salt, sugar, rice, cotton, and a coarse cotton lipilla. manufacture, called toculle; and the returns made in wheat, hemp, beef and tallow, hides, &c. &c. The population of Valparaiso, including the Al mendral, does not exceed 6,500 souls. The district of Quillota is bounded north by Pe torca, south by the district of Mellipilla, east by that of Alconcagua, and west by the Pacific ocean. The principal town, San Martin de la Concha, commonly known by the name of Quillota, is situated on the south bank of the river Quillota, near the river of Aiconcagua. The streets diverge from the principal square, and intersect each other at right angles; and the houses are commodious and well built. The town occupies a great space, each house having a garden adjoining, where the inhabi tants raise vegetables and fruit for the supply of Valparaiso. The city of Santiago de Chile is situated in this district, and was founded on the 12th of February, 1541, by Don Pedro de Valdivia, on the south bank of the Mapocho, in 33 degrees, 31 minutes, south latitude. He at first called the country, overrun by his arms, after his native province, Estramadura, and the capital, Santiago de Estramadura; but it soon lost this title in the original name of Chile. Santiago contains 40,000 inhabitants; it was found. ed on the lands belonging to the Ulmen, or Cacique Guelingala, whose jurisdiction extended from the river Chaupa, on the north, to the river Maule, on the south and east and west, from the Cordilleras to the sea. The plain on which the city is situated, extends along the foot of the Andes, certainly to the line, and I believe quite to the isthmus of Panama, north; and south to the straights of MagelFrom the summit of an adjoining hill, the eye lan. This is the only uniform level in Chile; from embraces a highly rich and variegated prospect of hence to the coast, the descent is very rapid, and the town, interspersed with groves and gardens, broken by irregular mountains and valleys. On and surrounded by extensive artificial pastures, the eastern extremity of the city, rises the small principally of lucerne; and of the fields intersected rocky hill of Santa Lucia, formerly called the by canals from the river, and cultivated in wheat mountain of Guelon. These insulated hills are corn, hemp and flax. The cultivation in every part frequently seen on the great plain of Chile. of Chile, as has been before observed, is conducted by irrigation; and the Alconcagua here affords a plentiful supply of water. The climate is mild | and healthy, and the inhabitants lively and hospitable. There are mines of gold and copper in this The cabildo, or municipal council, is composed district, although not wrought; and they make oil of a royal standard bearer, (who carries the standand wine. Petorca and Cuscos are included with ard of Santiago, on the festival of that saint) an algua. Quillota, for all the purposes of government. sil, alcaide of the province, two regidores and fiel The port of Herradura de Quinterro, in 32 deg. executors, which are permanent offices, and are 47 min. 33 sec. south lat, and a little sold to the highest bidder, and so fond are the north of Valparaiso, is one of the best and safest people of distinction, that they are purchased at a harbors in these seas; being very extensive, with high price. These choose two ordinary alcaides, deep water and clean anchorage. At the Punta or magistrates of the province, who have jurisdic de las Ventamas, is a good watering place, with tion in ordinary cases, and whose duty is to keep abundance of wood; and the country is beautiful the peace. and fertile. The road direct to the capital, is so rugged and mountainous, that this advantageous port has been neglected. Any wind that permits you to approach the coast, will carry you in; and at the anchorage, you have only to avoid the shoal of Tortuga. The district of Melipilla is bounded north by that of Quillota, south by the river of Maipo, east by the district of Mapocho, and extends west to the Pacific ocean. Santiago is divided into four quartels. The ministers of the royal audience were chiefs of quar tels, and an alcaide, or magistrate in each, attended to the police, and reported to the chief. The tribunal of commerce is composed of a prior, two consuls, an assessor or syndic, and nine counsellors. These are chosen every two years, and have jurisdiction in all commercial causes. from fees; and are charged nominally with every They have a fund arising from internal taxes, and thing relating to commerce, and to the superintend ence of roads and harbors. A broad road extends round the south side of the town, like the Boulevards in Paris, and sepa rates it from the suburbs, which are extensive and well built. There are several handsome churches The chief town, San Jose, commonly called Me- and convents in this Canada, or Boulevard, and a lipilla, is beautifully situated near the north bank large canal carries a stream of water along the of the broad and rapid river of Maipo, which fur- south side of it. North from the principal square, nishes the means of irrigating an extensive and well a wide street leads to the bridge over the Mapocultivated country. The road to Valparaiso formerly cho, which is built of stone and brick, and stands passed through this town. The whole district is well on nine lofty arches. The view from it along the settled, and highly cultivated in wheat, barley, Indian corn, and vines. It is watered by the rivers Maipo and Mapocho; on the latter is situated the small but flourishing town of Saint Francisco del Monte, the environs of which, for a considerable distance, are a vist garden, interspersed with orchards and vine yards. The convent of St. Francisco is endowed with extensive possessions. A little below the town, the Mapocho falls into the Maipo; and near the outlet of the latter is the bay of Saint Antonio, in 33 dep. 30 min. south lat. It is open to the north, and very insecure. banks of the Mapocho, and towards the Andes, is very picturesque; and the inhabitants resort to this bridge, in the summer afternoons, to enjoy the refreshing air from the mountains. The river is broad and shallow, and in the summer flows in several channels, but in the spring of the year, when swollen by the melting of the shows, it rises to the height of the arches, and has at times overflowed, and laid half the city under water. A dyke has been built along the banks of the river, to protect the city from these indudations. It is a solid wall about five feet thick, with a parapet. The dis "ict of Mapocho, occupies an extensive For the ecclesiastic-1 government of the city, plain at the foot of the Andes, being bounded the town is divided into four curacies, viz. the on the north by Santa Rosa, south by the river Cathedral, Santa Ana, San Isidro, and San Lazaro: |