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which succeeded, however, without the aid of any 309 feet, and contains numerous apartments and mechanical power, solely by the hands of the corridors. The walls are every where covered Arabs; although the labor was ill-suited to these with hieroglyphics and bas-reliefs, ornamented people, who display all the indolence of the savage with fresco. Those colors are so brilliant, that I state. It was a work of six months. From Thehes can compare them to nothing we know of, and in I ascended towards Nubia, to observe the temple such a state of preservation, that they appear as of Ybsambul, which is more than three parts bu- if they were but recently applied. But the finest Here piece of antiquity of this place is a sarcophagus of ried in the sands, near the second cataract. I found the inhabitants ill-disposed to my projects, a single block of alabaster, nine feet seven inches and I perceived that I must prepare myself to exin length, and three feet nine inches in breadth; perience great difficulties from them; however, as the inside and outside are equally covered with the season was already too far advanced, this mo hieroglyphics, and indented figures. This sepultive determined me to defer my enterprize for this chre has a sound similar to that of a silver bell, and is transparent as glass. No doubt, when I Meanwhile I returned to Thebes, where I occu-succeed in conveying it to England, it will be repied myself in fresh researches near the temple of garded as the most precious acquisition of which Karnack; it was there that I discovered, several feet European museums can boast. under ground, a range of sphinxes, encircled with a wall. These figures exhibit a lion's head on the Most assuredly if we consult the ancient histo body of a woman, were hewn out of black granite stone, of ordinary dimensions, and for the most rians, we shall be satisfied that few of the monuThere was in this spot a staments of antiquity can be compared to those of part well executed. tue of Jupiter Ammon of white marble. It was on- Egyptian Thebes. Diodorus Siculus (Diodorus ly on my second journey, in 1817, that I discovered the Sicilian) wrote his Historical Library in Greek the head of a colossus, much more enormous than in forty books, of which fifteen only, and some fragthat of Memnon. This head alone, formed of a ments, have come down to us, about three score single block of granite, measured ten feet from the neck to the top of the mitre with which it is crowned. It was in an excellent state of preservation, the polish appeared as brilliant as if it had just left the hands of the statuary. After this, I resumed my road to Nubia, where such hazardous

Remarks on the preceding, from the Richmond Com. piler

years before the birth of Christ. He says, that he spent thirty years in composing it, and travelled into almost every country, whose transactions he records. In his first book, devoted to Egypt, he gives us the most astonishing account of Thebes and its buildings. He says "there was no city unThe inhabitants are en-der the sun adorned with so many, and stately monuments of gold, silver and ivory, and multitudes of colossus's, obelisks, cut out of one entire stone. There were four temples built, to be admired for beauty and greatness, the most ancient of which was in circuit thirteen furlong (almost two miles) and five and forty cubits high, and had a wall twenty-four feet broad. This fabric hath continued to our (ime, but the silver and the gld, and ornaments of ivory and precious stones, were carried away by the Persians, when Cambyses burnt the temples of Egypt.

encounters awaited me.
tire savages, and without the least idea of hospi-
tality. They refused us the most necessary arti-
cles; entreaties and promises had no effect upon
them, and were compelled to exist on Turkey corn,
steeped in water. At length, by dint of labor and
courage, and after twenty-two days persevering
labor, I had the great happiness to find myself at
the temple of Ybsambul, in which no European
had ever till then entered, and which presents the
largest vacation that exiss either in Nubia or
Egypt, if we except the tombs which I have since
discovered at Thebes. The temple of Ybsambul
is 152 feet in length, and contains fourteen apart
ments and a large court; in the latter are five colos
sal statues thirty feet in height. The pillars and
the walls are covered with hieroglyphics and figures
in an excellent state of preservation. It appears
that it was spared from the ravages of Cambyses
and other despoilers who came after him. I brought
away some antiquities-two lions, with vulture's
heads, and a small statue of Jupiter Ammon. In
returning again to Thebes, I resolved to discover
what, from time immemorial, has been the object
of the researches of travellers of all ages, namely,
the tombs of the kings of Egypt.

He speaks particularly of the sepulchres of the kings-of these there was originally forty-seven; but few of these remained, when Diodorus visited those parts. The tomb of king Osymanduas is described as being ten furlongs in circuit; at its entrance was a portico, of various colored marble, 200 feet long, and 67 high-thence, "you come into a four square stone gallery, every square being 400 feet, supported, instead of pillars, with beasts, each of one entire stone, 44 feet high."-At the entrance of another portico, "stood three statues, each of entire s.one, the workmanship of Memnon of Sieritas. One of these made in a sitting posture, is the greatest in Egypt, the measure of his foot exceeding nineteen feet." At one of the gates, was a statue of Osymaduas's mother, twenty cubits high. In the last wall of the building were two statues, each of one entire stone, forty feet high. He gives also the most flaming description of the painting on these walls, of the sacred library, of a border of gold on the top of the tomb, 365 cubits in compass, and a cubit thick.

It is known that, independently of those which are open, several exist under the ground, but no one has yet been able to discover the spot. By continuing my observations on the situation of At Thebes, I found a clue to their concealment. length, after many attempts, I discovered six of these tombs, one of which appeared to be that of Apis, from the mummy of an ox being found there. This mummy was full of asphaltos Any other description that I could give, would not convey to you the most remote idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this tomb. These are certainly the most curious and the most astonishing works yet be dug out. that Egypt presents, and they give the highes: idea of the skill of its ancient inhabitants. The interior from one extremity to the other, measures

No wonder that Mr. B. should discover such

curiosities as he is collecting from the ruins-Let those ruins be well searched, and if ancient historians speak the truth, more wonderful things will

ROMAN AN¡ IQUITIES.

In the ruins of Herculaneum, there have been

found loaves of bread, which were baked under the sword scabbard; it is six inches in length, and two reign of Titus, and which still bear the baker's inches in breadth, and weighs one ounce; it has no mark, indicating the quality of flour, which was ornaments or figures; but has three longitudinal probably prescribed by regulations of the police. ridges, which probably correspond with the edges, There have also been found utensils of bronze, which, instead of being well tinned like ours, are well silvered. The ancients, doubtless, preferred this method as more wholesome and more durable. London paper.

New excavation in Pompeii.

or ridges of the sword-it seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by three or four rivets, the holes for which yet remain in the silver.

Two or three broken pieces of a copper tube, were also found, filled with iron rust. These pieces from their appearance, composed the lower end of the scabbard near the point of the sword. No signa of the sword itself were discovered, except the uppearance of rust above mentioned.

A large forum has lately been uncovered in Pompeii, surrounded by Doric columns of granite, with pedestals inscribed with names, but without Near the feet, was found a piece of copper, weighstatues. This is thought to be some confirmation ing three ounces. From its shape it appears to of the opinion that the inhabitants removed their have been used as a plumb, or for an ornament, as valuable effects before the destruction of the city, near one of the ends is a circular crease, or groove, or that they recovered them afterwards by digging. for tying a thread; it is round, two inches and a By the side of this forum a temple of Venus has half in length, one inch in diameter at the centre, likewise been uncovered, and also another temple and half an inch at each end. It is composed of adjoining it. In the temple of Venus were found plates or pieces of native copper, pounded together; a bronze statue of that goddess, several marble and in the cracks between the pieces, are stuck statues of consuls, and of other personages. These several pieces of silver; one nearly the size of a edifices seem to be far more elegent than any of four penny piece, or half a dime. This copper those before brought to light, and doubtless occu- ornament was covered with a coat of green rust, pied the most magnificent part of the city, there and is considerably corroded. A piece of red ochre being three public buildings in the immediate vici- or paint, and a piece of iron ore, which has the ap. nity of a large edifice dug out a few years ago.—16 pearance of having been partially vitrified, or melted, were also found. The ore is about the specific gravity of pure iron.

ANTIQUITIES IN AFRICA.

ANTIQUITIES OF MARIETTA.

FROM THE AMERICAN FRIEND.

In removing the earth which composed an ancient mound in one of the streets of Marietta, on the margin of the plain, near the fortifications, several curious articles were discovered, in the latter part of June last. They appear to have been buried with the body of the person to whose memory this mound was erected.

We understand that an account has been lately The body of the person here buried, was laid received at the admiralty, of an interesting dis-on the surface of the earth, with his face upwards, covery made in the south of Africa, about twenty and his feet pointing to the N. E. and head to miles north of Capetown. Some persons, in dig the S. W. From the appearance of several pieces ging, happened to strike on what apppeared a beam of charcoal, and bits of partially burnt fossil coal, of timber, but tracing it they found a ship, or and the black color of the earth, it would seem other large vessel, deeply embedded in the soil that the funeral obsequies had been celebrated by A plank of it has accompanied the account of the fire; and while the ashes were yet hot and smoking, discovery. It appears to be cedar, and is in a a circle of thin, flat stones, had been laid around good state of preservation. Ib. and over the body. The circular covering is about eight feet in diameter, and the stones yet look black, as if stained by fire and smoke. This circle of stones seems to have been the nucleus on which the mound was formed, as immediately over them is heaped the common earth of the adjacent plain, composed of a clayey sand and coarse gravel. This mound must originally have been about ten feet high, and thirty feet in diameter at its base. At the time of opening it, the height was six feet, and 'diameter between thirty and forty. It has Lying immediately over, or on the forehead of every appearance of being as old as any in the the body, were found three large circular bosses, neighborhood, and was covered with large trees, or ornaments for a sword-belt, or a buckler: they at the first settlement of Marietta, the remains of are composed of copper, overlaid with a thick plate whose roots were yet apparent in digging away the of silver. The fronts of them are slightly convex, earth. It also seems to have been made for this with a depression, like a cup, in the centre, and single personage, as the remains of one skeleton measure two inches and a quarter across the face only were discovered. The bones were much of each. On the backside, opposite the depressed decayed and many of them crumbled to dust on portion, is a copper rivet, or nail, around which exposure to the air. From the length of some of are two separate plates, by which they were fastened them it is supposed the person was about six feet to the leather. Two small pieces of the leather in height. Nothing unusual was discovered in their were found lying between the plates of one the form, except that those of the scull were uncom bosses: they resemble the skin of old mummy, and monly thick. The situation of the mound on high seem to have been perserved by the salts of the ground, near the margin of the plain, and the copper. The plates of copper are nearly reduced porous quality of the earth, are admirably calculat to an oxyde, or rust. The silver looks quite black, ed to preserve any perishable substance from that but is not much corroded, and on rubbing, it be- certain decay which would attend it in many other comes quite brilliant. Two of these are yet entire; situations. To these circumstances is attributed the third one is so much wasted, that it dropped the tolerable state of preservation in which several in pieces on removing it from the earth. Around of the articles above described were found, after the rivet of one of them is a small quantity of flax lying in the earth for several centuries. We say or hemp in a tolerable state of preservation. Near centuries, from the fact that trees were found the side of the body, was found a plate of silver, growing on these ancient works, whose ages were which appears to have been the upper part of a lascertained to amount to betsveen four and five

Chimnies first introduced into houses in Eng

land

hundred years each, by counting the concentric Cards invented in France for the king's amuseeircles in the stumps, after the trees were cut ment down; and on the ground beside them were other Cauliflowers first planted in England trees in a state of decay that appeared to have Celery first introduced to the English tables by fallen from old age. Of what language, or of what count Tallard, a prisoner there after the batnation were this mighty race, that once inhabited tle of Malplaquet the territory watered by the Ohio, remains yet a mystery, too great for the most learned to unravel. But from what we see of their works, they musi have had some acquaintance with the arts and sciences. They have left us perfect specimens of circles, squares, octagons and parallel lines, on a grand and noble scale. And unless it can be proved that they had intercourse with Asia or Europe, we now see that they possessed the art of working metals.

Marietta, July 19th, 1819.

N. B. The above described articles are in the possession of Doct. Hildreth, and can be seen by any one desirous of viewing them.

Chronological.

1380 1606

1709

1200

1752

1563

1580

China-ware first made in England
Clocks made in England -
Coaches first used in England
Act against men riding in them as effeminate 1601
Coffee first used in England
1641

Coffee trees conveyed by the Dutch from Mo-
cha to the West Indies

1726

Cornelius Nepos published at Moscow, being
the first classical book published in Russia 1762
Concert, the first in London
Currants first planted in England, brought

from Zante

1678

1482 1234

Cyder (called wine) made in England
Distaff spinning first introduced into England 1505
Dying so little known in England that they
sent their white to Holland to be colored 1608

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Mezzotinto by Rupert

Equestrian statue, the first was of Louis 14th,
made at one cast -

Fans, muffs, tippets, masks and false hair, first
devised by the harlots in Italy
Flowers, the art of preserving in sand discover-

ed

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1591

1663

1520

1511

1648

1699

1572

1633

Progress of the arts. It will be one of the obJects of the Telescope to exhibit the progress of the arts by giving the earliest accounts of new and use-East India voyage, first from England ful inventions and improvements. It requires the Engines to extinguish fire invented combination of so many items of knowledge-the England, the first geographical map of it, by productions of such infinitude of minds to make that Lilly mass of science now possessed by most well inform- Engraving on copper invented ed men, and which is accessible to all, that we are surprised to look back and see how very lately it is, that many of the arts, now considered absolutely necessary to our comfort, have been discovered and brought into use. The march of human intellect, when unshackled by the tyranny of man, or the worse thraldom of prejudice, is indeed rapid. From the report of Dr. Thornton, the director of the pa- Fruits and flowers, sundry sorts before untent office at Washington city, showing the number of useful and ingenious inventions patented there, known, such as roses, tulips, plums, &c. &c. we believe inventive genius is no where more acbrought into England in the reigns of Hentive, and research no where more successful, than ry VII. and VIII. in 1560 in America. South Carolina feels in an eminent! Gardening brought into England from the Netherdegree the benefits of these exertions. Whitney's lands, from whence almost all garden vegetables cotton gin has poured a sudden powerful tide of were brought until 1509, and many were so lately wealth into the country that no European invention as the reign of Elizabeth. Muskmelons, apricots, can afford a parallel to. Those who are desirous goose-berries, sallads, garden roots, cabbages, to see the dates of discoveries and improvements brought from Flanders, and hops from Artois, 1520. in the old world are referred to "Luckombe's Tab-The damask rose brought by Dr. Linacre, physician let of memory," a little book, by the bye, that to Henry VIII. and pippins by Muscat, 1525; curought to be in every man's possession and always at rants or Corinthian grapes, from Zante 1555; mask hand, whether he is reading or conversing. It is from that work we make the following extracts to show how very recently the world has come into the possession of some of its most useful knowledge and obtained some of its most valuable enjoyments. S. C. Telescope.

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rose and plums from Italy by lord Cromwell; tamarinds from Germany by archbishop Grinda), and some Flemings planted a variety of new flowers 1567; woad from France, tulip roots, beans, peas, &c. from Vienna, 1600.

It may be as well in this place to mention the 1300 country from which many vegetable productions 1345 were originally obtained.-Rice, from Ethiopia;

Buck Wheat, Asia; Cresses, Crete; Cauliflower, Cvprus; Asparagus, Asia; Fennel, Canary Islands; Parsly, Egypt; Garlick, the East; Shallots, Siberia; 999 Horse Radish, China; Gourds, Astrachan; Potatoes, 1608 Brazil; Cabbage, Lettuce, &c. Holland; Tulip, Cappadocia; Carnation and Pink, Italy; Lilly, Syria; 1201 fube-Rose, Java; Apples, Syria; Pheasants, Egypt; 1157 Turkies, America.

1640 Gazettes, first published at Paris 1663; in England 1626 at Oxford 1665; London a few months after. The 1340 first gazette was published by a gossipping physici1628 an to amuse his patients; before which he used to 1680 tell them verbally all the morning news and scan--1300 dal he could hear of.

F

Gilding on wood

1660, Sugar first mentioned by Paul Eqinetta, a phy

Glass first used in private houses in England 1180 sician, 625; originally it came from China, produced Bottles first made in England 1557 in Sicily in 1148, in Madeira 1419; carried to the 1675 West Indies by the Spaniards and Portuguese 1510; refining discovered at Vienna 1523.

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Looking glasses in England, Lambeth Gunpowder invented by Swaartz, a monk, in Germany

1330

Shoes in the reign of Henry the 8th, became of such a length that it was necessary to support the toes by chains to the leg. An act of parliament was passed against them, and nonconformists were exposed to the penalties of the civil law, and also to be cursed by the clergy.

Hackney coaches first used (20 in number) in

London

1625

Hair powder first used by ballad singers to make themselves look hideous

1590

1533

Straw used in the king's bed

1428

Hemp and flux first planted in England
(Before that time they wore woolen shirts.)
Hops, when first introduced, parliament was
petitioned against it as a wicked weed.
Insurance polices used in Florence
in London

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Interest substituted for the word usury
Ironwire, English. Before 1568 all made and
drawn by manual labor alone, when mills
were established by the Germans.

Journals of the English house of peers first

taken.

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Jewels first worn in England by Agnes Sorrel
Knitting stockings invented in Spain
Knives first made in England

Linen staining first known in England
Logarithms invented by Napier
Lottery first in England

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Swearing, the vice of introduced

1234

1072

Tea first brought into Europe by the Dutch 1591
1523 Telescopes invened at Middlebury, by Jansen,
1560
a spectacle maker.

1624 Thermometers invented in Holland
Tapestry invented by sir F. Crane

1590

1620

1619

1663

Turnpikes first legally erected in England
Time measures-King Alfred's were wax tapers; the
ancients had three sorts; hour glasses, sun-dials
and a vessel of water with a hole in the bottom.
Violins invented

1550
1434

1477

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Military uniforms first used in France by Louis
the 14th.

Mushins from India first worn in England
Needles made in England

Orbits of the planets first determined
Padlocks invented at Nuremburg

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Painting in oil invented by John Van Eyck, the father of the Flemish school, and the first picture an Ecce Homo

Paper made of cotton

Pendulums for clocks invented -
Pins used

Pistols first used by horsemen

Plays first performed in England by parish clerks

Posts established in England

Potatoes first carried to England from America (For a time thought unhealthy-prohibited at a time in France by a royal edict.) Printing invented in Germany by Jacob Faust Pumps invented

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Reprisals at sea first granted

Rice first cultivated in South Carolina -
Saffron first brought to England

Saltpetre first made in England
Scarlet dye first used in England

Scenes first introduced into theatres

Sextant invented by Tycho Brahe

Sheep sent to Spain from England
Speaking trumpets invented
Spectacles invented by a monk
Spinning wheel invented at Brunswick
Sta utes of England first printed -

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Steam engines invented for raising water, &c.
Stirrups used in the 6th century.

1260
1252
1624

London, in 1192, being all built with wood and thatched with straw, ordered to be built with stone and brick and covered with slate to prevent fire, 1670 but the order was disregarded; in 1224 the houses 1681 still thatched with straw and the streets not paved, 1618 and Cheapside lay out of town. In 1666, the great. 1540 er part of the city (being of wood) was burn', since which the houses have been built of stone and brick.

1415

1000

1656

1543

1544

Province of Texas.

FROM THE NEW YORK COLUMBIAN

New York, Aug. 3d, 1819.-The existing state of of our relations with Spain; the revolutionary state 1378 of the Spanish colonies in both the Americas; the 1635 part which many of our citizens have taken in that 1586 struggle; and, finally, the policy which our govern. ment has and may continue to pursue, all tend to render interesting every subject connected with the Spanish colonies, particularly those in North

1441

1425 America.

1295 The enclosed brief history of an expedition in 1702 1812, and 1813, from Louisiana into the Texas, was 1389 written by me at Opelousas, in the latter country, 1625 about one month after the battle of St. Antonios 1643 The manuscript has remained unpublished amongst 1533 my papers ever since. Recent movements in Tex1550 as may give this sketch some interest, and if you 1467 consider its contents of sufficient value, you can 1652 publish them in your paper.

Silk stockings first worn by Henry VII. of
France-

1299

I beg leave, however, to preface its publication 1530 by a condensed view of what does in fact consti 1483 tute Texas.

1618 Las Texas is a general term for the vast trian

gle, included between the Rio Grande del Norte, Red River, Louisiana, and the Gulph of Mexico, 1547 containing about 240,000 square miles, and ex tending from 26 to 38 degrees of N. lat.

Howell says that in 1569 queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair and never wore cloth ones

any more.

It is generally, though very erroneously, believ ed in the United States, that Texas forms a part

of the viceroyalty of Mexico; it belongs, if not to those persons, as to expect themselve at the gates Louisiana, in reality to the captain general of the of Mexico, when at St. Antonio de Behar, though Provincias Interns, or Interna! Provinces, over eleven degrees of latitude lie between the two which the vice roy of Mexico has no authority. places, and much of the intermediate distance filled The captain general resides at Chihuahu, west of with a dense population; in the mass of which, adRio Grande, about thirty degrees north latitude. mitting a co-operation, those foreigners would be Part of the country west of Rio Grande, and north lost like a drop in an ocean. No man, of mode. of the viceroyalty, is tolerably well peopled, but rate information, can for a moment doubt the final Texas is generally a wilderness, though in many emancipation of the Spanish colonies. Their chains respects one of the finest regions in America. will crumble before increasing instruction, gained Taken as a whole it cannot be called a fertile amidst and frn their struggle; these men can countr, but in point of healthy air, I am doubtful only be slowly fitted for the management and enif the earth affords its equal upon so wide an ex joyment of a rational system of domestic policy. tent. The value of this truly fine country is un If Spain was at this moment to acknowledge their known at the court of Madrid, or the king of Spain independence, it is doubtful whether their own would rejoice to exchange the pine barrens of Flo chiefs would not assume the place and power of rida, for an unqualified cession of a region of five the Spanish authorities. times the extent, and more than ten times the va- In fine, but one class of men from other nations lue; a region that must ere long be peopled with can do them effective service; prudent, well in. either Spanish Creoles, or Anglo-Americans; and formed persons, content, and indeed only accepia region which will be the impassable rampart of ing a subordinate rank, who cautiously wean them whichever country gains its possession. Politi from their prejudices, and who gain their conficians, like most other men, are ruled more by the dence by studying their language, and adopting, ia trifles of a moment, than by objects of magnitude costume and manners, what may be found com in future. The possession of the right bank of mendable, useful, or indifferent, amongst the inRed River, by a Spanish population, must deprive habitants. Military men of this description, are the United States of one of the greatest points of to them a real and invaluable acquisition; those of security for Louisiana. It must be a subject of an opposite character are to them nuisances. regret, that any river discharing its waters into the Mississippi, should be suffered to remain f reign to the United States. Before the cession of BRIEF HISTORY, &c. Texas to Spain, we could boast of having the en The expedition carried on against the govern tire area drained by the largest stream upon the ment of Spain in the province of Texas, which globe, included within oue sovereignty. This was commenced in 1812, by a body of Americans, aided not an empty vaunt; such a possession gave us many by malcontents in the country, is no at an end. solid and permanent advantages, which cannot be Meeting with partial success on their first en be easily compensated. Contrary to what is gene trance into the province, the hopes of the Amerirally thought, Red River is a large navigable stream, cans were greatly inflated. Nacogdoches, La Bahia, many hundred miles above what would be the Spa-and St. Antonia de Bohr, fell into their bands nish limit by the late treaty. What is called the with but lit le opposition. The small body of naraft above Nachitoches is passable with twenty oar tives and Europeans, that opposed their advance and forty ton barges; one such passed it at the were defeated and dispersed.-Governor Salcedo, time I was engaged surveying opposite the same General Herrars, and a number of other officers, raft. In fact, where the intended line will inter- fell into their power as prisoners of war. Thus far sect the river, it is as large, if not more so, than the expedition succeeded beyond the hopes of the the Ohio at Cincinnati, and little less, if any, navi-undertakers, and contrary to general opinion. Magable, with many confluent streams above. ny of the inhabitants, instigated by discontent, or

WILLIAM DARBY.

We unreasonably undervalue the Spanish nation; allured by hopes of gain, and the novelty of the we, in fact, cast upon the people, that odium to scene, joined the assailing party; which, in the which their ecclesiastical and political government spring of 1813, was augmented to above twelve are exclusively entitled, and to which the indig-hundred men, three hundred Americans, six hunnant feelings of other nations ought to be direct dred Spanish Creoles, and the residue of Indians, ed. The character I have given lilefondo, though formed the motley band. No acts of violence founded upon undeniable facts, will, I know, ra has been exercised, on the persons or property ther revolt the prejudices of inany persons, who of the native inhabitants, or expressions uttered connect every detestable trait with the name of a that could wound their feelings, and shock their Spanish royal officer. It is morally impossible for man to contemn more cordially than I do, that sys tem of fraud, hypocrisy, duplicity, and cruelty, under which the Spaniards and several o her na tions have groaned and continue to suffer, under the name of monarchy; but I am conscious that many brave and humane men have been made, from various causes, the ministers of those deceptions and outrages; but who have, as far as in them lay, mitigated the horrors of war, oppression, and violence. Civil war without such men would be! frightful indeed.

prejudices. Those who judged fron momentary
events, thought ultimate success scarce a subject
of reasonable doubt; but reflecting men could not
fail to anticipate the true issue of an undertaking,
founded upon such slender basis, and supported by
such inadequate means.
Without funds, except
those drawn from depredation, without union, and
without the aid, or even countenance of the Uni-
ted States government, the very idea of a comple-
tion of their object was temerity.

Not one of the least obstacles against which the republican patriots (as they called themselves) bad The opinion I have entertained six years ago, to encounter, was the want of a leader of expe have found no reason to change; roving hands of rience and capacity, who united political and mili men, unauthorised by their own government, car tary talents, with commanding conciliating mando no good and must injure any cause in which ners. Such a man they had not. Bernardo, they are engaged. In fact, so ignorant are most of the nominal head, was an unlettered man-with

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