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press is free. Private actions, when injuring nobody, but a plantation, or piece of woods, sold as high as are subject only to the tribunal of God. Every one $5,025, and 184 lots, the number sold, brought may do all that is not prohibited by the laws, and upwards, of an hundred and twenty thousand dolmay dispense with all that the laws do not require.lars. The dwelling of a citizen is a sacred asylum, not to be violated without crime, &c."

Gen San Martin is reported to have collected 10,000 men, near St. Jago, to act against Upper Peru. He was expected at Buenos Ayres.

The Chocktaws. An arrangement is now making with this tribe of Indians for the cession of a large tract of country in exchange for lands on the Arkansaw. The Cherokees, it will be recollected, made a similar exchange some time ago. It appears that the lands ceded by the latter have been intruded upon, and that Mr. Meigs, agent for the nation, has given notice that unless such intruders were reThe president of the United States arrived at moved on the 1st of last month, that he should apWashington city or Sunday morning last. The se-ply to gen. Jackson to drive them off. cretary of the navy has also returned to the seat of government.

CHRONICLE.

The Danish sloop of war Diana, of 20 guns and 130 men, arrived New-York, August 5th, in 13 days from

St. Thomas.

The rot is said to be making sad work among the cotton, in different parts of the southern states. Hot weather. The thermometer at Salem, Mass. stood as follows--on the 29th July at 92; on the 30th, 95; on the 31st 99; on the 1st of Aug. at 101!!! on the 2nd, at 93. So much heat was never before noticed in the country.

Lightning. There has been we believe, an unusual descent of the electric fluid, this season, in the U. States. The following notice shews a wonderful escape from the effects of it-In a late thunder storm at Salem, Mass. a shoe was ripped from the foot of a woman, by lightning and completely destroyed, without doing any injury to her person.

Murder. The body of a man with the head, arms and one leg recently cut off, with some sharp instrument, and stabbed in the right breast apparently with a sword, floated ashore at Shrewsbury, N. J. on the 5th inst. The Jury thought he had not been killed more than 48 hours, some thought not more than 24. A brig that seemed full of men, was off the shore two days previous.

The whale fishery. It is said that 60 American ships are now in the Pacific engaged in the whale fishery. The U. S. frigate Macedonian will be of essential service to them.

Frauds in tobacco. The inspector of tobacco at New Orleans, has found 11hhds of tobacco with heads so thick that those of one hhd. weighed 194 lbs. He has very properly published the names of the persons who put it up.

Barge navigation. Col. Atkinson has fitted wheels to the barges that are conveying the soldiers up the Missouri, to be worked by the men. It answers much better than oars to propel the boats against the current, and promises to be highly advantageous in the navigation of falling streams.

Holston river, Tennessee. A number of hands are now employed to remove the obstructions to the boat navigation of this riser.

From the Boston Gazette. "A gentleman on his return from the western country, informs us, that while passing through Tennessee, he met a travelling house, drawn by six horses, two stories high, and containing three families, of 29 persons in the whole. They reported themselves from the district of Maine, bound to Alabama, where they intended to inhabit the same."

Maine. The majority in favor of separation is supposed to be about ten thousand--only 1,500 were required. So the act will take place.

Alabama.-At the late sale of town lots in the town of Cahaba, (the spot selected for the seat of government of the future state of Alabama) some of the lots, unimproved of course, as the place is yet

THE TORTOISE. From the Village Record, published at West-Chester, Pa. addressed to the editor—“18 tortoises have been noticed in the Record, I send & small statement of one I found a few days ago. It was marked 1744, with the letters P. D. said to have been cut by Philip Dunn. I am told he has been dead fifty years. It was found on the plantation of Enos Williamson, near the line of John Hunter. I was enquiring of Hunter how long he could remember it; he told me for forty years, and I have found it frequently within the last thirteen years,

CANAL TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

MR. EDITOR.-Seeing in your paper of yesterday some observations on the project of a passage to the Pacific ocean by means of a canal across the Isthmus of Darien, brings to the mind a proposition made to the king of Spain, by Sr. Dn. Salvador St. Martin, the bishop of Chiapa, who resides in Ciudad Real, which is the capital of the province.-West of this city, the river Goazacealcos, takes its rise, and running east, empties into the Gulf of Mexico, about thirty leagues east of Vera Cruz; it has ten and twelve feet water on its bar, and is navigable for craft of four or five feet up to the above city.. East of the said city, the river (or a stream which empties into the river,) Chimilapa takes its rise, and taking a westerly direction, empties into the Pacific ocean, at the port of Tahuantipa, which is a good harbor for large ships, and the river is navigable for craft of four or five feet, up to the above city of Ciudad Real; the two rivers passing each other at or near the city in a parallel line, at the distance of only seven miles from each other; nei ther of them have falls to impede their navigation, and the ground through which a canal would have to be cut to connect the two rivers is neither mountainous nor rocky.

I have seen a minute description of the rivers, and the countries through which they pass, contained in a petition to the king of Spain, begging permission to cut the above canal; it was presented in 1816, and contained the most convincing evidence of the facility with which the two oceans might be connected. The petition met with an utter denial from the king of Spain. Had it been granted, the intention of those concerned was to have steam boats employed between the two oceans, which would have made a voyage in much less time than it occupies between this and Louisville, and as the mouth of the Goazacealcos is not more than eight or ten days sail from the mouth of the Mississippi, may we not with propriety hope that Spanish America will soon shake off the European yoke, when she will be at liberty to make improvements for her own benefit without consulting those who have no rule of government but their own jealous fears. Should such a communication be opened between the two oceans, what calculations can realize the future grandeur of New Orleans?

New-Orleans paper.

NEW SERIES. NO. 26—Vol. IV.] BALTIMORE, AUGUST 21, 1819. [No. 26—Vol. XVI. WHOLE No. 415

THE PAST THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, AT $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

cate that members of congress, being heavy stockholders in the bank, should again vote on their own case, as some did at the last session.

The article below, headed "Bank of the United of intrigue is going on, and think it not very deliStates" will on account of the facts it exhibits, claim a considerable share of the public attention. The editor exceedingly regrets that he is prohibited, and perhaps ought to be, from giving the article in extenso from which these facts are derived; but he presumes that, as to the regulations of the bank and the consequent embarrassments of the treasury, nothing will be denied. They come from the very best source of information.

as

When this bank was first started, enormously forced dividends of profits was the grand object,— that the stockholders who had never paid for their stock might sell it out advantageously; they therefore desired that about forty persons might be authorized to sign its notes, to fill up the circulation of the Common honesty. We have sometimes thought country! But the mighty bubble bursted, and the that we would notice all the counterfeiters and devotees of avarice tumbled pell-mell from the counterfeit bank notes which we observed to be heaven which they thought they had gained, mentioned in the newspapers. We cannot right-Milton describes it, that the spirits from the lower fully do it; for a useful notice of such things would world were sent back "to the place from whence occupy a page or two almost every week, so nu- they came;"-but in their fall they severely woundmerous are the cases that occur, so many are the ed the national reputation and exhibited scenes persons engaged in the business. But this we shall of individual misdoings that astonished us all. After this a new administration of the affairs of speedily do--induce the people, if we can, to con sider the directors of a bank as infamous,-if, know- the bank took place--a policy directly opposite to ing that counterfeits on their institution are cir- that of the original makers of the bank, was speedieulated, they do not come forward and officially ly adopted and is still persevered in. It now issues put the people on their guard against them, instead none of its own notes. Present pecuniary profit is sa of endeavoring to hush up the matter as hitherto, crificed to concentrate a power to command it here preferring that honest men should be swindled, rather than that the circulation of their notes should be impeded.

Bank of the United States.

after-to regulate the transactions of individuals
to govern the money matters of the nation-to elect
presidents of the United States and enac 28 for he
government of the people, which judges shall declare
to be "constitutional," though known to be so
enacted. Whether these magnificent designs will be.
accomplished or not, a little time will determine.
We have not the shadow of a doubt but that they
are aimed at. Few have estimated the moral force
which a command of the circulating medium of a
country confers. It makes the creature greater
than the creator; and it is a creature without feel
ing or remorse.

"When the searching eye of heav'n is hid Behind the globe, and lights the lower world, Then thieves and robbers range abroad unseen, In murders and in outrage bloody here; But when from under this terrestrial ball, He fires the proud tops of the eastern pines, And darts his light through ev'ry guilty hole, Then murders, treasons, and detested sins, The cloak of night being pluckt from off their backs, Stand bare and naked, trembling at themselves." King Richard II. The developements made since the matter was in which I have as much confidence as if the con Certain facts have just reached me from a source first agitated, of the composition and character of the fession were made by the secretary of the weasury to bank of the United States, justifies the application of our motto to its course of proceedings, from the is already in a subservient condition to the bank. me in person, that the treasury of the United States date of its institution to the present day, except In April last, the bank resolved, that it would not re so far as the last line of the abstract may be conceive of GOVERNMENT ITS OWN bills and credit them ac strued into a shew of compunction for offences committed. The bank being soul-less, cannat feel shume! Never did an institution exist that more com

they were payable; that it would not pay the TREASUCASH, except when tendered at the places at which lic monies had accumulated there to a sufficient amount, RY DRAFTS at any place "REQUIRED," except the pubun'ese upon a NOTICE given to allow the bank time to do 80, ON COMMERCIAL PRINCIPLES, &c. TO ALL WHICH THE SECRETARY SUBMITTED!

pletely blasted the public expectation, than this bank has done. Its policy, though founded upon opposite extremes, has been equally mischievous or malevolent. The original purpose of its framers was to get money-the object of its present managers is to acquire power. The former was a desperate Every body knows and feels the grand deception of set of speculators-the other is a conclave of tyrants, this institution, as to its pretension to furnish a cirGold was the god that the first worshipped,--the culating medium, of an equal and certain value it second gives up all to ambition. Cesar or nothing, all parts of the United States; but things like the is the device inscribed on the entrance of their preceding, in regard to the government, were harde Council chamber. That eight or ten irresponsible ly expected by any to happen so soon. Let us see and truly contemptible individuals, unknown out of what the charter of the bank says on this subject; the streets that lead from their counting honses to the bank, may rule and will rule the goverment of the the following are the 14th and 15th sections of United States, is to me undoubted-if the strong arm of the people is not speedily interposed. I say of the people, for I have little faith in the executive or in congress regarding this matter, unless urged to action by public opinion. I am not about to charge any with corruption-but do know that a great deal Vol. XVI.- 28.

act:

"Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the bills or notes of the said corporation, originally made. payable, or which shall have become payable on demand, shall be receivable in all payments to the United States, unless otherwise directed by act of congress.

«Sec. 15. And be it further enacted, That during Well-in two or three days, or two or three the continuance of this act, and whenever required weeks, as the case may be, after the receipt of this by the secretary of the treasury, the said corpora-notice, Mr. Cheves might say to the secretarytion shall give the necessary facilities for transfer- "Sir-The balance of trade between Boston and ring the public funds from place to place, within the "Chillicothe are greatly in favor of the former. United States or territories thereof, and for distri-"Therefore, on "commercial principles," you canbuting the same in payment of the public creditors," not expect us to pay your draft at Boston on acwithout charging commissions or claiming allowance" count of your deposit at Chillicothe; but having on account of difference of exchange, and shall also consulted the cashier of the branch at Boston, and do and perform the several and respective duties of" being greatly disposed to accommodate the gothe commissioners of loans for the several states, or "vernment,you are at liberty to draw for the $2000, any one or more of them, whenever required by " as desired, three months hence! law."

By the 14th section, the valuable preference is given to the bills of this bank, that they shall be received in all payments to the United States-it follows, that they are paid as cash to the United States; but according to the preceding regulation of the directors of the bank, they are not cash to the United States, except at the places whereat they are respectively payable! Thus, a note issued from the office at New Orleans may be paid as money for debts due to the United States at the office in Portsmouth, N. H. which the secretary of the treasury cannot draw for on Portsmouth, as cash. The office there receives the notes of that at New Orleans as a special deposit, and will pay the draft out of such deposit only. The embarrassments to the people by this lop-sided conduct, have only one remedy-if the secretary continues to succumb and thus unjustly to favor the bank: this remedy is, to protest the drafts of the United States, unless paid in cash, as has happened at Chillicothe! This will bring the U. S. in for damages, and we shall see whether congress has spirit enough to resist such outrageous proceedings. Half a dozen cases of this kind will fix the business, and determine whether the bank is to govern the government, or not; and certainly half a dozen men dealing with the United States, may be found that have independence enough to do what is right.

(Signed,)

L. C." What a delectable correspondence have we suppo sed!-But upon my honor, I solemnly believe it is nothing more than a fair type of what may happen, may, perhaps of what has really happened;-for the fiscal concerns of the government have been exceedingly embarrassed by the regulations of the bank, and the acquiesence of the secretary of the treasury to them. I have reason to speak thusI have in my possession what is conclusive evidence to me of the facts that I have insinuated.

Are the people prepared to bear this? Are they content to see their government crawling at the feet of this abominable institution? Will they stand still and see a monied aristocracy swallow up the dignity of the constitution, and devour individuals by its tens of thousands?

We trust that some member of congress will call for the whole correspondence between the president of the bank and the secretary of the treasury, on these subjects. Immense advantages have been been cheated of their just expectations, it does not given to the bank, and though the people have follow that the government should be thus managed by the creature which intrigue (I will not say bri bery in some cases) permitted the creation of. If at the present time, the bank can prescribe conditions to the secretary of the treasury, what must we expect to be the state of the case very speedily, when the "ways and means" of government will oc By the 15th section, it was perfectly understood much less productive than they are now, and its rethat the bank was to become the agent of the Uni-venue becomes more difficult to collect-as every ted States for transferring the funds of the go-one sees must happen, without some material vernement from one part of the union to another, change in our internal policy to foreign relations? without delay or charge for so doing. Thus, it was supposed, that the secretary of the treasury, having a credit at Chillicothe might draw for it payable at Boston, without further ceremony. But now he seems to be reduced to the necessity of writing a letter like this to the president of the bank at Philadelphia.

"HIONORED SIR. The United States have the sum "of $200,000 (or two millions) lying dormant to "government, though discounted upon by your "office at Chillicothe-$2000 are wanted at Boston "to pay off the mechanics employed in the navy "yard. As these people have families and are badly off for money, be pleased to inform me, as soon as "your attention to more important affairs will admit of "when and in what manner I may draw for the said $2000 on Boston.

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(Signed,)

W. H. C

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Emigration Table.

Amount of foreign emigrants whose arrival in the ports of the United States was noticed as being reported in the newspapers received at the office of the REGISTER, for two weeks, ending yesterday morning:

From Dundee

London
Hull
Havre

Amsterdam

Cork
Bremen
Belfast

in 2 vessels, 36 Halifax, St. John's, &c. 14 Liverpool,

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586

5

137

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We put the present of bank first, as being the most important person.

fact, it appears that a full pauper, in 1789, cost 37 dollars, yearly; in 1797, 64 dollars; in 1807, 65 dollars; in 1817, 90 dollars; in 1818, 96 dollars.

It is worthy of remark, that almost the half of tially assisted, in most cases. Assuming this as a these noticed, (and we put down the particulars of all that we saw reported, to form the preceding summary) have reached the United States, via Nova Scotia and New-Brunswick-there is also a great influx of people through the Canadas.

The above is certainly short of the real number that arrived-in the absence of the whole facts, it may serve for an estimate. It probably contains about three-fourths or four-fifths of the actual amount.

The editor of an eastern paper, noticing a remark made by us, says "Mr. Niles gives it as his opinion that the emigrations to the United States are not less than 400 persons a day—or, 146,000 yearly."

It is well known that a great part of those who come to us from Europe arrive here in May, June and July. The editor observed that, at a certain period, the present rate of emigration might be about 400 per day; but he never said or supposed that "146,000 arrived yearly." He hardly believes that 20,000 ever arrived in any one year; and the average is much less.

The Canadian editors have seized upon an arti. cle in the REGISTER, headed "want of employment" -see page 356, to keep the "settlers" who arrive, from passing into the United States. We frankly confess, that if the present policy of government continues, we do not want an accession of population to our large cities and well peopled districts.

Pauper Statistics.

But there must be a great consumption of money in supporting the establishment--the paupers themselves, could not have required such an amount, Still, the facts go strongly to corroborate our calcu lations, which give for the cost of maintaining each individual in the U. States, the sum of seventy-six dollars, per annum. See present volume, page 386.

Anecdote of Gen. Jackson.

REGISTER:

A gentleman of undoubted veracity, has communicated the following anecdotes to the editor of the When Hillisajo, the famous Indian chief, with his it to be British, and was detained, a kind of stocks companion, came on board our gun-boat supposing were put upon his feet to prevent his escape, his daring and adventurous spirit being well known to then putting his hands upon his shoulders, addressthe officer. He looked mournfully upon them, and ing the officer, said, "The prince regent put epaulets here you put stocks there," pointing to his feet.

these Indians to be executed; when it was reported It will be recollected, that gen. Jackson ordered to him that they were dead, it was asked, "what shall we do with the bodies-shall they be thrown into the river?" "No" said the general indig nantly, "they have ceased to be our enemies; let

We have taken much pains, at different times, to them be buried as decently as our means will admit ascertain the cost of feeding and clothing indivi-of. See that it is done!"

duals, with a view to the establishment of certain data of great importance in the study of political economy. A writer in the Aurora-but for pur poses different from those to which we wish to ap

Mitigation of Slavery-No. 8.

PROPOSITION THE FOURTH.

ply it, gives the following table respecting the pau-"That the present emancipation of slaves in the pers maintained in the city and county of Philadel phia, for 22 years:

Paupers in pensioned

22,933 33
21,333 33
21,333 33
40,000

Paupers

DATES. Alms House. in the city.

Poor Tax.

1789

417

Nearly the

1790

416

same.

1791

349

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50,000

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southern states should not be extensively support ed,unless efficient provision is made for separating the free negroes from those who are not--the mixture is fatal to the progress of improvement in both, and at open war with the safety of the persons and property of the white population; and must remain so, until the practices recommended in the second proposition have had operation.” It does not appear necessary to say much on this proposition, for the facts that belong to it are selfevident to every person who has resided in those districts of our country in which many freed blacks are mixed with numerous slaves. In Baltimore, especially, we see the mischevious effects of such mixtures at almost every step that we take. The free negroes, in no respect, as to their standing in the opinion of the white people, having pre-eminence over the slaves, are necessarily without the moral force we have spoken of, to elevate their condition. Slaves are their associates, and the state of debasement continues in its fullest strength and vigor. To this is added numerous petty thefts and other crimes to which either party would be less liable, it it were separated from the other. In his hours of relaxation, the slave seeks the house of the freed negro as an asylum, and in return for it, too frequently brings with him the property of his master to contribute his share to the feast and frolick. This intercourse leads to many other vicious habits, and whatever of virtuous principles that belonged The paupers pensioned out of the alms-house,to either class, are banished by sensualities indulged. though said to be in amount "nearly the same" as those maintained in it, we have reason to believe do not cost more than half as much, being but par

88,000

89,604

Such, indeed, in the present benighted state of his mind, are the chief things which the negro can en joys and most of his actions lead to the gratification

of his passions-he knows of little else worth seek-1 the heart will appreciate the motives that influencing after.

ed it. We should thus evade the difficulties imWith the facts before us, that the free negroes posed by local laws against emancipation --we of Baltimore (and we believe it is so every where) should disperse the sources of population and strike have less virtue than the slaves, and in no other efficiently at its increase, where an increase is to leading quality differ from them except in being be dreaded, and place a barrier to the vil business more impudent in wrong, and less careful of con- of kidnapping, by scattering the subjects of it cealing their evil propensities, we have not view-through the country parts of the non-slave-holding ed the regulations of some of the states for expell-states. The chief objection is in the separation of ing the freed blacks with the same horror that children from their parents; but this would cause others have done,-though it is impossible that we only a small degree of affliction, if the blacks were should approve of them; and the spirit and character satisfied as to the purposes for which it took place. they bear are unjust beyond what even the laws of It is, we believe, the only way in which the work self-preservation, as applicable to this case, will ad-can be accomplished, according to the existing mit of. Hence it is that the condition of the 5th state of our laws, feelings and prejudices, and the proposition naturally comes before us, as follows: undeniably debased condition of the slaves. That the states in which slavery is not allowed, We have thus passed through the series propos should offer every reasonable facility and encou-ed and given our sentiments freely on the subject ragement to free people of color wishing to reside of slavery, and the means of mitigating its evils. In therein; and adopt some measures to lessen the some respects, we have, no doubt, differed with prejudices and antipathies of the whites, in qua- the received opinions of some of the friends of lifying the blacks to attain a respectable standing emancipation; but if we have said one word that in society." any person can construe into a desire to maintain It is difficult to determine what may be consider the system, we shall always regret it. Nothing could have been further from our intention. But the meed "reasonable facilities" in this case. No laws ex-rit of the matter lies in this-slavery does exist, and ist to prevent the emigration of freed blacks to the the slaves are unfitted to take care of themselves, states in which slavery is not tolerated, and in ge- through the policy of their masters. Freedom to live, neral, we believe, they possess common political ad- without the means of getting a living, is an empty vantages with the white people. Public opinion,

any respect.

must, perhaps, do all the rest that it can; and such gift; and we owe much to ourselves as well as to the persons should be treated like rational beings, that degraded African race. Our safety and their hapthey may be encouraged to arrive at respectability.piness are closely allied. Would it not be cruelty to yoke half a dozen unbroken colts to a waggon, if No manner of inconvenience, that we know of, ex-we were willing to run the risk of the loss of proper ists in the states north and east of Delaware on ac-ty that might follow the proceeding? Let them first count of these people, who are useful as laborers, be taught what it is necessary they should do, before and many of them have deserved and obtained the we expect them to do it. The blacks in the United character of decent and honest persons, nor is any States are not one jot or tittle more rude or unculdanger to be apprehended from a considerable in-tivated than our own immediate ancestors were, crease of their numbers. Their effect upon the boastful as we appear of our accomplishments. Let common mass of the population cannot be great, in them have light before we require that they should sec, instruct them in the moral and civil virtues beIn the present state of the blacks, we think that a fore we call upon them to exercise their reason regard as well for them as for ourselves, should in- about them. The moral force which alike constiduce persons disposed to liberate them in the south-tutes the strength of nations and secures the safety ern states, to confine their solicitude chiefly to the of individuals, comes from thinking upon the necesfemales, including a provision for the removal of the sity of exerting it. The negroes know little of this. girls to the northern states, where they should be If they reason at all in respect to themselves as bound out in respectable families. The simple li-slaves, it is natural that the worst passions should beration of the person of the negro does little for only prevail in their minds-it is nearly impossible hin-in many cases, we seriously believe, that he that they can love the hand that smites them to the is injured by emancipation, and the condition of so-earth, and imposes burthens upon them beyond their ciety is not advantaged the least. Suppose that strength to bear. Vengeance is the master spirit any one holding slaves, were disposed to bear a tes-that operates. And why should it not be so? Here is timony against the practice, and to benefit his ne-the question! What would we do, what would we groes thus-the males to be sold to humane masters, think, in the like circumstances? Certainly, we would on reasonable terms, conditioned that they should "rebel," in respect to our own favorite dogma, that not be disposed of out of the new family they enter-s rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God”—a dogma ed into, &c. The unmarried females of 10 years old which, with less than a millioneth part of the provoand upwards, to be immediately free-and all the cation, we have acted upon, and glory in it. But rest of the stock of females then existing to become the wrong of slavery is not doubted. It is agreed so at 10 years of age;-the proceeds of the males that it ought to be abolished-the how is what has sold being appropriated, under the care of some perplexed us, beset as we are by avarice and prehonest person who should be paid for his trouble, judice. We agree also, that slavery must some day to the removal, education, &c. of such females, on end, and generally look to its accomplishment by the plan proposed? We ask, whether the great pur-acts of violence. Is it not seriously demanded of poses aimed at, in emancipating the negroes at all,us to guard against that period--and, in obedience would not be better attained and more surely ac-to all that is honorable, all that is just, all that is hucomplished by such a scheme as this, than by the mane, to endeavor to do away the causes that must undistinguished 1 beration of all the slaves on an and will inevitable produce scenes of havoc and deestate? Some may think that this would he to solation to our people, such as the locusts of Asia compromise with iniquity"-but its merits will inflict on the herbage, as though the country had est upon the good hoped for, and Hs who judges been burned with fire?

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