TOTAL OF IMPORTATIONS PRO FORMA STATEMENT. The Importations into the United States, from Foreign countries, consist $ $ and of goods smuggled or illicitly introduced, estimated, S For value of importations, (and shipments) on American account-in American vessels: dolls. dolls. For value of importations into the U. States, on Foreign account-in American vessels: . dolls. For value of importations into U. States, on Foreign account-in Foreign vessels: dolls. Such proportion of the above importations as may be the property of emigrants from foreign dolls. countries, coming to settle down with it permanently in the United States, dolis. dolis. dolls. dolls, dolls. dolls. United States........ United States...Dr....To Foreigners.....DOLLS. ..........................CR..................................... For value of exportations, arrived at foreign ports from U.S. on Am, account, in Am. vessels- For value of exportations, cleared from U.S. for foreign ports, on For. acc't, in Am. vessels: dolls. dolls. For value of exportations cleared from U.S. for foreign ports, on For. acc't, in For. vessels: Total to credit of the United States, on account of exportations, (and to debit of foreigners) dolls. DEDUCT the following which belong to credit of Foreigners (and to debit of U. States): Amount of tonnage duty, light-money, port-charges, commissions on freight and disbursements, and sundry monies, disbursed for American vessels in the foreign ports, Such proportion of the debts due by foreigners on account of above exportations, &c. as may dolls, become extinguished by bankruptcies Excess of the premiums of Insurance, to debit of Americans, ordering goods or vessels to be insured in Europe-over and above the amounts recovered for losses sustained, payable by foreigners Remittances from the U. States for interest due to foreigners on capitals belonging to foreigners, invested in American stocks, or otherwise lent or employed in the United States, (And, perhaps, some other small items) And the difference of these two amounts will be the "Balance of Trade," resulting to the debit of one party in favor of the other--which must be liquidated with specic; and if a part of the balance be satisfied for a while, by means of government stock, bank stock, &c. the certificates thereof will, nevertheless, return to be redeemed with specie, or an equivalent. J. W. W. Indian Treaties, RATIFIED AT THE LATE SESSION OF CONGRESS. 1. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at the foot of the Rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, between Lewis Cass and Duncan M'Arthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences, and conclude and sign a treaty or treaties with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians, within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States, and the said nations of Indians, on the one part; and the sachems, chiefs, and warriors of the Wyandott, Seneca, Delaware, Shawanese, Potawotomey, Ottawas, and Chippewa tribes of Indians. This instrument is explanatory of a treaty con-cluded at Vincennes in the year 1803, and obtains the cession of some lands from the Peoria Indians, which it was contended was not included in the lands granted by the treaty of Vincennes, &c. 4. A treaty entitled-"A treaty of friendship, cession, and limits, made and entered into, this twenty-fourth day of August, eighteen hundred and eighteen, by and between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Quapaw tribe or nation, on the part and behalf of their said tribe or nation, of the other part." By this treaty the Indians acknowledge themselves under the protection of the United States, and it contains the cession of a large tract of land on the Arkansaw, &c. the Indians however, retaining the right of hunting thereon, under certain con‹itions, and grants an annuity. The preceding is the title of an Indian treaty which fills nearly five of the ponderous columns of the National Intelligencer, on its being ratified by the senate. It provides for the cession of large tracts of land, by the different tribes, in which, how-5. A treaty headed thus-"A treaty of peace and ever, are a number of pretty extensive reservations in favor of a great number of individuals, whose names alone, would fill two pages of the REGISTER! In consideration of these cessions, the United States, have covenanted to pay several annuities. The treaty is signed by the chiefs of the tribesamong whom is the The Devil Standing, Black Bird, Head Fell Down, Flat Belly, Full Moon, Crane, Black Hoof, Between the Legs, Tail's End, Captain Tom, Big Turtle, The Dog, &c. &c. Among the names of the persons in whose favor the numerous reservations are made, are the follow. ing, which may be taken as the character of the whole; Tahulodhowweda, Tawyauroutoreyca, Traretohauweetough, Hoonorowyoutacóle, Tyyeeawnkeunoha. Ja, Ilioreameausuwat, Aauautounasquas, Nenepesneshequa, Tauffouwquowsay, or Twenty Lives, Wawalcepeshecka, and Egotacumsequa. in friendship made and concluded by and between -William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, on the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Pownee Marhar tribe, on the part and behalf of their said tribe, on the other part." This instrument is for the simple purposes stated the title. 6. A treaty of peace and friendship made and concluded by and between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, of the one part; and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Pitivariate Noisy Pawnee tribe, on the part and behalf of their said tribe, of the other part. This also, is for the simple purposes stated in its title. It is signed by the Handsome Bird, Buffaloe Doctor, Running Wolf, &c. A treaty of peace and friendship made and concluded by and between William Clark, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Pawnee republic, on the part and behalf of their tribe, of the other part." This is signed by the Good Chief, Wearer of Shoes, &c. and is simply a treaty of amity, 8. "A treaty of peace and friendship, made and concluded by and between William Clark and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners of the U States of America, on the part and behalf of the said states, of the one part, and the undersigned chiefs and warriors of the Grand Pawnee tribe, on the part and behalf of their said tribe, of the other part." 2. A treaty, duly ratified by the senate, is entitled as follows: "Articles of a treaty made and con-7. cluded at the St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Lewis Cass and Duncan Mc Arthur, commissioners of the United States, with full power and authority to hold conferences and conclude and sign a treaty or treaties with all or any of the tribes or nations of Indians, within the boundaries of the state of Ohio, of and concerning all matters interesting to the United States, and the said nations of Indians, and the sachems, chiefs, and Warriors of the Wyandot, Seneca, Shawanese, Ottawas, tribes of Indians: being supplementary to the treaty made and concluded with the said tribes, and the Delaware, Potawotomey, and Chippewa, tribes of Indians, at the foot of the rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie, on the twenty-ninth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventeen." This treaty seems to have been made for the chief purpose of more clearly designating, or altering, at the request of the Indians, the reservations made in that to which it is supplementary; and also makes some additional reservations, out of lands heretofore ceded, with additional annuities, essentially differing from Indian treaties in general. 3. A treaty, ratified as aforesaid, is thus entitled"A treaty made and concluded by and between Ninian Edwards and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America on the one part, and the undersigned This instrument cedes a tract of land beginning principal chiefs and warriors of the Peoria, Kas- at the Arkansaw river, in consideration of certain Kaskia, Mitchigamia, Cahokia, and Tamarois tribes indemnities for property of the citizens of the Unitof the Illinois nation of Indians, on the part and be-ed States taken by said Indians, for which the U half of the said tribes, of the other part." States are bound to pay, to the amount of $400,0 tle. Signed by the Bald Eagle,Who-wants-to-go-to-thewar, Big Hair, Chief of the Sun, Chief of the Shield, &c.-and only for the purposes designated in its tig. A treaty made and concluded by and between William Clark, governor of the Missouri territory, superintendant of Indian affairs, and commissioner in behalf of the United States, of the one part; and a full and complete deputation of considerate men, chiefs, and warriors, of all the several bands, of the Great and Little Osage nation, assembled in behalf of their said nation, of the other part, have agreed to the following articles: It is signed by many chiefs-among them, Voisabevoiquanddaque, The Decavoichipiche, Tadhasajaudesor, or the Wind-Walking Rain, Sudden Appearance, Raised Scalp, &c. 9-Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Lewis Cass, commissioner of the United States thereto especially authorized by the president of the United States, and the chiefs and warriors of the Wyandot tribe of Indians. This treaty cedes to the United States two tracts of land heretofore reserved to them in the territory of Michigan, at Brownstown and Magagua, and gives them certain other lands in exchange, to be held so long as they or their descendants shall occupy the same. This seems to be mutually advantageous. 10-Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. [Mary's between the United States of America, by their commissioners, Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, and the Wea tribe of Indians. This is a cession of all the lands claimed by the tribe in the state of Ohio, with certain specified reservations, for an annuity in addition to the annuity formerly paid to them. 11. A treaty to settle all territorial controversies, and to remove all ground of complaint or dissatisfaction that might arise to interrupt the peace and harmony which has so long and so happily existed between the U. States of America, and the Chickasaw nation of Indians, James Monroe, president of the said United States, by Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson of the one part, and the whole Chickasaw nation, by their chiefs, headmen, and warriors, in full council assembled, of the other part, have agreed on the following articles, which when ratified by the president and senate of the United States of America, shall form a treaty binding on all parties. 14. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at st. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Miami nation of Indians. By this treaty a large cession of land is made on the upper parts of the Wabash, &c. in which many small reservations are granted to individuals named. The annuity therefor is $15,000 a year, and the U. S. to build one grist mill and one saw mill for the Indians on such sites as they may select, and also to support one blacksmith and one gunsmith for their benefit. 15. "Articles of a convention made between Jolin C. Calhoun, secretary of war, being specially authorized therefor by the president of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs and head men of the Cherokee nation of Indians, duly authorized and empowered by said nation, at the city of Washington, on the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and nineteen." The introduction is as follows "Whereas a greater part of the Cherokee nation have expressed an earnest desire to remain on this side of the Mississippi, and being desirous in order to commence those measures which they deem necessary to the civilization and preservation of their nation, that the treaty between the United States and them, signed the 8th of July, 1817, might, without further delay, or the trouble or expense of taking the census, as stipulated in the said treaty, be finally adjusted, have offered to cede to the United States a tract of country at least as extensive as that which they probably are entitled to under its provisions, the contracting parties have agreed to, and concluded the following articles.' The tract of land then ceded is described, with A large quantity of valuable land is ceded by this many reservations and indemnities, and to provide treaty--with many reservations however, for the be- for a school fund. The annuities paid to the Cheronefit of individuals, who seem to be desirous of becom-kees are to be divided, two thirds to those residing ing agriculturalists. It stipulates for the payment east, and one third to those west of the Mississippi. of considerable annuities, provides for a supply of salt This tribe, or nation, furnishes, perhaps, the for the Indians, and reimburses the chief maj.Colbert, best materials within our territory for the philanin the sum of $1089, the amount of money which thropist to work upon. They are considerably he lost in June 1818, at the theatre in Baltimore-advanced in civilization, are herdsmen and farmthere are also grants of money to several chiefs; among those named are Immauk, Ushahopoyea, Illachouuarhopoyea, Hopoyeahaummar, &c. 12. Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Delaware nation of Indians. ers, with pretty correct notions of property and of the value of money, &c. without partaking so much of the vices of the whites, as generally falls to the lot of Indians adjacent to our settlements. Many discreet and intelligent white persons have settled among them-they have a number of schools, which are well attended, and appear to be convinced that their prosperity as individuals and the existence of This is a cession of all the lands in the state of their nation, depends upon a change of the manners Indiana belong to the Delawares-the United States of their life. We hope they may be carefully proto pay for the improvements in the country ceded, tected against all intrusions and intruders, that a full to furnish them with 120 horses, and a sufficient and free opportunity may be given to them to purnumber of boats to assist in transporting them be-sue their march to civilization, and subsequent memyond the Mississippi, with provisions, &c. for the bership in the great American family. This may emigration. The annuity granted for this cession possibly, be effected in two or three generations, is 4000 dollars a year. A few small reservations are and it is pleasant to think that it may be effected, made. The treaty is signed by Kethteeleland, the even at so distant a period. Big Bear, The Cat, Ben Beaver, The War Mallet,&c. 13, Articles of a treaty made and concluded at St. Mary's, in the state of Ohio, between Jonathan Jennings, Lewis Cass, and Benjamin Parke, commissioners of the United States, and the Potawatimi nation of Indians. This treaty contains a cession of land on the Tippecanoe, Wabash, and Vermillion rivers, with a guarantee against any claim of the Kickapoos, for an annuity of $2,500 National Interests. Address of the Philadelphia society for the promotion of domestic industry, to the citizens of the United States. No. II. Philadelphia, April 7, 1819. Dr. Smith's maxim, discussed in our first number, inevitably involves in its consequences, as we have proved, the destruction of those manufacturing establishments, of which the productions can be pur- We state a case, plain and clear. We will suppose chased "cheaper abroad than they can be made at five hundred workmen, and a capital of five hundred home:" and its necessary result is, to deprive those thousand dollars, employed in the manufacture of engaged in them of employment. The doctor, after watches, coaches, and silver-plate; and that Swithaving inflicted a deadly wound by this maxim, un-zerland, or Paris, or London,fills our markets at such dertakes to provide a sovereign and infallible reme-rates as overwhelm at once all competition, and supdy for the evil, which, to do him and his disciples press the manufactories. Where are the "collateral justice, we shall exhibit in his own words:--It re-manufactures," to receive those oppressed and formains to examine how far the prescription goes to lorn workmen, whose prospects, and those of their remedy the evil or any part of it. families, are thus blasted? Are they to become hat1.hough a number of people should, by restor-ters, or shoe-makers, or tailors, or saddlers, or wea ing the freedom of trade, be thrown all at once out of vers, or smiths or carpenters? Is there a man who their ordinary employment, and common method of sub-can persuade himself into the belief of such an orsistence,it would by no means follow, that they would der of things? Is there a man who can persuade thereby be deprived either of employment or subsistence."* 2. "To the greater part of manufactures, there are other collateral manufactures of so familiar a nature, that a workman can easily transfer his industry from one to the other. 3. "The greater part of such workmen, too, are Occasionally employed in country labor. 4. "The stock, which employed them in a particular manufacture before, will still remain in the country, to employ an equal number of people in some other way. 5. "The capital of the country remaining the same, the demand for labor will still be the same, though it may be exerted in different places, and for different Occupations." himself, that "the general industry of the country will not thereby be diminished? No: and it is a matter of inexpressible astonishment, that such an idea could have ever been hazarded, in a sober and serious book, intended as a guide to statesmen and legislators. It will not stand the test of a moment's investigation. As well might we suppose, that, on huntting up the courts of justice, and expelling the whole corps of lawyers, they might at once commence the medical profession, without any previ ous study, as that hatters, or tailors, or shoe-makers, or weavers, or watchmakers, or printers, whom the grand system of "purchasing commodities cheap," and the equally grand system of "restoring the freedom of commerce" might bereave of employment, should find those "collateral manufactures" which Dr.Smith has so kindly provided for them. Here are five distinct propositions, more clear and plain than Dr. Smith's usually are; but all highly erroneous, pregnant with ruin, and calculated to lead those statesmen astray, who square their sys-ceive. tem by them; as we hope to make appear. We explicitly declare, that we are far from charging the doctor with an intention to mislead or deWe believe him, like many other theorists, to have been duped by his own system. But be this The main point is the facility of “transferring in- as it may, we trust that it will appear that a more dustry" from one branch to a "collateral manufac-deceptious ground never was assumed. We use ture," "All the rest are but subsidiary to, or expla-strong and unequivocal language; as the political natory of this fallacious assumption. Two questions arise here, both important, and both demanding affirmative answers, in order to support the doctor's hypothesis. The first is, are there such "collateral manufactures" as he assumes, to which men, bereft of employment in those departments of manufacture, which are to be destroyed by the doctor's grand and captivating idea of "restoring the freedom of com merce," may "transfer their industry?" heresy we combat is of the most pernicious tendency, is supported by the most imposing and formidable name in the whole range of political science -and has among its disciples a large portion of those of our citizens whose situations, as legislators of the union and of the several states, render their errors on this vital point pregnant with the most destructive and ruinous consequences. We now come to our second question. Suppose that every branch of manufactures, without exception, has some "collateral manufacture:" can those who are divested of employment, by "restoring the freedom of trade," "transfer their industry” so “easily” as Dr. Smith supposes? It may be conceded, that there is an affinity between the weaving of cotton and woolen, and a few other manufactures. But this cannot by any means answer the doctor's purpose. Where will he, or any of his disciples, find "collateral manufactures" to We answer distinctly, No: or, at all events, on so employ coach-makers, watch-makers, shoe-makers, small a scale, as to be unworthy of notice, in discus. hatters, paper-makers, printers, book-binders, cnsions involving the best interests and the happiness gravers, letter-founders, chandlers, saddlers, silver- of nations. To test the correctness of this opinion, platers, jewellers, smiths, cabinet-makers, stone- let it be observed, that, in manufacturing countries, cutters, glass-makers, brewers, tobacconists, potters, all departments are generally full; and not merely wire-drawers, tanners, curriers, dyers, rope-makers, full, but there are almost always supernumeraries in brick-makers, plumbers, chair-makers, glovers, um- abundance; and therefore, had these "collateral mabrella-makers, embroiderers, calico-printers, paper-nufactures" really existed to the full extent the doc stainers, engine-makers, turners, wheel-wrights,and tor's theory would require, and not been "fancy the great variety of other artists and manufacturers? sketches," derived from his fertile imagination, There is no such affinity as he has presumed. And there would be no vacancy, to which the objects of it may be asserted, without scruple, that if by what the doctor's care could "transfer their industry.” the doctor speciously styles "restoring the freedom of trade," five hundred, or a thousand, or ten thousand not to admit contradiction or dispute, yet on a point Although this appears so plain and palpable, as hatters, shoe-makers, printers and chandlers, for of such magnitude, it cannot be time ill spent, to instance, are thrown out of their "ordinary employ-illustrate it by example. ment," there is no "collateral manufacture of so familiar a nature," that they "can easily transfer their industry from one to another." Wealth of Nations, Hartford, 1818, 1. 329. There are very few branches between which there is so much affinity as the cotton and woolen. And if the doctor's theory would ever stand the ordeal of examination, it would be in the case of these two "collateral manufactures." Suppose, then, that, by the introduction of East-India goods, four or five hundred thousand persons, (about one-half of the whole number engaged in the cotton manufacture) in England, are at once thrown out of employment. Can any man be led to believe, that they could find a vacuum in the "collateral" woolen "manufacture" to which they could easily transfer their industry?" Fatuity alone could harbor the supposition. They would find all the places full and overflowing. vine why "the regulation is evidently useless,”—why "hurtful." We must therefore endeavor to explore the meaning. It appears to be, if we understand the first sentence of this maxim, that "all restrictions or regulations," in favor of domestic industry, to the exclusion of rival manufactures, are "useless" if "the articles can be made at home as cheap" as the imported ones; because in that case the domestic manufacturer, is secure from injury by the competition. But the strongest argument against the doctor's This is highly erroneous. Suppose our woolen "collateral manufactures," and "transfers of industry," manufacturers sell their best broadcloth at eight dolremains. He obviously did not calculate the results lars per yard, and that foreign broadcloth to an im. of his own system. He did not take into considera- mense amount, is imported "as cheap." Is it not obtion, that, to give it free operation, its pernicious ef- vious, that the glut in the market, and the ardent fects would not be confined to one or two branches competition between the two parties, would produce of industry. It would extend to the whole body. The the effect which such a state of things has never fail#lood of importation would bear down, in one massed to produce, that is, a reduction of the price below of ruin, all those articles within his description of be- the minimum at which the manufacturer could suping "purchased cheaper elsewhere." What then port himself by his labors, and that he would there. becomes of his "collateral manufactures," and "trans-fore be ruined? fers of industry,” and “employment of capital," and all those elegant sounding phrases, with which he rounds of his paragraphs? Are they not swept away, like the baseless fabric of a vision," not leaving a trace behind? The doctor, with great gravity, informs us, that the greater part of such workmen are occasionally emplayed in country labor." This is most extravagantly erroneous; for all the manufacturers in England or any other country, there is not probably one in ten, perhaps not one in twenty, that has ever been in his life six months at "country labor." Their habits and manners wholly incapacitate them for that kind of employment. A jeweller, a watchmaker, a hatter, a shoemaker, or a weaver, would be almost as unfit for cantry labor," as a ploughman, or a gardener, or a shepherd, to make hats or coats. We now proceed to consider the last proposition: "The capital of the country remaining the same, the demand for labor will still be the same, though it may bɛ exerted in different places, and in different occupa tions."* To prove the extreme fallacy of this position, we will take the case of any particular branch, in which there are one hundred master manufacturers, each worth ten thousand dollars, “a capital” together, of one million, whose business is destroyed by the "restoration of the freedom of commerce," and "the purchase of articles from abroad, cheaper than we ourselves can make them." It is well known that the property of manufacturers generally consists in buildings for their works, machinery, raw materials, manufactured goods, and outstanding debts. The result of “the restoration of the freedom of commerce," on Dr. Smith's But suppose for a moment, through courtesy, we plan, would be to reduce the value of the four first admit with Dr. Smith, that all these different manu-items, from twenty to fifty per cent, and to bankrupt facturers are so much accustomed to "country labor" a large proportion of the proprietors. as to be adepts at it, what inference is to be drawn As this is a point of considerable importance, we from the admission? Did the doctor believe, did he shall take a single instance, which is always more intend the world to believe, or does there live a man easily comprehended than a number, and yet affords who can believe, that when, by the grand project of as clear an illustration. "restoring the freedom of trade," and "buying commodi- We will suppose the case of a tanner, worth thir. tes from foreign countries," which can supply us with ty thousand dollars, of which his yarious vats, buildthem "cheaper than we ourselves can make them,"ings, and tools are equal to ten thousand; his hides thousands and tens of thousands of people are "all ct once thrown out of their ordinary employment, and common means of subsistence," they can find employment at "country labor?" However extravagant and childish the idea is, the doctor must have meant this er the words were introduced without any meaning whatever. But it is well known, that except in harvest time, there is in the country no want of auxiliaries. The persons attached to farms are generally, at all other seasons, amply adequate to execute all the "country labor" that is necessary. and leather, ten thousand; and his outstanding debts, an equal sum. By the inundation of foreign leather, sold, we will suppose, at half price, he is unable to carry on his business, which sinks the value of his vats and buildings three-fourths, and of his stock one half. At once, his fortune is reduced twelve thousand five hundred dollars: and thus, with a diminished capital and broken heart, perhaps in his old age, he has to go in quest of, but will not find, a "collateral manufacture," to employ that diminished capital. Analogous cases without number would occur, by the doctor's system of "restoring the freedom of trade." and let us add, as we can with perfect truth, and we hope it will sink deep into the minds of the citizens of the United States, that, throughout this country, there are cases equally strong, to be met with in great numbers, which no man of sound mind and heart can regard without the deepest sym. This passage is ambiguous, and is written in apathy for the ill-fated sufferers, and the deepest restyle different from the usual one of Dr. Smith, who gret at the mistaken policy which produced such a is as lavish of words as any writer in the English lan-state of things. guage, and equally lavish of explanations and amplifications. But here he falls into the contrary extreme. He does not condescend to give us the why or the wherefore. He leaves it to the reader to di Dr. Smith, in order to prove the impropriety of those laws whereby rival manufactures are wholly excluded, obsesves, If the domestic produce can be brought there as cheap, the regulation is evidently useless. Ifit cannot, it is evidently hurtful.”* Wealth of Nations, I. 319. It therefore irresistibly follows, that Dr. Smith's idea, that "the capital of the country will be the same,” after the destruction of any branch of manufacture, is to the last degree unsound: and, of course, that the superstructure built on it partakes of its fallacy. *Wealth of Nations, I. 330. |