in this country, for most parts of the east, have, from their total inaccuracy, been utterly useless. We believe, we may venture to say, without any offence to the learned, that none but a native ought to attempt to be the corrector of a Syriac press. A single mistake in the placing of a point, may make the same word convey a meaning the most ludicrous, for what the author intended to be of a precisely opposite character. As the archbishop undertakes to be him self the corrector of the press about to be established; and as the learned prelate has travelled far, relying on the liberality and Christian feeling of England, we sincerely trust, that the stranger's reception here may be such as his sacred mission and character eminently deserve.

OWYHEE.

A piratical ship, of 20 guns, taken by the crew from the officers, put into Owyhee, in August last.The king took her into custody. A patriot vessel of 34 guns had arrived and claimed her, and obtained possession of the ship and pirates.

This flourishing island is frequented by many trading vessels, for supplies of provisions and cargoes of sandal wood, &c.

AFRICA.

ously insulted Mr. Sherwood, esq. one of the members of this house, making use of the expressions following, respecting him, "clear, clear the galleries, we will admit the people again when that fellow speaks:" that the said J. L. Borgia also applied to the same member the words "Toad," and a mo. ment afterwards he said "there is no need of simpletons here;" that the said J. L. Borgia looking at the said Mr. Sherwood, made threatening grimaces at him, and then crossed the floor, shewing the said Samuel Sherwood his fist, and went and sat down beside him; that the said S. Sherwood, calling on the house to protect him, withdrew from his place and took his seat on another bench; that the said J. L. Borgia followed him thither with theatening gestures; that the said S. Sherwood again withdrew and crossed the floor, and that the said J. L. Borgia again followed him.

It was moved that Joseph L. Borgia hath, by his conduct this evening, been guilty of a contempt of this house and a breach of the privileges thereof, and resolved accordingly,

Ordered, That the said Joseph L. Borgia, esq. be, for the same offence, taken into the custody of the

Accounts from Sierra Leone inform that the slave sergeant at arms attending this house, or one of his deputies, and that the speaker do issue his warrant trade was prosperous on the coast. accordingly.

MEXICO.

A

This country is becoming tranquil. The rich mines are working with more vigor than ever. few armed bands were still in mountains, but the roads were generally safe.

BRAZIL.

A French traveller now in Egypt has discovered, at a distance of about nine hours' journey from the Red Sea, an ancient city built in the mountains, between the 24th and 25th degree of latitude. There are still 800 houses in existence. Among the ruins are found temples, dedicated to various divinities. There are eleven statues, and various ruins of others -He has also discovered the ancient stations that were appointed on the route through the desert, going from the Red Sea to the valley of the Nile. These stations are at regular distances of nine hours between each. This route is undoubtedly one of The following is related by a person who said those traversed by the commerce of India-a com- he was an eye witness to the transaction at Rio Jamerce which was so flourishing at the time of La-neiro.-His majesty, the reigning king of Portugal gides, and under the first emperors. The situation and Brazil, it appears, was induced to visit the Poris now ascertained of the Emerald mine, of which tuguese admiral's ship, a 74, then anchored in the no certain knowledge was had for several ages. habour, which is a kind of natural basin, never scarce.

The Portuguese at St. Salvador regard all Ame. ricans with much distrust, on account of the privateers said to be fitted out in our ports under the flag of Artigas.

A young French traveller, nephew of count Molly ruffled by the winds. His Portuguese majesty, lien, ex-minister, has succeeded in reaching Tom- who has a remarkable dread of drowning, got alarmbuctoo, by way of Senegal. His family has just re-ed on his return in the admiral's large pinnace to ceived a letter from him, in which he announces his the shore. As soon as the royal cartege landed on safe arrival in that celebrated town, hitherto un- the quay, his majesty grew outrageous, and seizing known to Europeans, and which the unfortunate a cane, belabored the admiral over the head and Mungo Park twice vainly attempted to reach. shoulders until the blood ran. This outrage occurWe are happy to learn that Belzoni, the celebrat-red in the presence of several thousand spectators, ed traveller in Africa, is not dead, as has been re- and ended in the admiral's being conducted to priported. His discoveries, together with the researches of lord Belmore and others, we expect will make valuable additions to our little stock of knowledge of the interior of Africa.

THE PLAGUE.

At our last accounts, from 4 to 600 persons died daily at Tunis!-whole number of deaths in the month of November, as official returned, 12,117.This terrible disease had also broken out a-fresh at Algiers.

CANADA.

Among the articles transmitted to Montreal, down the St. Lawrence, for the year 1818, were about 55,000 barrels of flour, 17,500 do. ashes and 1,700 do. of pork.

son.

SOUTH AMERICA,

Lord Cochrane, and his family, in a vessel of 600 tons, has arrived at Valparaiso. All the vessels in port saluted him, and he was received by the civil and military authorities with distinguished marks of respect.

Three Spanish frigates, six gun brigs, and five transports, with 1200 royal troops on board, for Lima, and an immense quantity of goods, had been captured by the patriots-so ending the expedition to the Pacific.

The Buenos Ayrean, or Artigas privateer, now called the Fortuna, late the Fourth of July, recently captured a large Portuguese ship, and the next day, after a smart action, took a Portuguese man of war brig of 20 guns, killing 10 and wounding 20 of her crew. The guns, &c. of the brig were. thrown overboard, and she was given up to the prisoners

Legislative contempt! In the house of representative, March 9—Philip Panet, esq. a member of this house, rose in his place, and informed the house that Joseph Levasseur Borgia, esq. one of the members representing the county of Cornwallis, hath griev-made in the two captures

CHRONICLE.

Mr. Adams' letter in reply to the Spanish note Bank of the U. S. Proposals are published at Phi- respecting Jackson's campaign in the Floridas, has ladelphia for furnishing materials to erect a bank-been published entire in many English papers, to ing house in that city. the great satisfaction of most, if not all of the Americans in that country.

navy,

Lieut. James B. Taylor, of the United States: was drowned by the upsetting of a vessel in which he was passing from Amelia Island to St. Mary's. Montezuma bridge, between the village of that name and the town of Mentz, in the state of New York, over the Seneca river and marshes, extends about three miles! It is said to be the longest bridge in the world. This is the third bridge over the waters of the Cayuga lake and Seneca river, in the space of seven miles, and remarkably shews the progress of improvement in this part of our country.

Dayton bridge. A bridge has been built over the Miami, at Dayton, Ohio-which is described as a very fine structure. It consists of two arches of timber, each 100 feet long, resting upon two stone abutments and one stone pier in the middle of the river-the latter was sunk 12 feet below low water mark. The whole length of the bridge is 250 feet, and 26 feet wide-weather boarded and roofed.

Boundaries with Spain, It is stated by the Nashville Clarion, that "about two hundred families of as brave Americans as the United States can produce," are settled west of Red River on the land given up to Spain by the late treaty. We are sorry to hear this.

The Floridas. An opinion held by many that the Floridas alone, are capable of furnishing a supply of sugar and coffee equal to the whole consumption of the United States, is repeated in the Washington City Gazette, on the authority of a gentleman well acquainted with the soil and climate of the country. These may become articles of export in less than 20 years. Witness, what has been done in cotton.

Mr. Spencer, of N. Y. has been highly complimented by an address from a large meeting of his late constituents, for his faithful services in congress; and his zeal and industry deserve it.

Execution. The Alabama Republican of the 8th ult. says-On Friday the fifth instant, was executed near this place a negro man, who, a short time since attempted to kill his overseer by shooting at him.By the laws of this territory, an attempt to commit any capital crime, subjects a slave to the punishment of death!!

The Carthage bridge, over the Gennessee river, N. Y. is of one entire arch, 713 feet long, 30 wide, and 196 feet above the surface of the water! Loaded teams of more than 13 tons, have passed over it. "The bridge contains 69,513 feet of timber, running measure, besides 64,620 feet of board measure, in addition to 20,806 feet of timber contained in the false bridge or supporter. All this has been effect-France. ed by the labor of somewhat less (upon an average) than twenty two workmen, within the short space of nine months."

Mr. Gallatin, it is said will remain another year in China and India trade. Within one week, three vessels arrived at New-York, two at Boston and one at Baltimore, from China and India, with cargoes estimated to be worth three million of dollars! Here is the drain of the precious metals.

Literature. By a 'report of the comptroller of New York, it appears that the grants made by that state for literary and charitable purposes, in the Specie. We notice the arrival of several lots of whole amounts to the sum of $1,602,472 16-of specie-enough, perhaps, in two months past, to fit which two thirds had centered in the city of New-out a couple of Indiamen!

York. The above is exclusive of the funds set Baltimore- -93,597 bbls. wheat flour and 5,268 apart for common schools, &c. half do. and 10,758 casks of domestic liquors, were

From the N. Y. Daily Advertiser. A case touch-among the articles inspected in Baltimore during ing the validity of our state insolvent laws was this the quarter ending on the 31st ult. day tried before Mr Justice Herring in the marine Mr. Breckenridge, late secretary to the commiscourt. It was an action brought on a judgment ob- sioners, is about to publish a new work entitled, “A tained previous to a discharge under the 9th section voyage to South America." We have no doubt of the insolvent law of 1813. The counsel for the but this will be the most interesting publication that plantiffs, I understand, said that the statute was void, has ever appeared about this quarter of the world. except so far as it discharged the person of the debt-Mr. B's collection of authentic books and papers is It appeared in evidence that the plantiff's had very extensive, and his knowledge of the Spanish signed off for the defendant under the act, and that language, in addition to his other good qualities for the defendant had obtained his discharge in the a work of this kind, will enable him to make the best usual way. After hearing counsel on both sides, use of them. the court held the discharge good, and gave judg ment for the defendant.

or.

Internal improvements. The late general assembly of Virginia, have given honorable proofs of their liMahometanism. It is stated, says a London paper, berality and public spirit which entitle them to the on the authority of letters from a missionary at Mal- thanks of their constituents They have establishta, that nine men, belonging to the different British ed an university-they have loaned to the Dismal vessels lying at Smyrna, had publicly denied Jesus Swamp canal company $50,000-to the Swift Run Christ the Saviour of the world, and had embraced Gap turnpike company, 40,000--They have subMahometanism!!! This practice among the Eng-scribed $50,000 to the Richmond Dock-they have lish sailors, the same letter adds, was becoming appropriated $23,000 to the finishing of the public quite customary at Smyrna. square and capitol-besides contributing to several Virginia. The corporation of the new Virginia turnpikes. They have taken some necessary preuniversity are-Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, liminary steps towards the western navigation:--a Chapman Johnson, Joseph C. Cabell, Robert B. Tay-road from the Appamattox to the Roanoke:-"in lor, James Breckenridge, and John H. Cocke. fact, (says the Enquirer) it is impossible to calculate

Alabama. A western paper states that the tract of the patience with which they have encountered the land granted by congress for the support of a col- labor of revising the laws, or the public works which lege in Alabama territory, designated by the secre-they have assisted, without a deep sentiment of gratary of the treasury, contains 20,000 acres, adjoin- titude and respect." ing the Tennessee river, and is moderately calculated as being worth half a million of dollars.

Coasting trade on lake Ontario.-The Sackett's Harbor Gazette of March 16, has given a list of the

vessels (exclusive of open boats) employed in the coasting trade on the American side of lake Ontario. The editor is indebted to Mr. E. Ford, for this interesting view, which we find, in the aggregate to be as follows:

[tons.

ble that 900 or 1000 men will be stationed at the upper posts on the Missouri; a large steam boat has been launched to supply them with stores, &c. and a small steam boat, called the "Western Engineer' built by the United States, to draw only nineteen inches water with all her machinery, &c. on board, is

Owned at Sacket's Harbor 19 vessels making, 1198 ready at Pittsburg, if not already left that city, to

Total

Henderson

2

51

57 take out maj. Long and an exploring party, con127 sisting of several learned gentlemen, whose busi120 ness it is to collect authentic information of all 720 things relating to the great river Missouri and the 147 parts adjacent.

75

25

At St. Peters, also, on the Mississippi, a strong 152 post is to be established during the present spring. The 6th reg. U. S. infantry, is now on its march from Plattsburg, under the command of col. Atkinson, for St. Louis-with a supposed destination for the Yellow Stone river.

2621 New Hampshire election. Gov. Plumer having declined a re-election, Mr. Bell, (rep.) has been chosen governor of New Hampshire, by a great majority. The senate is almost unanimously republican and there is a large republican majority in the lower house. Messrs. Butler, Upham, Claggett, Buffum, Livermore and Plumer, jr. all republicans, are elected to the 16th congress.

Massachusetts election. Mr. Brooks is re-elected governor by a diminished majority, and there will be a reduced federal majority in each branch of the legislature. The election in this great state, which used to excite so much interest throughout the United States, is now as of no political importance at all, except to the people of the state. Such is the fruit of the Hartfort convention.

Connecticut election. Mr. Wolcot is re-elected governor, by a large majority, There was no settled federal opposition to him. The chief contest was about the senate—the following is a recapitulation of the votes:

Hartford

Fed.

Rep.

Fairfield

2,595

1,404

John Randolph, esq. is a candidate for congress,from Virginia. So far as the returns are received there was but little opposition to him.

Our Mediterranean squadron-the Franklin 74, United States and Guerriere, frigates, Erie, sloop, and Spark, brig, were at Messina on the 6th Jan. ult. all well. The United States was soon expected to sail for home.

The Ontario. The American ship Beaver, illegally seized by the Spaniards, in Peru, has been restored through the interference of capt. Biddle. It is believed that this meritorious officer has saved or caused to be restored, American property to the amount of $400,000 during his cruise.

The legislature of New-York has adjourned. The following notices of two very interesting acts passed is copied from the Albany Argus:

"The canal bill authorises the completion of the western section of the Erie canal, from Seneca to Buffalo, and the nothern canal from Fort Edward to the tide waters of the Hudson. $600,000, in addition to the loans and revenue hitherto authorised, are annually allowed to be borrowed for this purpose.The three acting commissioners are allowed an annual salary of $2,500. The commissioners are required to make an annual expose of all their doings and expenses.

The bill for the promotion of agriculture appropriates $10,000, for two years, to be divided among the different counties, according to their population, to be awarded in premiums in agriculture and domestie manufactures. No county to receive its quota unless it has an agricultural society organised, and raises an equal sum by subscription. The state society to be composed of the president, or a delegate from each county society, who is required to be a practical farmer. This society to meet at the capitol in this city, the first Monday after the meeting of the legislature, and to receive no compensation for their services. $1500 are also appropriated for the pubThe steam ship "Savannah," has arrived at that ci-lication of agricultural treatises, and $1000 annually ty in seven days from New York, after a very bois- for the purchase and distribution of seeds. terous passage. She is intended for a packet be- A bill has also passed for constructing a harbour at tween Savannah and Liverpool. In her passage Buffalo. from New York, she was several times compelled to We are very glad to find that the people are take in her wheels and rely upon her sails--which now united in sentiment as to completing the great was done with all the promptitude and safety anti-canals, and that the prospect of speedily accomplisheipated. No doubt appears to be entertained of her ing these magnificent works is truly encouraging. successful accomplishment of the purposes for which The numerous difficulties that presented themshe is intended. selves, are rapidly retiring, and every thing belonging to these giant purposes looks well.

The republicans have a majority of about 35 in the house of representatives.

Gen. Gaines and suite, arrived at Savannah the 5th inst. from Amelia. He was very handsomely received by the civil authorities and the company of light artillery, &c.

Brokers. The legislature of Maryland, at the late session, imposed a tax of 500 dollars per annum, upon every person exercising the employment of a broker, in buying and selling bank notes and lottery

The Yellow Stone expedition is to be of the most respectable and imposing character. It seems proba-tickets.

Judge Johnson remains on the bench of the su- tioned affidavits (agreeably to the form published preme court-he declines the appointment of col-by the hon. the secretary of war, under date of 23d lector of the revenue for the port of Charleston. Inst.) will be required to accompany the applicaAGRICULTURAL. Messrs. H. and E. Hosford of Al- tions for all pensions to which they apply, falling bany, are about to publish, an history of the rise, due on the 4th day of September next. progress and existing state of the Berkshire agricul tural society, in the state of Massachusetts, with practical directions for societies forming on the same mo-to New-York, for sale, no less than one hundred and del. Also, proceedings of societies in New-York who have adopted that system. By Elkanah Watson, late president of said society.

RICHARD CUTTS, Second comptroller. English seeds. Mr. Cobbett has just imported in

fifty-four barrels of field and gardens seeds. What an extensive benefit to the country must this prove, if the seeds are selected with the same judgment This will, doubtless, be a very interesting little and care that we are warranted in believing is the work. The profits of the publication are to be ap-case, from former importations by the same person? plied to the Berkshire premium fund.

This society, it will be recollected, must be considered as the parent of all the associations which at present so happily abound, and Mr. Watson was as the father of it.

N. Y. Eve. Pest. Shad.-The day before yesterday two fine shad were taken in North river opposite this city-and this morning seven more were caught which sold in our market for three dollars each.

ib.

Vice president Tompkins. A long report has been Died-On the 15th of March, WONDER, a negro made to the legislature of New York, (through the man, belonging to George Booker, of Prince Edcomptroller) by the commissioners appointed to set-ward county. From an old register found in the tle with Mr. Tompkins, as late governor of that state. The Albany Argus very properly observes —“It is difficult to give an analysis to the report. The commissioners did not conceive that they had the power or time to make a settlement within the period allowed in the resolution by which they were appointed. The report reflects credit upon the gentlemen who made it. It bestows merited eulogium upon the late governor's services during the war, and, in our mind, exculpates the excellent and worthy officer who is the subject of it, from the suspicion and blame with which envy and ignorance have attempted to slur the brilliancy and usefulness of his official acts."

family, it appears that he was born in April, 1693; and the cause of his being named Wonder, was that his mother was in her 58th year when he was born. He was strictly honest, had great strength of body, and a mind far superior to people of his color generally, which he retained in a surprising degree. He labored without compulsion, and it is not more than eight or ten years ago since he was a constant laborer in the garden of his master, without being required, he was a constant attendant on religious worship; and it is believed he exchanged a long life of servitude for one of everlasting bliss. Richmond Compiler.

SUICIDES.

A London paper publishes the following to shew that people kill themselves as frequently in other countries as they do in England:

Mail Robbers. The three persons who robbed the mail in New Jersey some time ago, have been convicted and sentenced to ten years imprisonment --it was not proved that they had perpetrated the "A very general notion is entertained, that more robbery by putting the life of the driver in "jeopar-suicides are committed in England than in other dy." The jury, when they retired went to prayers, countries; and day after day the newspapers are fillthat they might be enlightened to decide justly.ed with communications, in which this is always asWhen the criminals learnt that they were acquitted sumed as an undoubted fact. The late publication of of a design to kill, they embraced one another, em- Mr. Kamptz, of Berlin, founded on official returns braced their counsel, and even the attorney general. proves that, in the towns of Prussia, the suicides Mauric, one of those robbers, has published a ve-are more numerous than they are in England. For ry interesting statement of the transaction. "His instance: poverty, but not his will consented"-he once retired from the business, and appears to have been very miserable after he participated in it.

The mails between Wilkesbarre and Easton, Penn. to Philadelphia, have been several times pilfered, or robbed. The offender is believed to be caught.

Berlin

Potsdam, not including the mi-
litary,
Frankfort on the Oder
Breslau

The western waters. Since the year 1812, forty Leignitz steam boats have been built upon the western wa-Reichanbach ters-7 have been wrecked, burnt or abandoned, 33 Magdeburgh are plying from place to place, and 28 more are Mersburg building. Dusseldorf

Treasury department, second comptroller's office,
March 25th, 1819.

Popula

tion.

160,584

Suicides in 1817. 57

We do not believe that in any one town of the British dominions, the capital not excepted, the sui cides amount to one tenth of the rate of Reichenbach, which is no less than 1 to 62,"

Whereas, by the act entitled "An act regulating the payments to invalid pensioners," passed the 3d of the present month, an affidavit of two surgeons THE "RELT SAW." The editor of the "Amerior physicians, as to the contmuance and rate of dis- can Farmer," J. S. Skinner, esq. has favored us with ability of the several applicants must accompany a sight of a translation from a French work, which their respective applications for the first payment which falls due after the 4th of March nert, and at the end of every two years thereafter: And whereas some misunderstanding may arise as to the time when the above mentioned rule shall go into operation:

he intends to publish in his next paper. From this, we have no doubt but that the Belt Saw, as describ. ed in the REGISTER, was discovered in France in 1815. The description in its principle, is precisely the same as that we spoke of as being the invention This is to notify all whom it may concern, that, of Mr. Stewart-and which no doubt, Mr.S. believed by the construction given to the said act by the was entirely his own, We shall copy from the "Amesecond comptroller of the treasury, the before men-rican Farmer" the article alluded to.

NEW SERIES. No. 9—VOL. IV.}

BALTIMORE, APRIL 24, 1819. [No. 9-Vol. XVI. WHOLE No. 399

THE PAST THE PRESENT FOR THE FUTURE.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, at $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

The editors of the National Intelligencer copi-, thors and inventors the profits of their writings or ed our remarks on "private claims," some days ago, inventions, for a limitted time. The reasons for this and because they did copy them, the editor of the are manifest: yet in the broad clause charging con Daily Advertiser," at New-York, has run a-foul of gress with the "general welfare," this power might them, by taking up "here a little and there a little" have been readily implied, if it had been designed of our essay, to make it suit his own purposes. to leave any thing to implication in the constitution. We refer to this thing only because the editors of The "general welfare" is deeply concerned in those the "Intelligencer" have felt it proper to notice the things, and men will not spend their time and money remarks of the “Advertiser"—who might have been to produce useful books and inventions, without the dismissed more briefly, by saying, "Satan can quote hope of reward. This instance plainly shews us scripture." There are many of the most interesting that our government rests on delegated powers only, chapters in the Bible which might be represented as and the 10th amendment seems conclusive on this little short of blasphemy, if liberty were allowed to head. But let us recur to original landmarks, and extract from them just such words as suited a design the earliest interpretations of the nature and spirit to make them appear so. We do not claim a com- of our constitution. It cannot be believed, that there parison with the inspired writers: but require this-is a man in the United States who will venture to asthat when one sentence, or a part of a sentence bears upon, or is the contingent of another, that both should be given-or the whole laid aside.

Summary process.-It is stated in the Washington City Gazette, that a circular is about to issue from the parent board of the bank of the United States, ordering that all notes under protest shall be sued for, unless paid or satisfactorily secured, in ten days thereafter-and that none of the District bank notes will hereafter be received at the Washington branch, on deposite. See the article, "how tame an phant," page 147.

sert that the constitution would have been ratified, if it had been understood that congress might grant monopolies, or deprive the states of their right to tax property, except as to imports and exports. In every other instance, the right to tax is reserved.

Among the reasons given by Virginia for ratifying the constitution, were these

"Ihat therefore no right, of any denomination, can be cancelled, abridged,or restrained, or modified, by congress, by the senate or house of representatives, acting in any capacity, by the president, or any deele-partment or officer of the United States, except in those instances where power is given by the constitution for those purposes." "That each state in the union The Sovereignty of the States-No 3. and right, which it not by this constitution delegatshall respectively retain every power, jurisdiction We repeat it-that the late decision of the su-ed to the congress of the United States, or the preme court about the bank of the United States, departments of the federal government.""That these vests in the general government the right and power clauses which declare that congress shall not exerto grant monopolies, under so many pretences, that it cise certain powers, be not interpreted in any manmay be said to extend to all cases whatsoever," and ner whatsoever, to extend the powers of congress; for unlimitted periods; and it settles the principle, but that they be constructed either as making exthat property introduced into a state by, or growing ceptions to the specified powers where this shall be out of, such monopolies, is exempted from the com- the case, or otherwise, as inerted merely for greatmon operation of the laws of the states, affecting pro-er caution." perty of the same description. This is truly alarm- New York, with others, assigned the following-ing "it squints at" CONSOLIDATION. "That every power, jurisdiction or right which is What is a monopoly? The dictionary which I hap-not by the said constitution clearly delegated to the pen to have before me, defines it to be, "a grant from congress of the United States, or the departments the king [or sovereign] to any person or persons of the government thereof, remains to the people of for the sole buying, selling, working, or using any the several, or to their respective state governthing." The bank of the United States, then, is a ments, to whom they may have granted the same; monopoly because the privileges granted by its and that those clauses in the said constitution which act of incorporation are exclusive-for the "sole" declare that congress shall not have or exercise cerbenefit of the stockholders of this particular institu- tain powers, do not imply that congress is entitled tion; and such privileges cannot be granted to other to any powers not given by the said constitution; but persons during the existence of the act. The gene-such clauses are to be construed either as excep ral government is as the "king" in the case, and ab-tions to certain specified powers, or as inserted solute. It is, and ought to be, sovereign in respect merely for greater caution." to all powers delegated, and such as are necessary to maintain those powers. But certainly, it never was supposed to be "necessary or proper," that the United States should deprive the states of their right to By Massachusetts "That it be explicitly declared tax property, except in the case of imports and ex-that all powers not expressly delegated by the aforeports, as specially provided for. It is impossible that said constitution, are reserved to the states, to be this could have been the original intention of the fra- by them exercised: That congress shall erect no niers of the constitution; it is neither expressed company of merchants with exclusive advantages of nor implied.

"THAT CONGRESS DO NOT GRANT MONOPOLIES, OR ERECT ANY COMPANY WITH EXCLUSIVE ADVANTAGES OF COMMERCE."

commerce."

There is only one case in which congress is con- By Maryland, "That congress shall exercise no stitutionally vested with the right of investing any power but what is expressly delegated by this conwith exclusive privileges--that is, to secure to au-stitution.”

VOL XVI-11.