VANNUCCI

in 1735; and in 1737 visited London, where he painted Colley Cibber and Sir Robert Walpole.CHARLES ANDRÉ VANLOO (1705-65), his younger brother, born at Nice, likewise studied at Rome, settled in Paris, and became in 1735 a member of the Academy, as later a knight of the order of St Michael and chief painter to the king. [Van-lõ.] Vannucci. See PERUGINO.

Van Rensselaer, STEPHEN (1765-1839), eighth 'patroon' of the vast estate near Albany, now forming three counties, was born in New York, was a leader of the Federalists in his state, In the war of and served in congress 1823-29. 1812 he held command on the northern frontier, and captured Queenston Heights; but the refusal of his militia to cross the Niagara enabled the British to recover the place, and the general resigned. He promoted the construction of the Erie and Champlain Canals. [Ren'sel-ler.]

Vansittart, NICHOLAS (1766-1851), was the son of a governor of Bengal, descendant of a family originally from Sittart in Jülich. He was called to the bar in 1791, entered parliament as a Tory in 1796, and held posts in successive ministries till in 1812 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, and in 1823 was raised to the peerage as Lord Bexley and made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In 1810 he proposed the motion against resuming cash payments. He was president of the Bible Society.

Van Veen, Orto (e. 1556–1634), painter, born at Leyden, settled first at Brussels, next at Antwerp, where Rubens was his pupil. The name Van Veen is also sometimes given to the Haarlem painter, MARTIN VAN HEEMSKERK (1498–1574).

Varley, JOHN (1778-1842), painter, born at Hackney, was a founder of the Water - colour Society. He believed in astrology, and wrote on perspective.-His brother, CORNELIUS (17811873), was also a water-colourist, and invented the graphic telescope.-His son, CROMWELL FLEETWOOD, F.R.S. (1823-83), advanced telegraphy. See Story's James Holmes and John Varley (1895).

Varnhagen von Ense, KARL AUGUST (17851858), born at Dusseldorf, in 1809 joined the Austrian army and was wounded at Wagram, in 1813 passed over to the Russian service, and went to Paris as adjutant. Here he was called to the Prussian diplomatic service, and accompanied Hardenberg to the Congress of Vienna (1814) and to Paris, becoming next resident minister at Carlsruhe (till 1819). He had married in 1814 the charming Jewess, Rahel (q.v.). His works include Lives of Goethe (1823), Marshal Keith (1844), Gen. von Bülow (1853), &c.; Biographische Denkmäler (1824-30), and Denkwürdigkeiten (184359). His Correspondence and Diaries fill 22 vols. (1860-70). [Farn-hah'gen fon Enʼseh.]

Varro, MARCUS TERENTIUS, born at Reate in 116 B.C., studied at Athens, saw service under Pompey, and in the civil war was legate in Spain. He awaited the result of Pharsalia with Cicero and Cato at Dyrrachium, and was kindly treated by the conqueror, who appointed him librarian. Under the second triumvirate Antony plundered his villa, burned his books, and placed his name in the list of the proscribed. But he was soon exempted, and Augustus restored his property. A man of upright and honourable character, he survived till 27 B.C. His total works amounted to 620 books. Of the poems we know nothing but the names. But of the 150 books of the Satura Menipper, a medley of prose and verse, fragments (ed. Bücheler, 1882) remain. His prose

writings embraced oratory, history, jurisprudence, grammar, philosophy, geography, and husbandry. The chief were Antiquitates Rerum Humanarum d Divinarum; De Lingua Latina, of whose twentyfive books only v.-x. are extant (ed. K. O. Muller, 1833; Spengel, 1885); and Rerum Rusticarum Libri III., almost entire (ed. Keil, 1884-91). His Dis ciplinarum Libri IX. was an encyclopedia of the liberal arts; his Imagines, or Hebdomades, a series of 700 Greek and Roman biographies.-PUBLIUS TERENTIUS VARRO (c. 82-37 B.C.), called Atacinus from his birth at Atax in Narbonensian Gaul, wrote satires and an epic on Cæsar's Gallic wars. His Argonautica was an adaptation of Apollonius Rhodius; his erotic elegies pleased Propertius.

Varus, PUBLIUS QUINTILIUS, consul in 13 B.C., next governor of Syria, in 6 A.D. was sent by Augustus to command in Germany. Utterly routed by Arminius (q.v.), he killed himself.

Vasa. See GUSTAVUS VASA.

Vasari, GIORGIO (1511-74), born at Arezzo, studied under Michelangelo, and lived mostly at Florence and Rome. He was a greater architect than painter; but to-day his fame rests on his Vite de' più eccellenti Pittori, Architetti, e Scultori (1550; best ed. by Milanesi, 1878-85; Eng. trans. 1850). In spite of inaccuracies in the earlier biog raphies, it remains a model of art criticism and biography. [Va-zah'ree.]

Vasco da Gama. See GAMA.

Vatke, WILHELM (1806-82), German theologian, professor at Berlin from 1837.

Vattel, EMÉRIC DE (1714-67), born at Conret in Neufchâtel (then Prussian), entered the diplomatic service of Saxony, and 1746-64 was Saxon representative at Bern. His Droits des Gens (1758; trans. 1834) systematised the doctrines of Grotius, Puffendorf, and Wolf.

Vauban, SÉBASTIEN LE PRESTRE DE, born at Saint Léger near Avallon, 1st May 1633, enlisted under Condé, and followed him into the service of Spain. Taken prisoner in 1653, he was persuaded by Mazarin to enter the French king's service; by 1658 he was chief engineer under Turenne; and eight years of peace he devoted to works at Dunkirk and elsewhere. In 1667 he helped to reduce Lille; in 1672-78 in the Netherlands he took part in seventeen sieges and one defence. He introduced the method of approach by parallels at the siege of Maestricht (1673) with great effect; notable also were his defence of Oudenarde and the sieges of Valenciennes and Cambrai. During 1678-88 he surrounded the kingdom with a cordon of fortresses; and he planned the magnificent aqueduct of Maintenon. In 1703 he became marshal of France. He conducted the sieges of Philippsburg (1688)-introducing here his invention of ricochet-batteriesMannheim, Mons (1691), Namur (1692), Charleroi (1693), Ath (1697), and Breisach (1704), and constructed the entrenched camp near Dunkirk (1706). After the peace of Ryswick in 1697 he had applied himself to study the faults in the government of France. His Dime Royal (1707), in which he discussed the question of taxation and anticipated the doctrines which eighty years later overthrew the French monarchy, was condemned and prohibited. He died 13th March 1707. Honest, kindly, and of indomitable courage, Vauban never sustained a reverse; conducted fifty successful sieges; designed or improved more than 160 fortresses; and invented the socket instead of the plug bayonet (1687). See French works by Chambray (1840), Michel (1879), and Ambert

VAUGHAN

(1882); and Major E. M. Lloyd's Vauban, Montalembert, Carnot (1887). [Vo-bony.]

Vaughan, CHARLES JOHN, born in 1816 at St Martin's vicarage, Leicester, from Rugby passed to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as senior classic and chancellor's medallist. A fellow of his college, he was vicar of St Martin's, Leicester, 1841-44; head-master of Harrow 184459; vicar of Doncaster 1860-69; Master of the Temple 1869-94; and Dean of Llandaff from 1879. He died 15th October 1897. An eloquent preacher of the liberal evangelical school, he published Sermons, Lectures, Prayers, &c. [Vawn.]

Vaughan, HENRY, poet, styled 'the Silurist' as a native of South Wales, the country of the ancient Silures, was born in 1621 at Newton-on- Usk, Llansaintfraed, in Breconshire, twin-brother of the alchemist and Rosicrucian, the Rev. Thomas Vaughan (1621-66). He entered Jesus College, Oxford, in 1638, and in 1646 published Poems, with the tenth Satyre of Juvenal Englished. He took his M.D., and practised first at, then near, Brecon. The collection of poems entitled Olor Iscanus was published by his brother without authority in 1651. In 1650-55 he printed his Silex Scintillans, pious meditations, and in 1652 The Mount of Olives, devotions in prose, and the Flores Solitudinis, also in prose. Thalia Rediviva: the Pastimes and Diversions of a Country Muse, a collection of elegies, translations, religious pieces, &c., was also published without authority (1678) by a friend. He died at his birthplace, 23d April 1695. Vaughan's poetry is very unequal; at his best he reaches an exquisiteness of phantasy and of expression beyond the reach of George Herbert. There is a complete edition by Grosart (1868-71), one of Silex Scintillans and other sacred poems by Lyte in 1847, and an edition of the Poems by E. K. Chambers (1896). See Dr John Brown's Hore Subsecive, and Prof. F. T. Palgrave in Cymmrodorion (1891).

Vaughan, HERBERT, Cardinal, born at Glou cester, 15th April 1832, the eldest son of Lieut.col. Vaughan of Courtfield, Ross, was educated at Stonyhurst and at Rome, entered the priesthood in 1854, and in 1872 was consecrated Bishop of Salford. In 1892 he succeeded Manning as Archbishop of Westminster, and next year was raised to the cardinalate. He is an eloquent preacher, the founder of St Joseph's College for foreign nissions at Mill Hill, Hendon, and proprietor of the Tablet and the Dublin Review.-His brother, ROGER WILLIAM BEDE VAUGHAN (1834-83), from 1877 was Archbishop of Sydney, having three years before become coadjutor. He wrote a Life of St Thomas Aquinas (1871-72).

He

Vaughan, ROBERT, D.D. (1795-1868), born in Wales, was Independent minister at Worcester and Kensington, professor of History in London University 1830-43, and president of the Independent College at Manchester 1843-57. founded the British Quarterly in 1845, and edited it till 1867. Among his books are Life of Wycliffe (1828), History of England under the Stuarts (1840), and Revolutions in History (1859–63).

Vauquelin, LOUIS NICOLAS (1763-1829), chemist, was born and died at St André d'Hébertot in Normandy.

Vauvenargues, LUC DE CLAPIERS, MARQUIS DE (1715-47), born at Aix, entered the army in 1733, fought at Dettingen, but retired in impaired health in 1743 to settle at Paris. In 1746 he published, anonymously, his Introduction à la Connaissance de l'Esprit Humain, with Réflexions et Maximes appended. The best editions are by

VEGA

Gilbert (1857) and Plon (1874). See SainteBeuve's Causeries du Lundi, vols. iii. and xiv.; also Paléologue's monograph (1890). [Vove-narg.j Vecellio. See TITIAN.

Vedder, DAVID (1790-1854), sailor, customhouse officer, and versifier, was born at Burness, Orkney, and died in Edinburgh.

Vedder, ELIHU, American painter, born at New York, 26th Feb. 1836, studied at Paris and in Italy-Rome his ultimate residence. His subjects are mostly ideal-The Lair of the Sea-serpent,' 'Fisherman and Djin,' 'Death of Abel,' 'Greek Actor's Daughter,' Cumean Sibyl,'' Nausicaa and her Companions;' and he has finely illustrated Edward FitzGerald's Omar Khayyam (1884).

Veen. See VAN VEEN.

Vega. See GARCILASO DE LA VEGA.

Vega Carpio, LOPE FELIX DE, born at Madrid, 25th Nov. 1562, lost his parents early; was a student and graduate of Alcalá; served in the Portuguese campaign of 1580 and in the Armada ; was secretary to the Duke of Alva, Marquis of Malpica, and Marquis of Sarria; had many amours, was twice married, and begot at least six children, three of them illegitimate; was banished from Madrid because of a quarrel, and lived two years at Valencia; took orders; became an officer of the Inquisition; and died 27th August 1635, a victim to hypochondria. He died poor, for his large income from his dramas and other sources was all but wholly devoted to charity and church purposes. The mere list of Lope's works presents a picture of unparalleled mental activity. His first work of any length was a poem, the Angelica, written at sea in 1588, but not printed till 1602. The Arcadia, the story, in a pompous, pastoral setting, of the pre-nuptial vagaries of the Duke of Alva, was written before the duke's marriage, July 1590, but it was kept back till 1598. The Dragontea, a shout of exultation in ten cantos over the death of the Dragon, Drake, appeared the same year, and was Lope's first publication with his name. But it was as a ballad-writer that he first made his mark. The more notable of his miscellaneous works are the Rimas (1602); Peregrino en su Patria (1604), a romance; Jerusalen Conquistada (1609), an epic in competition with Tasso; Pastores de Belen (1612), a religious pastoral; Filomena and Circe (1621-24), miscellanies in emulation of Cervantes; Corona Tragica (1627), an epic on Mary Stuart; Laurel de Apolo (1630); Rimas de Tome de Burguillos (1634), a collection of lighter verse, with the Gatomaquia, a mock-heroic. Dorotea (1632), in form a prose drama, is obviously the story of his own early love-adventures. All these works show the hand, not of a great artist, but of a consummate artificer. Lope was a master of easy, flowing, musical, graceful verse; but he rarely passes the frontier line into true poetry. Though he had written plays, he did not become a writer for the stage until after 1588. He gave the public what it wanted-excitement pure and simple; with a boundless invention, he could string striking situations and ingenious compli cations one after another without stop or stay, and keep the audience breathless and the stage in a bustle for three long acts, all without sign of effort. Imagination and creative power were not among his gifts; his dramatis person have seldom more individuality than a batch of puppets. Lope's plays may be roughly divided into the historical or quasi-historical and those that deal with everyday life. Of the latter the most characteristic are the 'Cloak and sword plays.' The Noche de San Juan, one of his very

VEGETIUS

last plays; the Maestro de Danzár, one of his first; and the Azero de Madrid, the source clearly of Moliere's Médecin Malgré Lui, are excellent specimens. His peculiarities and excellences may be studied with advantage in the Perro del hortelano, Desprecio agradecido, Estrella de Sevilla, Esclava de su Galan, and Premio del bien hablar; and no student of Calderon should overlook the Alcalde de Zalaméa, a bold vigorous outline which was filled in in Calderon's famous play. The number of Lope's plays seems to have been 1500, exclusive of 400 autos. Of these the very names of all but between 600 and 700 have been lost, We and often nothing but the name survives. have about 440 plays and 40 autos in print or MS. A selection of 112 was edited by Hartzenbusch (4 vols. Madrid, 1853); and all were included in the complete edition of Lope's works, undertaken by the Spanish Academy in 1890. See Lord Holland's Life of Lope de Vega (2d ed. 1817) and a German work by Schack and Farinelli (1894).

Vegetius (FLAVIUS VEGETIUS RENATUS) produced about 375 A.D. the Epitome Institutionum Rei Militaris (best ed. by Lang, Leip. 1885), mainly extracted from other authors, which during the middle ages was a supremne authority on warfare.

Veit, PHILIPP (1793-1877), painter, was born at Berlin. His mother, daughter of Moses Mendelssohn, had for her second husband Friedrich Schlegel, and Veit embraced the ideas of his stepfather. Like him he turned Catholic, and, settling at Rome in 1815, became conspicuous among the young German painters who sought to infuse into modern art the earnestness of medieval times. His first famous work was the 'Seven Years of Plenty' for the Villa Bartholdy. In 1830 he became director of the Art Institute at Frankfort-on-Main. Here he painted the large fresco, Christianity bringing the Fine Arts to Germany.' [Fite.]

Veitch, JOHN, LL. D. (1829–94), born at Peebles, studied at Edinburgh, and became professor of Logic and Rhetoric at St Andrews in 1860, at Glasgow in 1864. His works include a Memoir of Sir W. Hamilton (1869), Tweed and other Poems (1875), History and Poetry of the Scottish Border (1877; new ed. 1893), Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry (1887), Merlin and other Poems (1889), Dualism and Monism (1895), and Border Essays (1896). See his Life by Mary Bryce (1896).

Veitch, WILLIAM, LL.D. (1794-1885), born at Spittal near Jedburgh, qualified for the Scottish ministry, but devoted hiinself to a life of scholarship at Edinburgh, his chief work the invaluable Greek Verbs Irregular and Defective (1848; 4th ed. 1878). He revised Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, Smith's Latin Dictionary, &c.

Velazquez, DIEGO DE SILVA Y (in France and England usually spelt Velasquez), was born at Seville, 6th June 1599, son of Juan Rodriguez de Silva and Geronima Velazquez, studied under Herrera and Pacheco, and in 1623 brought to Madrid as a specimen of his work one of his Seville street studies, the famous Water-seller,' presented by Ferdinand VII. to the Duke of Wellington. Philip IV. commissioned him to paint his portrait, the first of some forty in which he painted the king; straightway the artist was appointed pintor de camara. He was thus relieved from the necessity of seeking the patronage of the church and painting martyrdoms and miracles. In 1623 Charles, Prince of Wales, during his wooing at Madrid, sat to him for his portrait; and in 1627, by the king's order, he painted The Expulsion of the Moriscos,' and was made usher of the chamber. He obtained leave of absence

in 1629, and spent two years in Italy. He was in Italy again in 1648-50, this time with a commission from the king to purchase works of art. In 1652 he was appointed Aposentador Mayor, a high dignity. He died 6th August 1660. Velazquez may be said to have been all but a pictor ignotus until the beginning of the 19th century. His works remained for the most part royal property, only to be seen on palace walls; and the trausler of the royal pictures to the Museo del Prado at Madrid was virtually a revelation of Velazquez Curtis reckons up 274 works attributed to him, of which 121 are in the United Kingdom. France and Austria possess twelve each, Italy ten, and Russia and the United States seven each. Good examples of his early work are the Water-seller,' 'Adoration of the Shepherds,' and 'Christ in the House of Martha' (National Gallery); and of his maturer powers the Boar-hunt,' and the portraits of Philip IV. (National Gallery), Innocent X. and Quevedo in Apsley House, and others in Lord Ellesmere's collection, Lord Lansdowne's, Mr Holford's, the Duke of Westminster's, and at Dulwich. The finest outside the Madrid Museo is the portrait of Admiral Pulido Pareja in the National Gallery. But it is only at Madrid that Velazquez can be seen in the full variety of his powers, a master in portrait, genre, landscape, animal pictures, every branch of painting except the marine. His court-pictures are the most conspicuous, but more characteristic and perhaps more interesting are the portraits of the jesters, dwarfs, and odd characters. It is sometimes said that sacred subjects and female beauty were beyond his reach. And yet no painter ever painted a more profoundly pathetic Crucifixion than that in the Prado, or two more charming figures than the Meninas.' See Stirling-Maxwell's Annals of the Artists of Spain (1848) and Velazquez and his Works (1855); C. B. Curtis, Velazquez and Murillo (1883); Justi, Velazquez und sein Jahrhundert (1888; trans. by Keane, 1889); and R. A. M. Stevenson, The Art of Velasquez (1895). [Spanish pron. Ve lath-keth.]

Velazquez, the Conquistador. See CORTES. Velleius Paterculus. See PATERCULUS. Vendôme, LOUIS JOSEPH, DUC DE (1654–1712), born at Paris, saw his first service in the Dutch campaign of 1672. He next served with distinction under Turenne in Germany and Alsace, again in the Low Countries under Luxembourg, and in Italy under Catinat; in 1695 he received the command of the army in Catalonia. He shook off his indolence, and closed a series of brilliant successes by the capture of Barcelona (1697). After five years of sloth and sensuality he superseded Villeroi in Italy, much to the delight of the soldiers. He fought an undecided battle with Prince Eugene at Luzzara (15th August), then burst into the Tyrol, returning to Italy to check the united Savoyards and Austrians. On 16th August 1705 he fought a second indecisive battle with Prince Eugene at Cassano, and at Calcinato he crushed the Austrians (19th April 1706). That summer he was recalled to supersede Villeroi in the Low Countries. The defeat at Oudenarde (11th July 1708) cost him his com mand, but in 1710 he was sent to Spain to aid Philip V. His appearance turned the tide of disaster; he brought the king back to Madrid, and defeated the English at Brihuega, and next day the Austrians at Villaviciosa. After a month of gluttony beyond even his wont, he died at Tinaroz in Valencia, June 15, 1712.

Ven'ema, HERMANN (1697-1787), divine and

VENN

professor of Theology at Franeker, wrote Institutes of Theology (trans. 1850).

Venn, HENRY (1724-97), evangelical divine, born at Barnes in Surrey, became a fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge (1749), curate of Clapham (1754), vicar of Huddersfield (1759), and vicar of Yelling in Hunts (1771). His two books were The Complete Duty of Man (1763) and Mistakes in Religion (1774). He was a founder of the Church Missionary Society. See Memoir by his son (1834), Ryle's Christian Leaders of the Last Century (1869), and the study by W. Knight (1881).

Vera, AUGUSTO (1813-85), philosopher, born at Amelia in Umbria, studied at Rome and Paris, taught philosophy in France for thirteen years, lived in England 1851-60, and from 1862 was professor at Naples. He translated Hegel into French, made him known in Italy, and wrote on Plato's doctrine of immortality, on Strauss, on Cavour, on capital punishment, and, in English, Speculative Science (1856) and Speculative Logic (1875). See monograph by Mariano (1887).

Verboeckhoven, EUGEN JOSEPH (1798-1881), Brussels animal painter and etcher, noted for landscapes with sheep. [Ver-book-ho'ven.]

Vercingetorix. See CÆSAR.

Verdi, GIUSEPPE, Italian composer, born at Roncole near Busseto (Parma), October 9, 1813, studied at Milan. His first opera, Oberto (1839), is indebted to Bellini; the next, Un Giorno di Regno (1840), has been styled 'un Bazar de Reminiscences.' Nabucodonosor (1842) was his first hit, and I Lombardi (1843) was even better received-partly owing to revolutionary sugges tions. Ernani (1844) also scored a success, due to the republican sentiment in the libretto adapted from Victor Hugo's Hernani. Rigoletto (1851), Il Trovatore (1852), and La Traviata (1853) are the best as they are the last of the Italian Opera school. I Vespri Siciliani (1855) and Simon Boccanegra (1857) were not so successful as Un Ballo in Maschera (1859); La Forza del Destino (1862) and Don Carlos (1867) added nothing to his fame. From time to time Verdi had tried to learn the lessons taught in the French Grand Opera school; but when Aida was produced at Cairo (1871) the complete change that had taken place in Verdi's method was obviously due to Wagner's influence. The departure from Italian traditions was even more distinctly seen when, after sixteen years of silence, his Otello was brought out at Milan in 1887. A comic opera, Falstaff, was produced in 1893, when the aged composer was made a marquis. A Requiem Mass (1874) is his only important non-operatic work. See Pougin's Life of Verdi (Loud. 1887).

Vere, AUBREY THOMAS DE. See DE VERE.

Vere, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1560-1609), soldier, grandson of the 15th Earl of Oxford, obtained a company in the Bergen-op-Zoom garrison in 1586, and won his first laurels in the siege of Sluys, being knighted by Lord Willoughby. Him he succeeded in 1589 in the chief command in the Netherlands. His skill and energy at Breda, Deventer, and a hundred fights carried his fame far beyond the Netherlands. He shared the glory of the Cadiz expedition (1596), and next year the failure of the Island Voyage. Again in Holland, he governed Brill, and helped Maurice to victory at Turnhout (1597) and Nieuwpoort (1600), as well as in the heroic defence of Ostend.-His brother, HORACE, LORD VERE (1565-1635), took a hero's share in all his brother's battles. Knighted for his courage at Cadiz, he succeeded his brother as governor of

Brill, and, sent in the Thirty Years' War to defend the Palatinate, was shut in at Mannheim and forced to surrender to Tilly (1623). He was created Baron Vere in 1625.-Another brother, ROBERT, died in the Netherlands on the battlefield in 1595. See Sir Clements R. Markham, The Fighting Veres (1888).

Verestchagin, VASILI, painter, born 26th Oct. 1842, at Tcherepovets in Novgorod, entered the navy in 1859, but studied art under Gérôme at Paris. In 1867 he was with Kauffmann in the Turcoman campaigns, and he reaped a richer artistic harvest from a visit to India in 1874. Still more famous were his realistic pictures of the horrors of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877. In 1884 he made another journey to India, Syria, and Palestine; and produced a series of anticonventional pictures of the life of Christ. He has painted also gigantic pictures of the execution of mutinous sepoys by English soldiers and of Nihilists by the Russian authorities. Besides his own autobiographical sketches of travel (trans. 1887), see At Home and in War (trans. 1888), by his brother, Alexander Vasilievitch Verestchagin. [Vay-rest-tchah-geen; g hard.]

Verga, GIOVANNI, novelist, was born at Catania in Sicily in 1840. Cavalleria Rusticana (whence Mascagni's libretto) was translated in 1893, as was Don Gesualdo, a piece of Italian Zolaism.

Vergennes, CHARLES GRAVIER (1717-87), Louis XVI.'s foreign minister, sought to humble England by promoting the independence of the United States. See Diniol's France et les États Unis (1889). [Ver-zhenn'.]

Vergil. See VIRGIL.

Vergil, POLYDORE (1470-1555), otherwise named De Castello, was born at Urbino, and educated at Bologna. His first work was Proverbiorum Libellus (1498); his second, De Inventoribus Rerum (1499), also the earliest book of its kind, was translated into English, Spanish, and Italian. He was sent by the pope to England in 1501 as deputy-collector of Peter's-pence, and was presented to the Leicestershire living of Church Langton in 1503. In 1507 he became a prebendary of Lincoln, in 1508 archdeacon of Wells, and in 1513 a prebendary of St Paul's, having been naturalised in 1510. In 1515 he was imprisoned for slandering Wolsey. In 1525 he published the first genuine edition of Gildas, in 1526 the treatise De Prodigiis. His Historia Anglica Libri XXVI. appeared at Basel in 1534; a 27th book (to 1538) was added in the third edition (1555). About 1550 he returned to Italy; and he died at Urbino. His History is a work of great research, vigorous and independent, written in clear and elegant Latin. It is the fullest original narrative for the reign of Henry VII.; as regards Wolsey he is prejudiced. two Camden Soc. works by Sir H. Ellis (1844-46). Vergniaud, PIERRE VICTURNIEN, born at Limoges, 31st May 1753, studied divinity, but settled as an advocate at Bordeaux in 1781, and was sent to the National Assembly in 1791. eloquence made him the leader of the Giroudists, but he was too indolent for political intrigue. In the Convention he voted for the king's death, and as president announced the result. In the struggle with the Mountain he made a splendid effort, but too late. He was guillotined 31st Oct. 1793. See works by Touchard-Lafosse (1848), Verdière (1866), and Vatel (1875). [Vern-yo'.]

See

His

Verheiden, JAKOB, published at The Hague in 1602 the Effigies et Elogia of the leading Reformers,

VERLAINE

the portraits (including the well-known one of John Knox based on that in Beza's Icones) being engraved by Hondius.

Verlaine, PAUL, Decadent, was born at Metz, 30th March 1844, and chose French nationality in 1873. To his Poèmes saturniens (1865), Les Fêtes galantes (1869), and La bonne Chanson (1870) succeeded a dozen years of silence, of Bohemianism, and of the hospitals. Sagesse (1881) breathed penitence and devotion in verse of singular sweetness. Les Portes Maudits (1884), a volume of literary criticism, was followed by Jadis et Naguère (1885), Romances sans Paroles (1887), Amour (1888), Bonheur (1889), and Parallèle ment (1890)--the last singing alternately sin and repentance, a strange medley of brutism and religiosity. Dedicaces appeared in 1894, Confessions: Notes autobiographiques in 1895. Verlaine died in Paris, 8th January 1896.

Vermigli. See PETER MARTYR.

Vermuyden, SIR CORNELIUS, the Dutch engineer who drained the Bedford Level 1634-52.

Verne, JULES, born at Nantes, Feb. 8, 1828, after turning out some comedies and much hackwork, in 1863 struck a new vein in fiction-exaggerating the possibilities of present-day science, and giving ingenious verisimilitude to narratives of adventure carried out by means of marvellous inventions. His stories, which have been translated into nearly every European tongue, include Five Weeks in a Balloon, Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea, From the Earth to the Moon, Around the Moon, The Survivors of the Chancellor, Michael Strogoff, The Green Ray, The Fur Country, A Journey to the Centre of the Earth, Around the World in Eighty Days, and The Floating Island. The characters are the veriest automata; the interest depends solely on incident.

Vernet, CLAUDE JOSEPH (1714-89), landscape and marine painter, born at Avignon, worked in Rome 1734-53, then returned to Paris to make paintings for the king of the sixteen chief seaports of France. His son, ANTOINE CHARLES HORACE VERNET, 'Carle Vernet' (1758-1836), born at Bordeaux, enjoyed a high reputation as a painter of horses, dogs, and large battle-pieces to the glorification of the great emperor.-His son, EMILE JEAN HORACE VERNET, Horace Vernet' (1789-1863), born in Paris, soon made himself popular by brilliant and vigorous work, marked by the characteristic faults of improvisation. His battle-pieces were incense to Chauvinism. He was director of the French school of art at Rome 1828-34, and travelled in Algeria and Russia. See works by Lagrange (1864), Durande (1865), and Rees (1880).

Verney, a great Buckinghamshire house, among whose members were Ralph Verney, Lord Mayor of London in 1465; the renegade, Sir Francis (1584-1615), who died at Syracuse; Sir Edmund, the royalist standard-bearer, who fell at Edgehill in 1642; and his son, Sir Ralph, who fought for the parliament, but, refusing the Covenant, lived in exile at Blois, was made a baronet in 1661, and died in 1688. His descendants held the titles of Baron Verney, Viscount Fermanagh, and Earl Verney, the second and last earl dying in 1791. FRANCES PARTHENOPE, elder sister of Florence Nightingale, married in 1858 Sir Harry Verney, and died in 1890. She wrote some tharming stories, Stone Edge (1868), Lettice Lisle (1870), &c., and the first half of Memoirs of the Verney Family during the Civil War (1892-97).

Vernier, PIERRE (c. 1580-1637), who was born

VERSTEGAN

and died at Ornans in Franche Comté, is credited with the invention (1631) of the auxiliary scale.

Vernon, EDWARD (1684-1757), admiral, born at Westminster, was the son of a Whig statesinan, who was secretary of state 1697-1700. He entered the navy in 1701 and parliament in 1722; commanded at the storming of Portobelo (1739) and in the disastrous Cartagena expedition (1741). See Memorial by W. F. Vernon (1861).

Vernon, ROBERT, F.S.A. (1774-1849), a great breeder of horses, in 1847 gifted to the nation the Vernon Gallery, which had cost him £150,000. Vernon, THOMAS (c. 1824-72), line-engraver.

He

Veronese, PAOLO, the name by which Paolo Caliari (or Cagliari) is usually known, was born, a sculptor's son, at Verona, probably in 1528, and after some work there and in Mantua, in 1555 settled in Venice, where he soon made both wealth and fame, ranking with Titian and Tintoretto. The church of San Sebastiano in Venice contains many pictures of the period before his visit to Rome (1563). The influence of the Roman school on his style was marked, new dignity, grace of pose, and ease of movement being added to his rich Venetian colouring. died 19th April 1588. Veronese is remarkable more for fertility than for depth or spirituality of imagination; but his design is generally noble, his composition rich, and his execution truthful. The most celebrated of his works, the Marriage Feast at Cana,' now in the Louvre, contains 120 figures, many of them portraits of contemporaries, with 16th-century details. There may also be mentioned 'The Calling of St Andrew,' 'The Feast of Simon,' and (in the National Gallery) the Presentation of the Family of Darius to Alexander,' and St Helena's Vision of the Invention of the Cross.' Veronese was the last of the great Venetian painters. See Symonds's Renaissance in Italy (1877), Crowe and Cavalcaselle, and a monograph by Caliari (1888). [Vay-ro-nay'-zee.]

Veronica, ST, according to legend, met our Lord on His way to Calvary, and offered Him her veil to wipe the sweat from His brow, when the divine features were miraculously imprinted upon the cloth. This veil is said to have been preserved in Rome from about 700, and was exhibited in St Peter's in 1854. Possibly Veronica is merely a corruption of vera icon, the true image' (i.e, of Christ). See Karl Pearson's German monograph (1887) and Dublin Review (1885).

Verrio, ANTONIO (1634-1707), mythological house-painter, came from Naples to London.

Verres, Roman proprætor in Sicily (73-71 B.C.), infamous for extortions which desolated the island. The inhabitants entrusted his prosecution to Cicero, and Verres fled before the trial was over. He found shelter at Marseilles, but perished under Antony's proscription (43). [Ver-reez.] Verrocchio, ANDREA DEL (1435-88), Florentine goldsmith, sculptor, and painter. Only one extant picture can be ascribed to him with certainty, a Baptism of Christ in the Florentine Academy. Of his bronze statues the 'David' and the Unbelieving Thomas' in Florence, and the equestrian statue of Bartolommeo Colleoni at Venice, are notable. [Ver-rok'kee-o.]

Verste gan, RICHARD (died about 1635), was born in London, the grandson of a native of Guelderland, studied at Oxford, but as a zealous Catholic left without a degree, and settled in Antwerp as a printer. He was an accomplished Anglo-Saxon scholar. His best-known works are Theatrum Crudelitatum Hæreticorum (1587), with