King David Bruce and of the Earl of Douglas. In 1366 he journeyed to Aquitaine with the Black Prince; in 1368 he was in Italy with Chaucer and Petrarch at the marriage of the Duke of Clarence. For a time he was curate at Lestines, in the diocese of Liége; and was afterwards at the courts of the Duke of Brabant, the Count of Blois, and the Count of Foix. About 1390 he settled in Flanders, and resumed work on his Chronicle. In 1395 he revisited England, and was cordially welcomed by Richard II. He then returned to Chimay, where he had obtained a canonry, and where he ended his days in 1419. Froissart's famous book deals with the period 1326-1400. Mainly occupied with the affairs of France, England, Scotland, and Flanders, he likewise supplies much valuable information in regard to Germany, Italy, and Spain, and even touches occasionally on Hungary and the Balkan peninsula. Save for the first part (1326-56, finished in 1360), he gathered his materials in courts and on highways, from the lords and knights, the squires and heralds, whom he encountered. The charm of his book is perennial. He is of all mediæval chroniclers the most vivid and entertaining, accurate withal and impartial in his statements. The main defects in his work are the frequent repetitions and the negligent arrangement. He likewise wrote a considerable number of verses-ballades, rondeaux, virelais, &c.; the Round Table metrical romance, Meliador, was discovered in 1894. There are editions of his Chronicle by Buchon (15 vols. 1824–26) and Siméon Luce (8 vols. 1869-88). The translation in 1523-25 by Lord Berners (q.v.) was revised by Utterson (1812) and modernised by J. G. Macaulay (1895); another translation by Col. Thomas Johnes (1803-5; new ed. 1884) is very prosaic. See Froissart, by Mary Darmesteter Grands Écrivains' series, 1894; Eng. trans. 1895). [Fr. pron. Frwas-sahr'.]

Fromentin, EUGÈNE (1820-76), painter and author, born at La Rochelle, travelled (1842-46) in Algeria, Egypt, and the East, the scene of almost all his works, literary and artistic. An officer of the Legion of Honour, he wrote a successful romance, Dominique (1863), Les Maîtres d'Autrefois (1876; Eng. trans. 1883), &c. See Life by Gonse (1881; trans. 1883). [Fro-mong-tang.] Frontenac, LOUIS DE BUADE, COMTE DE (162098), served in the army, and in 1672 was appointed governor of the French possessions in North America. He was recalled after ten years of quarrelling with the Jesuits, but he had gained the confidence of the settlers and the respect of the Indians; and in 1689, when to constant attacks from the Iroquois a war with England was added, he was again sent out. He now let loose the Indians on New England villages, repulsed a British attack on Quebec, and completely broke the power of the Iroquois. He died at Quebec. See Life by Parkman (1877). [Front-nak'.]

Fronti'nus, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. 40-103 A.D.), was appointed Roman governor of Britain in 75, was twice consul, and in 97 was made superintendent of the water-works at Rome. Of works ascribed to him (ed. by Dederich, 1855), the Strategematicon, a treatise on war, and the De Aquis Urbis Rome are certainly genuine.

Fronto, MARCUS CORNELIUS (c. 100-170 A.D.), rhetorician, born at Cirta in Numidia, was entrusted by Antoninus Pius with the education of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus. In 143 he was consul. The two series of his letters to Marcus Aurelius, discovered by Mai in 1815,

FRUGONI

were edited by Niebuhr (1816) and Naber (1867).

Frost, JOHN (1750-1842), a Radical attorney, secretary of the Corresponding Society, who in 1793 suffered pillory and imprisonment.

Frost, JOHN, a tailor and draper of Newport, Monmouthshire, of which in 1836 he was mayor, for heading a Chartist riot (4th November 1839) there, that cost twenty lives, was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered, but instead was transported for fourteen years to Tasmania. He died at Stapleton near Bristol, 29th July 1877.

Frost, THOMAS, Chartist, journalist, and author, was born at Croydon in 1821. See his Forty Years' Recollections (1880) and Reminiscences (1886).

Frost, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810-77), a mythological painter, after Etty, born at Wandsworth, was elected A. R. A. in 1846, R.A. in 1870.

Froude, JAMES ANTHONY, historian, was born at Dartington, Devon, 23d April 1818. The youngest son of the Archdeacon of Totnes, he was educated at Westminster and Oriel College, Oxford, took a second-class in classics in 1840, and in 1842 was elected a fellow of Exeter. He received deacon's orders in 1844, and was sometime under Newman's influence; but a change was revealed in The Nemesis of Faith (1848), which cost Froude not only his fellowship but also au educational appointment in Tasmania. For the next few years he wrote for Fraser's Magazine (which for a while he edited) and the Westminster Review, and in 1856 issued the first two volumes of his History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish Armada, completed in 12 vols. in 1869. In this work Froude shows supreme literary ability; but, like Macaulay, he is a man of letters first and an historian afterwards. His view of Henry VIII. as a hero is specially paradoxical. Short Studies on Great Subjects (4 vols. 1867-82) are a series of remarkably brilliant essays and papers. His English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (1871-74) showed the same merits and the same defects as the greater work; so, too, his Cæsar: a Sketch (1879). Froude was rector of St Andrews University in 1869, and was made LL.D. In 1874, and again in 1875, he visited the South African colonies on a mission from the home government, and published his impressions in Two Lectures on South Africa (1880). As Carlyle's literary executor he edited his Re miniscences (1881), Mrs Carlyle's Letters (1882), and Carlyle's own Life (1882-84). Later works are Oceana (1886), a delightful account of an Australasian voyage; The English in the West Indies (1888); The Two Chiefs of Dunboy (1889), an Irish historical romance; The Earl of Beaconsfield (1890); The Divorce of Catharine of Aragon (1891); The Spanish Story of the Armada (1892); Life and Letters of Erasmus (1894); and Lectures on the Council of Trent (1896). In 1892 he succeeded Freeman as professor of Modern History at Oxford. He died 20th October 1894 at Salcombe, Devon, and there is buried. See Shirley's Tabletalk, by John Skelton (1895).

His elder brother, RICHARD HURRELL FROUDE (1803-36), a leader in the Tractarian movement, became in 1827 fellow and tutor of Oriel. Tracts 9 and 63 were from his pen. His Remains were published in 1839 by Keble and Newman. -Another brother, WILLIAM FROUDE (1810-79), engineer and mathematician, in 1837 became assistant to Brunel. Retiring from professional work in 1846, he devoted himself to investigating the conditions of naval construction. [Froohd.]

Frugo'ni, CARLO Innocenzo (1692-1768), Italian

FRUMENTIUS

poet, was born in Genoa, and died at Parma. He wrote odes, epistles, and satires.

Frumentius, ST, apostle of Ethiopia, born in Phoenicia, was captured while on a voyage by Ethiopians, became the king's secretary, and grad ually secured the introduction of Christianity. In 326 he was consecrated Bishop of Axum by Athanasius at Alexandria, and he died about 360.

Frundsberg, GEORG VON (1473-1528), the great leader of German landsknechts during the Italian wars of Maximilian and Charles V. He fought in twenty pitched battles, and Pavia (1525) was largely won by him. See Lives by Barthold (1833) and Heilmann (1868). [Froondz-berg.]

In 1800

In

Fry, ELIZABETH, born 21st May 1780, was the third daughter of John Gurney of Earlham near Norwich, a rich Quaker banker. Coming at seventeen under decided religious impressions, henceforward she worked much among the poor, and began a school for poor children. she married Joseph Fry, a London merchant. Eleven children were born of the marriage. 1810 she became a preacher among the Friends. In February 1813 she visited Newgate, where were 300 women, tried and untried, with their numerous children, without employment, in an utterly filthy, neglected, and indescribable condition. Soon by her efforts a school and a manufactory were established in the prison, religious instruction was given to them, and the women willingly submitted to rules for their well-being. Mrs Fry devoted her life to prison reform at home and abroad; she also founded shelters for the homeless and charity organisation societies-and all this in spite of her husband's bankruptcy (1828) and fall from affluence to real poverty. Through her influence libraries were begun in the naval hospitals and the coastguard stations. She died

at Ramsgate, October 12, 1845. See Lives by her daughters (1847; abridged 1856), Susanna Corder (1853), Mrs Pitman (1884), and J. M. Ashby (1892); also Hare's Gurneys of Earlham (1895).

Fry, JOSEPH (1728-87), born at Sutton Benger in Wiltshire, settled at Bristol as a doctor, but ere long went into a pottery enterprise; founded the well-known chocolate business; and from 1764 onwards became eminent as a typefounder.

Fryxell, ANDERS (1795-1881), Swedish historian, was parish priest of Sunna in Vermland from 1835 till 1847, and thenceforward gave himself entirely to literary work at Stockholm. His reputation rests upon Berättelser ur Svenska Historien (Narratives from Swedish History,' 46 vols. 1832-80; Eng. trans. edited by Mary Howitt, 1844). Other works are Conspiracies of the Swedish Aristocracy (1845-50) and a book on The Literature of Sweden (1860-62). [Freex-ell.]

In

Fuad Pasha, MEHMED (1814-69), Turkish statesman and littérateur, was the son of the poet, Izzet-Mollah, became an Admiralty physician, but in 1835 took up history and politics, the study of diplomacy, history, modern languages, the rights of nations, and political economy. 1840 he was attached to the embassy at London, and in 1843 at Madrid; was subsequently grand interpreter to the Porte, minister of foreign affairs (1852 and 1855), and Grand Vizier (1861-66). To him Turkey owes the hatti-sherif of 1856.

Fuchs, LEONHARD (1501-66), a Tübingen professor, a founder of German botany, after whom in 1703 the fuchsia was named by Plumier.

Fugger, a Swabian family through which commerce founded lines of counts and even princes. Johannes Fugger (1348-1409) was a

FULLER

His

master-weaver, who was born near Schwabmünchen, and settled at Augsburg in 1368. second son, Jacob (d. 1469), carried on an extensive commerce. Three of his sons extended their business to an extraordinary degree, married into the noblest houses, and were ennobled by the Emperor Maximilian, who mortgaged to them for 10,000 gold gulden the county of Kirchberg and the lordship of Weissenhorn. The house attained its greatest splendour under Charles V., when its fortunes came to rest on the sons of George Fugger (d. 1506), founders of the two chief lines of the house of Fugger. The brothers were zealous Catholics, opponents of Luther. Charles V. made them counts, invested them with the still mortgaged properties of Kirchberg and Weissenhorn, and gave them the rights of princes. The Fuggers continued still to carry on their commerce, increased their immense wealth, and attained the highest posts in the empire. They possessed great libraries and art collections, maintained painters and musicians, and encouraged art and science. See Kleinschmidt, Augsburg, Nürnberg, und ihre Handelsfürsten (1881). [Foog-ger.] Führich, JOSEPH VON (1800-76), a Viennese religious painter, born at Kratzau in Bohemia.

Fulgentius (468-533), Bishop from 507 of Ruspe in Numidia, wrote Latin treatises against the Arians and semi-Pelagians (ed. by Hurter, Inns. 1884). See Life by Mallby (Vienna, 1884).

Fuller, ANDREW, born at Wicken, Cambridgeshire, February 6, 1754, at seventeen joined a Baptist church at Soham, and in 1775 became pastor there, in 1782 at Kettering. His treatise, The Gospel worthy of all Acceptation (1784), involved him in a controversy with the ultra-Calvinists. On the formation of the Baptist Missionary Society His Cal(1792) he was appointed its secretary. vinistic and Socinian Systems Compared (1793) was followed up by Socinianism Indefensible (1797), The Gospel its own Witness (1797), &c. He died May 7, 1815. His complete works were edited in 1845 with a memoir by his son.

Fuller, GEORGE (1822-84), American artist, born at Deerfield, Mass., was distinguished but never popular. See Life (1887).

Fuller, SARAH MARGARET, MARCHIONESS Os'. SOLI, transcendentalist,' was born at Cambridge. port, Mass., May 23, 1810. At twenty-five she assisted her family by school and private teaching. In Boston she edited The Dial, translated from the German, and wrote Summer on the Lakes (1843). In 1844 she published Woman in the Nineteenth Century, and in the same year proceeded to New York, and contributed to the Tribune a series of miscellaneous articles, republished as Papers on Literature and Art (1846). In 1847 at Rome she met the Marquis Ossoli, and married him. In 1849, during the siege of Rome, she took charge of a hospital; and after the capture of the city by the French she and her husband sailed with their infant for America, May 17, 1850. On July 16 the vessel was wrecked on Fire Island near New York; the child's body was washed ashore, but nothing was ever seen of mother or father. Her Autobiography, with nemoirs by Emerson, Clarke, and Channing, appeared in 1852 (new ed. 1884); there are also Lives by Julia Ward Howe (1883) and T. W. Higginson (1884).

Fuller, THOMAS, was born in June 1608 at Aldwinkle St Peter's rectory, Northamptonshire, and from Queens' College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1625 and M. A. in 1628. In 1630 he received from Corpus Christi the curacy of St Benet's, where he preached the Lectures on Job

(published in 1654). Next year he received a prebend of Salisbury, and in 1634 became rector of Broadwinsor in Dorsetshire. His first work had been an indifferent poem, entitled David's Heinous Sin, Hearty Repentance, and Heavy Punishment (1631). His first ambitious work was a History of the Holy War (1639), on the Crusades. The Holy and Prophane States (1642) is a collection of essays. In 1640 he sat as proctor for Bristol in the Convocation of Canterbury. Soon after, he removed to London to lecture at the chapel of St Mary Savoy. When the civil war broke out he adhered firmly to the royal cause, and shared in its reverses. He saw active service as chaplain to Hopton's men, and printed at Exeter in 1645 for their encouragement Good Thoughts in Baul Times, followed in 1647 by Better Thoughts in Worse Times, and by The Cause and Cure of a Wounded Conscience. In the same year he began again to preach, at St Clement's, Eastcheap, and was suspended; but the Earl of Carlisle presented him to the curacy of Waltham Abbey, which he managed to keep. In 1650 he published his Pisgah - sight of Palestine. Abel Redivivus (1651) was a collection of religious biographies. In 1655 he published his long-projected Church History of Britain, from the birth of Christ till 1648, divided into eleven books -a twelfth being a History of the University of Cambridge. The work was bitterly assailed by Heylin in his Examen Historicum (1659), as a rhapsody, full of 'impertinencies' and errors, and marred by partiality to Puritanism. Fuller replied in his witty Appeal of Injured Innocence. He had in 1658 received the rectory of Cranford in Middlesex, and at the Restoration he was reinstated in his former preferments. In 1660 he published his Mixt Contemplations in Better Times, was admitted D.D. at Cambridge, and appointed chaplain to the king. He died in London 16th August 1661. His great Worthies of England, left unfinished, was published by his son in 1662; its preparation took nearly twenty years. The Worthies is a magnificent miscellany about the counties of England and their illustrious natives, lightened up by unrivalled wit, originality, and felicity of illustration, and aglow with the pure fervour of patriotism. His style shows admirable narrative faculty, with a nervous brevity and point almost new to English, and a homely directness ever shrewd and never vulgar. See Lives of him by Russell (1844), Bailey (1874), and Morris Fuller (1886); his Collected Sermons, edited by Bailey (1891); and Selections by H. Rogers (1856) and Dr A. Jessopp (1892).

Fullerton, LADY GEORGIANA, daughter of the first Earl Granville, was born at Tixall Hall, Staffordshire, 23d September 1812, and in 1833 married Alexander Fullerton, an officer. Two years after publishing her first story, Ellen Middleton (1844), she became a convert to Catholicism. The rest of her life was devoted to charitable works and religious tales-Grantley Manor (1847), Constance Sherwood (1864), A Stormy Life (1864), Mrs Gerald's Niece (1871), &c. She died at Bournemouth, 19th January 1885. See her Life by Father Coleridge, from the French of Mrs Craven (1888).

Fulton, ROBERT, engineer, was born of Irish parents in 1765 in what is now Fulton township, Pennsylvania, and became a painter of miniature portraits and landscapes. In 1786 he went to London and studied under West, but by-and-by applied his energies wholly to mechanics. In 1794 he obtained from the British government a patent for a double-inclined plane to supersede locks, and invented a mill for sawing and polish

FUSELI

ing marble. He afterwards prepared plans for cast-iron bridges, and patented a machine for spinning flax, a dredging machine, and several boats. In 1797 he went to Paris, where he devoted himself to new projects and inventions, among them a submarine torpedo boat, but neither the French nor the British government would take it up. He next turned his attention to the application of steam to navigation, and in 1803 made two experiments on the Seine with small steamboats. In 1806 he returned to New York, invented torpedoes, and in 1807 launched a steam-vessel upon the Hudson, which accomplished the voyage (nearly 150 miles) to Albany in thirty-two hours. From this period steamers on his patent came into use on the rivers of the United States. Although Fulton was not the first to apply steam to navigation (see FITCH, JOHN), he was the first to apply it successfully. He was employed by the U.S. government on canals and other works, and in constructing (1814) a steam war-ship, which, how ever, was never tested in warfare. He died in New York, 24th February 1815. See Life by Colden (1817), and Robert Fulton and Steam Navigation, by Thos. W. Knox (1886).

Furness, WILLIAM HENRY, D.D. (1802-96), born in Boston, U.S., from 1825 to 1875 was a Congregational Unitarian pastor at Philadelphia, and published much.-One of his sons, WILLIAM HENRY (1828-67), was a portrait-painter; and another, HORACE HOWARD (b. 2d November 1833), is a Shakespearian scholar, like his wife, HELEN KATE ROGERS (1837-83).

Furniss, HARRY, caricaturist, was born at Wexford of English parentage in March 1854, came to London in 1873, in 1880 began to draw for Punch, but severed his connection therewith to start the short-lived Lika Joko (1894). Next year he brought out the New Budget,

Furnivall, FREDERICK JAMES, born at Egham, February 4, 1825, graduated B. A. in 1846 from Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He associated himself with Frederick Maurice, and taught in the Working Men's College for ten years; then devoting himself to English philology, he founded, be tween 1864 and 1886, the Early English, Chaucer, Ballad, New Shakspere, Wyclif, and Shelley Societies. He has been honorary secretary of the Philological Society since 1854, and prepared materials for the Society's great English Dictionary. His most valuable work is his edition of Chaucer from the seven great MSS. (1868 et seq.); the seventh he has since printed by itself, besides all the MSS. of Chaucer's Minor Poems. For the New Shakspere Society he has edited Harrison's Description of England (1577-87), Stubbes's Anatomy of Abuses (1583), &c. Furni vall, who is Ph. D. of Berlin, was granted in 1884 a pension of £150. In 1881 he prepared a Browning bibliography, and he has published fac-similes of the Quartos of Shakespeare's Plays.

Fürst, JULIUS (1805–73), German Hebraist, born at Zerkowo in Posen, settled in 1833 as privatdocent at Leipzig, and in 1864 became professor there. His works include an Aramaic grammar (1835); books on the Jewish mediaval philos. ophers (1845), the Jews in Asia (1849), and the Biblical and Jewish-Hellenic literature (1867–70); and his great Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon (1851-54 trans. by Dr S. Davidson, 5th ed. 1885).

[Feerst.]

Fu'seli, HENRY (Johann Heinrich Füssli), painter and art critic, was born at Zurich, 7th February 1742, and coming to England in 1763, was encouraged by Sir Joshua Reynolds to

FUST

go to Italy (1770-78). Elected A.R.A. in 1788, and R.A. in 1790, he became professor of Painting in 1799, and died at Putney, 16th April 1825. His 200 paintings include 'The Nightmare' (1781) and two series to illustrate Shakespeare's and Milton's works. His literary works, with life, were published by Knowles (1831).

Fust, JOHANN, was a printer with Gutenberg (q.v.) and Schöffer at Mainz between 1450 and 1466. The half-mythical magician, Dr Faustus (fo. 1507-40), who was born at Knittlingen in Swabia, has been confounded with him. [Foost.] Fustel de Coulanges, NUMA DENIS, born at

Paris, 18th March 1830, filled chairs at Amiens, Paris, Strasburg, and from 1875 the Ecole Normale at Paris. A member of the Institute, he died Sept. 12, 1889. His Chio (1857) and Polybe (1858) had hardly prepared one for the exceptional brilliancy of La Cité antique (1864; 12th ed. 1889); his Histoire des Institutions politiques de l'ancienne France (1875-92) is profoundly learned. See Life by Guiraud (1896). [Fees-tel de Koo-longzh'.]

Fyffe, CHARLES ALAN (1845-92), author of A History of Modern Europe (3 vols. 1880-90), was born at Blackheath, in 1867 took a classical first from Balliol College, Oxford, and was elected a fellow of University College. [Fife.]

ABELENTZ, HANS CONON VON DER (180774), born at Altenburg, published from 1833 books and articles on Manchu, Gothic, Finnish, Swahili, Dyak, Samoyede, Dakota, and other tongues, and a great work on the Melanesian languages (186073). He knew eighty languages.-His son, GEORG (1840-93), in 1878 became Oriental professor at Leipzig, in 1889 at Berlin. [Gah-beh-lentz.]

Gabelsberger, FRANZ XAVER (1789-1849), the inventor of the chief German system of shorthand, was born and died at Munich, having in 1809 entered the Bavarian civil service. See Life by Gerber (2d ed. 1886). [Gah-bels-ber-ger; g hard.]

Gaboriau, EMILE (1835-73), the great master of 'police novels,' was born at Saujon in CharenteInférieure, and was only saved from mercantile life by a timely discovery that he could write. He had already contributed to some of the smaller Parisian papers, when he leapt into fame with L'Affaire Lerouge (1866), the feuilleton to Le Pays. It was followed by Le Dossier 113 (1867), Monsieur Lecoq (1869), Les Esclaves de Paris (1869), La Corde au Cou (1873), &c. [Gah-bor-i-oh'.]

Gabriel, VIRGINIA (1825-77), composer, 'When Sparrows build' her best-known song, was born at Banstead, Surrey, married a Mr March in 1874, and died from a carriage accident.

Gachard, LOUIS PROSPER (1800-85), Belgian historian, was born in Paris, but spent most of his life as keeper of the archives at Brussels. He edited the correspondence of William the Silent (1847-58), Philip II. (1848-59), Margaret of Austria (1867-81), and Alva (1850); and wrote Les Troubles de Gand sous Charles V. (1846), Retraite et Mort de Charles V. (1854-55), &c. [Ga-shahrʻ.]

Gaddi, GADDO (c. 1260-1332), his son TADDEO (c. 1300-1366), and his son AGNOLO (c. 1330-1396) were all three Florentine religious painters.

Gade, NIELS WILHELM (1817-90), composer, was born, lived, and died at Copenhagen. He wrote symphonies, overtures, and cantatas. [Gah'-deh.]

Gadsby, HENRY, composer, was born in London, 15th December 1842, and in 1874 became a professor there at Queen's College.

Gadsden, CHRISTOPHER (1724-1805), American patriot, born in Charleston, was a member of the first Continental congress (1774), became brigadier-general during the revolution, and was lieutenant-governor of South Carolina. -- His grandson, JAMES (1788-1858), served in the war of 1812 and against the Seminoles. In 1853 he was ap pointed minister to Mexico, and negotiated the purchase of part of Arizona and New Mexico.

Gage, THOMAS, after having been a Dominican from 1603 in Spain and from 1625 in Central

America, came home in 1637 to England, and in 1641 turned Protestant. He died a naval chaplain in Jamaica (1656). His chief work is The English-American his Travail (1648).

the

Gage, THOMAS (1721-87), general, was second son of the first Viscount Gage. He accompanied Braddock's ill-fated expedition (1755), and became in 1760 military governor of Montreal, in 1763 commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, and in 1774 governor of Massachusetts. On 18th April 1775 he sent a force to seize a quantity of arms at Concord; and next day the skirmish of Lexington took place which began the Revolution. The battle of Bunker Hill (17th June) was followed by Gage's resignation.

Gagern, HEINRICH WILHELM AUGUST, FREIHERR VON (1799-1880), German statesman, born at Baireuth, was a founder of the student movement (Burschenschaft) of 1815-19, held office in HesseDarmstadt, and was president of the Frankfort parliament (1848-49). From 1859 he again took part in grand-ducal polities, as a partisan of Austria against Prussia. [Gah-gern; g hard. ]

Gaidoz, HENRI, Celtic folklorist, born in Paris in 1843, received a chair there in 1876.

Gaillard, CLAUDE FERDINAND (1834-87), engraver and portrait-painter, was born and died in Paris. See monograph by Guillemin (Par. 1890).

Gainsborough, THOMAS, portrait and landscape painter, one of the greatest of English masters, was born at Sudbury in 1727. Never happy but when sketching the scenery around him, he was sent to London at fourteen to study art under Gravelot, the engraver and designer of book-illustrations, under Hayman, and in the St Martin's Lane Academy. In 1745 he married Margaret Burr, a lady with £200 a year, and settled as a portrait-painter at Ipswich. He was patronised by Sir Philip Thicknesse, governor of Landguard Fort, and by his advice removed in 1760 to Bath. Here he won the public with his portrait of Earl Nugent; numerous commissions followed, and in 1761 he began to exhibit with the Society of Artists of Great Britain until 1768. In that year he became a foundation member of the Royal Academy, from which he prac tically retired, discontented with the place assigned to The King's Daughters' in the exhibition of 1784. In 1774, after a deadly quarrel with Thicknesse, he removed to London, establishing his studio in Schomberg House, Pall Mall, and there prosecuted his art with splendid success. He died 2d August 1788, and was buried in Kew churchyard. Fond of company, and quick of temper but generous, Gainsborough loved to associate with players and musicians, and was himself a performer on various instru