ANTONIUS

the throne. His reign was proverbially peaceful and happy. In his private character he was simple, temperate, and benevolent; while in public affairs he acted as the father of his people. The persecution of Christians was partly stayed by his mild measures, and Justin Martyr's Apologia was received by him with favour. He was little engaged in war, except in Britain, where he built a wall between the Forth and Clyde. The epithet Pius was conferred on him for his defence of Hadrian's memory. By his much-loved but worthless wife Faustina he had four children; one married Marcus Aurelius, his adopted son and successor. See works by Lacour-Gayet (Par. 1888) and E. C. Bryant (1894).

Antonius, MARCUS (MARK ANTONY), the Roman triumvir, born about 83 B.C., on his mother's side was related to Julius Cæsar. His youth was dissipated, and, pressed by creditors, he escaped to Athens in 58 B.C. In Palestine and Egypt he ingratiated himself with the soldiery; and, after assisting Cæsar in Gaul, he went to Rome in 50 B.C., to uphold his great kinsman, and was appointed quæstor, augur, and tribune of the plebs. Next year he was expelled from the curia, and fled to Cæsar, who made this a pretext for his war against Pompey. Antony was appointed commander-in-chief in Italy; at Pharsalia he led the left wing of Cæsar's army. In 47 B.c. he was inade master of the horse by Cæsar, who left him to govern Italy during his absence in Africa. Antony, as usual, disgraced himself. He drank; he divorced his wife, and took up with an actress. In 44 B.C., as consul, he vainly endeavoured to prevail on the Romans to recognise Cæsar as emperor. On Cæsar's assassination, he played the part so finely described by Shakespeare, and the flight of the conspirators from Rome left him with almost absolute power. Next, we find him in dispute with Octavian (see AUGUSTUS), besieg. ing Mutina, and denounced by Cicero. The defeat of Mutina (43 B.C.) drove him a fugitive beyond the Alps; but in Gaul he visited the camp of Lepidus, and gained the favour of the army, of which he took the cominand. Plancus and Pollio Joined him; and Antony returned to Rome at the head of seventeen legions and 10,000 cavalry. Octavian now threw off the mask, and held a consultation with Antony and Lepidus, near Bononia, when it was determined that these 'triumvirs' should share the whole Roman world. Returning to Rome, they began their course of proscription and plunder. Among their first victims was Cicero; and, in all, 300 senators and 2000 equites are believed to have fallen. After securing Italy, and raising an enormous sum of money, Antony and Octavian led their troops into Macedonia, and defeated Brutus and Cassius. Antony next paid a visit to Athens, and then passed over to Asia, to arrange his dispute with Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who captivated him by her beauty and address. He followed her into Egypt, and lived in idleness and luxury, until he was aroused by tidings of a quarrel in Italy between his own kindred and Octavian. This dispute gave rise to a short war, which came to an end before he arrived in Italy. A new division of the Roman world was now arranged, Antony taking the East, and Octavian the West, while Lepidus had to put up with Africa. Antony had married Octavian's sister, Octavia; but, returning now to Cleopatra, he resumed his voluptuous life, and was guilty of acts of the grossest injustice. Octavian used these facts to excite the indignation of the Roman people; and in the naval engagement of Actium (31 B.C.) Antony was defeated. He now went

back again to Egypt, where, deserted by the Egyptian fleet, as by his own army, and deceived by a false report of Cleopatra's suicide, he killed himself by falling upon his sword (30 B.C.).

Antony, ST, surnamed 'the Great,' or ANTONY OF THEBES, the father of monachism, was born about 251 A.D. in Upper Egypt. Having sold his possessions for the poor, he withdrew into the wilderness, and took up his abode in an old ruin on the top of a hill, where he spent twenty years in the most rigorous seclusion. In 305 he was persuaded to leave this retreat by the prayers of numerous anchorites, and now founded a monastery, at first only a group of separate and scattered cells near Memphis and Arsinoë. In 355 the venerable hermit, then over a hundred years old, made a journey to Alexandria to dispute with the Arians; but feeling his end approaching, he retired to his desert home, where he died, 356 A.D. Athanasius wrote his Life.

Antony oF PADUA, ST, born at Lisbon, August 15, 1195, was at first an Augustinian monk, but in 1220 he entered the Franciscan order, and became one of its most active propagators. He preached in the south of France and Upper Italy, and died at Padua, June 13, 1231. He was canonised by Gregory IX. in the following year. According to legend, he preached to the fishes when men refused to hear him; hence he is the patron of the lower animals, and is often represented as accompanied by a pig. See Chronicle of St Anthony of Padua, edited by the Rev. H. J. Coleridge (1883).

Antraigues, EMANUEL DELAUNAY, COMte d', an ambiguous politician, was born at Villeneuve de Berg, Ardèche, in 1755. His Mémoires sur les Etats-généraux (1788) was one of the first sparks of the French Revolution; but in 1789, when Antraigues was chosen a deputy, he defended the hereditary privileges and the kingly veto, and ranked himself against the union of the three estates. After 1790 he was employed in diplomacy at St Petersburg, Vienna, and Dresden. England he acquired great influence with Canning. On July 22, 1812, he was murdered, with his wife, near London, by an Italian servant. See L. Pingaud, Un Agent Secret (1893).

Anville. See D'ANVILLE,

In

Anwari, a celebrated Persian poet and astrologer, who died between 1191 and 1196. Aosta, DUKE OF. See AMADEUS.

He

Apelles (flo. 325 B.C.), the most celebrated painter of antiquity, was probably born at Colophon, on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor. was trained at Ephesus and Sicyon, visited Macedon, where he became the friend of Alexander the Great; and is said to have accompanied him on his expedition to Asia, and settled at Ephesus.

Api'cius, MARCUS GABIUS, a Roman epicure in the time of Augustus and Tiberius. It is said that when he had spent £800,000 upon his appetite, and had only some £80,000 left, he poisoned himself to avoid the misery of plain diet.

Apion, an Alexandrian grammarian, who about 30 A.D. became famous as a teacher of rhetoric at Rome. Except one or two fragments, all his numerous writings are lost.

Apollinaris the Younger, Bishop of Laodicea in Syria (died 390 A.D.), and one of the warmest opponents of Arianism. His father, Apollinaris the Elder, who was presbyter of Laodicea, was born at Alexandria, and taught grammar, first at Berytus, and afterwards at Laodicea. Apollinaris himself upheld a doctrine condemned by

APOLLODORUS

the Council of Constantinople (381), as denying the true human nature of Christ.-He must not be confounded with Claudius Apollinaris, Bishop of Hierapolis, in Phrygia (170 A.D.), who wrote an Apology for the Christian faith, and several other works, all lost.

Apollodorus, (1) an Athenian painter, who flourished about 408 B.C.-(2) An Athenian grammarian, who flourished about 140 B.C., and wrote a work on mythology (ed. by R. Wagner, Leip. 1891-94)-(3) A celebrated architect, executed in 129 A.D. by Hadrian for his fearless criticism of the emperor's design for a temple.

Apollo nius. (1) APOLLONIUS RHODIUS (born in Alexandria about 240 B.C., but long resident in Rhodes) wrote many works on grammar, and an epic poem, the Argonautica, marked rather by learning and industry than by poetical genius. It was greatly admired by the Romans, was translated into Latin by P. T. Varro, and was imitated wholesale by Valerius Flaccus. There are editions by Merkel (1854) and Seaton (1888), and an English prose translation by E. P. Cole. ridge (1889)-(2) APOLLONIUS OF PERGA, who flourished 250-220 B.C., was one of the founders of the mathematical sciences. His Works have been edited by Heiberg (2 vols. Leip. 1890–93). (3) APOLLONICS OF TY'ANA in Cappadocia, born about 3 B.C., was, according to Philostratus, a zealous neo-Pythagorean teacher, who collected many disciples, travelled through great part of Asia Minor, and ultimately made his way to India. On this journey he was introduced to the Magi at Babylon, and at the court of King Phraortes, in India, made the acquaintance of the notable Brahmins. When he returned his fame as a wise man was greatly increased; the people regarded him as a worker of miracles and a divine being, and princes were glad to entertain him. He himself seems to have claimed insight into futurity, rather than the power of working miracles. He was patronised by Vespasian, and followed him to Egypt. After travels in Spain, Italy, and Greece, he was accused of conspiring with Nerva against Domitian; ultimately he appears to have settled in Ephesus, where he tanght until he died nearly one hundred years old. His history was not written till more than a century after his death, by Philostratus (q.v.); it contains a mass of absurdities. See the little Life by J. H. Newman (1853), Froude's Short Studies (vol. iv.), Gildersleeve's Essays and Studies (Balt. 1890), and German works by Baur (1832), Pettersch (1879), Jessen (1885), and Gottsching (1889)-(4) APOLLONIUS, surnamed Dyscolos (or ill-tempered'), of Alexandria, lived in the 2d century, and first reduced grammar to a system.

Apperley, CHARLES JAMES (Ninrod'), was born near Wrexham in 1777, and educated at Rugby. Having married early, and settled in Warwickshire, he devoted himself to hunting, and in 1821 began to contribute to the Sporting Magazine, but in 1830 had to retire to France, where he thenceforth chiefly resided. He died, however, in London, 19th May 1843. His best writings are The Chase, the Turf, and the Road, which appeared in the Quarterly Review (1827), and the Life of John Mytton (1837), to the recent editions of which is prefixed a memoir of 'Nimrod.'

Appert, BENJAMIN NICOLAS MARIE (born 1797), a French philanthropist, did much for prisoners and their children. He was still writing in 1856; but Larousse (1878-87) and Vapereau (1895) are alent as to the date of his death. [Ap-pair.]

Appia'ni, ANDREA (1754-1817), the Painter of the Graces,' was born and died at Milan.

Appius Claudius. See CLAUDIUS (APPIUS). Applegath, AUGUSTUS (died 1871), made important improvements on the steam printingpress and in the manufacture of bank-notes.

Appleton, CHARLES EDWARD, D.C.L., was born at Reading, 16th March 1841, and was educated at Oxford and in Germany. He took a lively interest in the endowment of research,' and founded in 1869 the Academy. He died at Luxor, in Upper Egypt, 1st February 1879. See his Life and Literary Relics (1881).

Appleton, DANIEL (1785-1849), the founder of the New York publishing house, formed in 1897 into a limited company with $2,000,000 capital.

Apraxin, FEODOR, COUNT (1671-1728), the creator of the Russian navy, and long all-powerful in the court of Peter the Great.-His nephew, COUNT STEPHAN FEODOROVICH APRAXIN (1702-58), defeated the Prussians at Grossjägersdorf (1757), but died next year a prisoner in disgrace.

Apuleius, or APPULEIUS, Latin satirist, was born about 125 A.D. at Madaura, in Numidia, and studied at Carthage and Athens. The fortune bequeathed him by his father enabled him to travel; he visited Italy, Asia, &c., and was initiated into numerous religious mysteries. The knowledge which he thus acquired of the priestly fraternities he made abundant use of afterwards in his Golden Ass. Having married a wealthy middle-aged lady, he was charged by her relations with having employed magic to gain her affections. His Apologia, still extant, was an eloquent vindication. After this, his life appears to have been devoted to literature and public oratory, in both of which he attained great eminence. romance of the Golden Ass is a satire on the vices of the age, especially those of the priesthood and of quacks. The most exquisite thing in it is the episode of Cupid and Psyche, Adlington's translation of which (1566) was edited in 1887 by Andrew Lang, and by C. Whibley in 1893. Besides the Apologia and Golden Ass, we have also an Anthology, a work on the Dæmon of Socrates, one on the doctrines of Plato, &c. There is a translation by Sir G. Head of the Golden Ass (1851), and of the entire works (1853), the best edition of which is by Hildebrand (Leip. 1843).

His

Aquila, PONTICUS, translator of the Old Testament into Greek, was a native of Sinope who flourished about 130 A.D., and is said to have been first a pagan, then a Christian, and finally a Jew.

Aqui'nas, THOMAS, prince of scholastic theologians, was of the family of the Counts of Aquino, and was born in 1226 in the castle of Rocca-Secca, near Aquino, a small town between Rome and Naples. He was educated by the Benedictines of Monte-Casino, and at the university of Naples; and, against the will of his family, entered (1243) the Dominican order. His brothers carried him off by force, and kept him a prisoner in the paternal castle for two years; ultimately escaping through France to Cologne, he became there a pupil of the great Dominican luminary, Albertus Magnus (q.v.). In 1248 the heretofore Dumb Ox' was appointed to teach under Albert, and began to publish commentaries on Aristotle. In 1252 he went to Paris, obtained great distinction as a philosophic theologian, and taught till, in 1258, now a doctor, he was summoned by the pope to teach successively in Rome, Pisa, and Bologna. He enjoyed the highest consideration throughout the church, and his voice carried almost decisive

ARABELLA STUART

weight. Like most of the other scholastic theologians, he had no knowledge of Greek or Hebrew, and was almost equally ignorant of history; but his numerous writings display intellectual power of the highest order. He gave a new and scientific foundation to many doctrines of his church, especially that of transubstantiation. He also treated Christian morals according to an arrangement of his own. His Summa Theologia, the first attempt at a complete theological system, remains to this day substantially the standard authority in the Roman Church. The Summa contra Gentiles deals chiefly with the principles of natural religion. His commentaries on Scripture and devotional treatises also have a high reputation. His influence on the theological thought of succeeding ages was immense. He refused all high ecclesiastical appointments, including the archbishopric of Naples. Gregory X., who had called a general council to effect the union of the Greek and Latin churches, summoned Aquinas to defend the papal cause at Lyons. He set out, though suffering from fever, and died on the road at the Cistercian abbey of Fossa-Nuova, March 7, 1274. All Europe mourned his loss; miracles were said to be wrought at his funeral; universities, religious orders, and princes contended for the honour of possessing his body, which was finally bestowed by the pope on Toulouse. Aquinas was canonised

in 1323.

The only scholastic theologian who in any degree rivalled Aquinas, already known as the Angelic Doctor,' was the Franciscan Subtle Doctor,' Duns Scotus (q.v.). The Franciscans followed Scotus, and the Dominicans Thomas, and henceforward medieval theologians were divided into two schools, Scotists and Thomists, whose divergencies penetrate more or less every branch of doctrine, touching the idea of God, the operations of grace and of justification, the mode in which the sacraments take effect, &c. Thomism represents, with few exceptions, the general teaching of the Catholic Church; its rivals now being not the Scotists but the eclectic school of Jesuits. The works of Aquinas have been often printed from 1570 (17 vols.) to 1882 et seq. Migne's edition of the Summa is in 4 vols. St Thomas was the author of the famous Punge Lingua and other eucharistic hymns. See the Lives by Archbishop Roger Vaughan (1871-72; new ed. 1890) and Father Cavanagh (1890); French works by Jourdain (1858) and Lecoultre (1883); and German by Werner (1859), Holtzmann (1874), Otten (1882), Eucken (1886), and Frohschammer (1889).

Arabella Stuart. See STEWART.

Ara'bi Ahmed ('Arabi Pasha'), the leader of the military insurrection in Egypt in 1882, after his defeat at Tel-el-Kebir, was banished to Ceylon. Arago, FRANÇOIS JEAN DOMINIQUE, astronomer and physicist, was born February 26, 1786, at Estagel near Perpignan, and died in Paris, 3d October 1853. At seventeen he entered the Polytechnic, and in 1804 became secretary to the Observatory, in 1830 its chief director, having at twenty-three been elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. He took a prominent part in the July revolution (1830), and as member of the Chamber of Deputies voted with the extreme left. In 1848 he was a member of the provisional government, and opposing Louis Napoleon, refused to take the oath of allegiance after the coup d'état of 1852. His achievements, mainly in the fields of astronomy, magnetism, and optics, are recorded in his works (ed. by Barral, 17 vols. 1854-62). See Audiganne's Arago, son Génie et son

ARBUTHNOT

an

Influence (2d ed. 1869).-His brother, JACQUES ÉTIENNE VICTOR ARAGO (1790-1855), was author, who travelled much, and latterly was blind. Another brother, ÉTIENNE (1802-92), was also a popular author.-EMANUEL (1812-96), son of the astronomer, became known as a zealous republican in 1848, and was ambassador to Switzerland (1880-94).-His brother, ALFRED (181692), was a painter.

Aram, EUGENE, was born in 1704 at Ramsgill, in Upper Nidderdale, Yorkshire. Though but a gardener's son, he contrived to acquire considerable learning, married early, and became a schoolmaster, first at Ramsgill, and in 1734 at Knaresborough, where he became intimate with one Daniel Clark, a shoemaker. The sudden disappearance of the latter in 1745, at a time when he happened to be in possession of valuable goods, threw suspicion on Aram, not as Clark's murderer, but as his confederate in swindling. His garden was searched, and in it was found a portion of the missing property. Aram was arrested and tried, but acquitted for want of evidence. He now left his wife at Knaresborough, and acted as a schoolmaster at various places in England, acquiring, in spite of his nomadic mode of life, a knowledge of botany, heraldry, Chaldee, Arabic, Welsh, and Irish, and amassing considerable materials for a Comparative Lexicon. His secret was betrayed by a confederate, who excited suspicion by the loudness of his protestations that a skeleton found near Knaresborough was not Clark's. The accomplice was at last driven to confess where the murdered man had been buried; the bones were exhumed and identified, and Aram was suddenly dragged from his ushership at Lynn in Norfolk. He was tried at York, 3d August 1759, and hanged on the 6th. At the trial he conducted his own defence, attacking with great acumen, plausibility, and curious erudition, the doctrine of circumstantial evidence. After his condemnation he confessed his guilt, wrote a defence of suicide, but failed in an attempt to illustrate his essay. A factitious interest attaches to his story from Lord Lytton's romance and Hood's ballad. See Nineteenth Century (August 1897).

Aranda, PEDRO de Bolea, COUNT OF (1718-99), a Spanish statesman who procured the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain.

Arany, JANOs, next to Petöfi the most distinguished of modern Hungarian poets, was born, the son of a poor peasant, at Nagy-Szalonta, 2d March 1817, and died at Pesth, 22d October 1882. -His son, LÁZSLÓ (born 24th March 1844), is also noted as a poet and translator of Shakespeare.

Ara'tus oF SICYON (c. 271-213 B.C.), a Greek statesman who liberated Sicyon from its tyrant in 251, and whose great object was to unite the Greek states, and so form an independent nation. Aratus oF SOLI (in Cilicia) wrote about 270 A.D. two astronomical poems, from one of which St Paul quoted when preaching at Athens.

Arblay, Madame d'. See D'ARBLAY.

Arbuthnot, ALEXANDER (1538-83), a Scottish poet and Presbyterian minister, principal from 1569 of King's College, Aberdeen.

Arbuthnot, or ARBUTHNOTT, JOHN, physician and wit, the much-loved friend of Swift and Pope, was born at Arbuthnott, Kincardineshire, 29th April 1667. His father was the (Episcopal) parish minister, who was ejected after the Revolu tion. One of John's brothers fought under Dundee at Killiecrankie, and another in Mar's

ARC

rebellion; John was, according to Chesterfield, 'a Jacobite by prejudice, a republican by reflec tion and reasoning.' He studied at Aberdeen and University College, Oxford, but took his M.D. degree at St Andrews (1696). Settling in London, where before this he had taught mathematics, in 1697 he attracted notice by his Examination of Dr Woodward's Account of the Deluge. Accident called him into attendance on Prince George of Denmark; in 1705 he was appointed physician to the queen, and her death in 1714 was a severe blow to his prosperity. In 1715, along with Pope, he assisted Gay in Three Hours after Marriage, a farce that yet proved an absolute fiasco. He pronounced the Harveian oration in 1727, and died 27th February 1735. Utterly careless of literary faine, Arbuthnot was the chief, if not sole author of the brilliant Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, first published in Pope's works (1741); and his too was the celebrated History of John Bull (1712). See his Life and Works, by G. A. Aitken (1892).

Arc. See JOAN OF ARC.

Arcadius (377-408 A.D.), first emperor of the East alone, was born in Spain, and after the death of his father, the Emperor Theodosius, in 395 A.D., received the eastern half of the Roman empire, the western falling to Honorius. Arcadius lived in oriental state and splendour, and his dominion extended from the Adriatic to the Tigris, and from Scythia to Ethiopia; but the real rulers over this vast empire were the Gaul Rafinus, the eunuch Eutropius, and the Empress Eudoxia, who exiled Chrysostom in 404.

Arcesila'us (316-241 B.C.), a Greek philosopher, founder of the New Academy.

He was

Arch, JOSEPH, was born at Barford, Warwickshire, 10th November 1826, and whilst still a farm-labourer, became a Primitive Methodist preacher. In 1872 he founded the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, and in 1885-86 was M.P. for North-west Norfolk, which again returned him in 1892 and 1895. See his Autobiog raphy, edited by the Countess of Warwick (1897). Archela'us, (1) a philosopher of the Ionic school who flourished about 450 B.C. the first to maintain the spherical form of the earth. (2) King of Macedonia from 413 to 399 B.C. (3) A general sent by Mithridates the Great to Greece to oppose the Romans in 87 B.C. He was defeated by Sulla at Charonea and at Orchomenos in 86. Unjustly suspected of treason, Archelaus went over to the Romans at the outbreak of the second war in 81.-(4) The son of the preceding, married Berenice, daughter of King Ptolemy Auletes, in 56 B.C., and ruled over Egypt for six months during Ptolemy's banishment.(5) Ethnarch of Judæa, son of Herod the Great, succeeded his father in 1 A.D., and maintained his position against an insurrection raised by the Pharisees. His heirship being disputed by his brother Antipas, Archelaus went to Rome, where his authority was confirmed by Augustus, who made him Ethnarch of Judæa, Samaria, and Idumaa, while his brothers, Antipas and Philip, were made tetrarchs over the other half of Herod's dominions. After a nine years' reign, he was deposed by Augustus for his tyranny, and banished to Vienne, in Gaul, where he died. [Ar-ke-lay'us.]

Archenholz, JOHANN WILHELM VON (1745-1812), a German historian who passed ten years in England (1766-79). [Arken-holts.]

Archer, FREDERICK J., jockey, was born at Cheltenham, 11th January 1857; rode his first

ARETINO

race in 1870; in all had 2746 mounts, winning the Derby five times, the Oaks four, the St Leger six, the Two Thousand Guineas five, &c.; and shot himself, whilst temporarily insane, at his house in Newmarket, 8th November 1886.

Archer, WILLIAM, dramatic critic and apostle of Ibsen, was born at Perth, 23d September 1856, and in 1878 went up from Edinburgh to London.

Archilochus OF PAROs flourished about 714676 B.C., and is regarded as the first of the Greek lyric poets, by the ancients being ranked with Homer, Pindar, and Sophocles. Even Plato calls him 'the very wise.' The best editions of his fragments are those of Schneidewin and Bergk.

Archime'des (c. 287-212 B.C.), the most celebrated of ancient mathematicians, was born at Syracuse, and perished in the capture of that city by the Romans. He alone of the ancients contributed anything of real value to the theory of mechanics and to hydrostatics, first proving that a body plunged in a fluid loses as much of its weight as is equal to the weight of an equal volume of the fluid. Among the numerous inventions ascribed to him are the endless screw, and the Archimedes screw or spiral pump for raising water. His extant works, written in Doric Greek, were edited by Torelli (Oxf. 1792), and Heiberg, with a Latin translation (3 vols. Leip. 1880-81).

Archytas oF TARENTUM, general, mathematician, and Pythagorean philosopher, flourished about 400 B.C., and, according to Horace, was drowned in the Adriatic. [Ar-ki'tas.]

Arculfus. See ADAMNAN.

His

Arditi, LUIGI, composer, born near Turin, 22d July 1822, studied music at Milan. Famous first as a violinist, he conducted the Italian opera at New York (1852-56), and was musical director at Her Majesty's Theatre, London (1857-78). operas, I Briganti (1841) and La Spia (1856), are less known than some of his songs, violin duets, and waltzes such as Il Bacio. See his Reminiscences (1896). [Ar-dee'tee.]

Ardmillan, JAMES CRAUFURD, LORD (1805-76), Scotch judge, known through the Yelverton case.

Arends, LEOPOLD (1817-82), founder in 1860 of a system of stenography, was born near Wilna in Russia, and died in Berlin. His is the youngest of the three great rival systems in Germany-the others being those of Gabelsberger and Stolzebut it is perhaps the most widely used, and has been introduced into the Spanish, French, Hungarian, and Swedish languages. See a monograph by Wendtland (Leip. 1883).

Aretaus (flo. 100 A.D.), a Greek physician of Cappadocia, considered to rank next to Hippocrates. The first four books of his great work, preserved nearly complete, treat of the causes and symptoms of diseases; the other four, of the cure. There is an edition by Adams (1856), and an English translation (1837).

Areti'no, PIETRO, poet, was born at Arezzo, Tuscany, 20th April 1492, the natural son of a nobleman named Luigi Bacci. Banished from his native town, he went to Perugia, where he wrought as a bookbinder, and afterwards wandered through Italy in the service of various noblemen. At Rome he distinguished himself by his wit, impudence, and talents, and secured even the papal patronage, which, however, he subsequently lost by writing his sixteen shameless Sonetti Lussuriosi. He now went to the Medicean court, where John de' Medici grew fond of him, and procured him an opportunity of ingra