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the Ionian Islands, passed before he could get into active work; at last he landed at Missolonghi on 5th January 1824; laboured against bad weather, disunion among the Greeks, and other checks; caught rheumatic fever, and died on 19th April. His body was brought to England, and buried in the church of HucknallTorkard, near Newstead. Allegra (1817-22), Byron's illegitimate daughter by Claire Clairmont, died in a convent to his great grief; his daughter Ada (1815-52) married in 1835 the Earl of Lovelace, and left two children, Lord Wentworth and Lady Anne Blunt.

Byron's literary activity since he left England had been very great. His wife's desertion called forth two short poems, The Dream and Darkness, which were, perhaps, his very finest achievements. In the course of the seven years he completed Childe Harold; wrote a series of dramas or dramatic poems (Manfred, Cain, Marino Faliero, Sardanapalus, &c.), which contain much of his most characteristic work; and produced besides the wonderful bravura of Mazeppa, the cleverness of Beppo, and the vast satiric medley of Don Juan. In his own day, his 'morality' was the principal subject of discussion, and was most harshly judged. More recently the poet's pride and vanity of birth, his alternations of ostentatious prodigality and sharp business practice, his childish vanity of all kinds, have received severe treatment. The English estimate of his literary genius has sunk ever since his death. Every competent critic admits Byron's power. For passion of a certain kind, and for picturesqueness of a certain kind, he is almost unequalled. But his work fails utterly when he portrayed anything besides his own personal emotions and experiences, and displays insincerity and theatricality when, in default of actual emotion and experience, he endeavoured to simulate them. The monotony of the Byronic hero is universally admitted. A second great

ABALLERO, FERNAN, the pen-name of the daughter of Nikolaus Böhl von Faber (1770-1836), a German merchant in Spain, who had married a Spanish wife, and wrote on the history of Spanish literature. Born at Morges, on the Lake of Geneva, in 1797, she spent great part of her childhood in Germany, but returned to Spain in 1813, and in 1814 married a merchant named Planell, whom she accompanied to America. Widowed, she married the Marqués de Areo Hermoso, two years after whose death in 1835 she married an advocate named Arrom, to become a third time a widow in 1863. She died at Seville, April 7, 1877. The first of her afty romances was La Gaviota (1849); others are Her Elia, Clemencia, La Familia de Alvareda. works (17 vols.) include a collection of Spanish folk-tales and songs. [Ca-val-yai'ro.]

Cabanel', ALEXANDRE (1823-89), painter, was born at Montpellier, and died in Paris.

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defect is Byron's extraordinary weakness as regards poetic form. Hardly a long passage, certainly no long poem, can be cited which, after brilliant images, forcible expressions, and melodious verse, does not break down into commonplace thought and phrase, inharmonious rhythm, even into sheer bellman's rhyme. This strikes one less in his satirical work. Byron had no humour; but he had a keen and versatile wit. His letters, though somewhat artificial, are of singular excellence. His poetical influence in his own country for a time swept all before it, but it gradually declined, and is now almost nonexistent. Abroad it maintained itself. The whole Romantic school in France, Heine to a certain extent in Germany, Pushkin and Lermontoff in Russia, Espronceda in Spain, Byronised ad libitum; and Byron deeply influenced Leopardi and other Italian writers. The final edition of Byron's works is Murray's (1898) by Byron's grandson, the Earl of Lovelace; and the Life by Moore (2 vols. 1830) is still the standard one; in it was utilised much of Byron's own Memoirs, the MS. of which had been carefully burnt in 1824. See too, besides works cited under Beecher, Blessington, Guiccioli, Hobhouse, Leigh Hunt, Shelley, and Trelawny, Byron, by Prof. Nichol (1879), and The Real Lord Byron, by J. C. Jeaffreson (1883); and Byron's Letters, 1804-13 (ed. by W. E. Henley as vol. i. of Works, 1896).

Byron, HENRY JAMES (1834-84), dramatist, born in Manchester, entered the Middle Temple in 1858, and was for many years a prolific and popular writer of burlesques and extravaganzas. He was the first editor of Fun, and leased several theatres, where he produced more ambitious plays, in which he himself occasionally appeared. The best was Cyril's Success (1868); the most successful Our Boys (1875).

Byström, JOHANN NIKLAS (1783-1848), Swedish sculptor, lived and died in Rome. [Bees-trem.]

Council of Five Hundred, then of the senate. He died near Meulan. His chief work is his once-famous Rapports du Physique et du Moral de l'Homme (1802). [Ca-ba-neess.]

Cabet, ÉTIENNE (1788-1856), communist, was born at Dijon, and died at St Louis, having gone out to Texas in 1847 to found an 'Icarian community, so named after his Voyage en Icarie (1840), a 'philosophical and social romance,' describing a communistic Utopia. [Ca-bay.]

Cable, GEORGE WASHINGTON, author, was born in New Orleans, October 12, 1844, and at nineteen volunteered into the Confederate service. After the war he earned for some time a precarious living, and, laid up with malarial fever caught at survey work on the Atchafalaya River, began to write for the New Orleans papers. His Creole sketches in Scribner's made his reputation, revealing as they did an interesting phase of American social life. Among his books are Old Creole Days (1879), The Grandissimes (1880), Madame Delphine (1881), Creoles of Louisiana (1884), The Silent South (1885), The Negro Question (1890), and John March, Southerner (1895).

Cabot, or CABOTTO, GIOVANNI, discoverer of the mainland of North America, was a Genoese pilot, who was naturalised at Venice in 1476, and about 1490 settled in Bristol. Under letters-patent from Henry VII. he set sail from Bristol in 1497, with two ships, accompanied by his three sons,

and on 24th June sighted Cape Breton Island and Nova Scotia.-His second son, SEBASTIAN, was born probably at Venice in 1474, and is commonly said to have sailed in 1499 with two ships in search of a North-west Passage, following the American coast from 60° to 30 N. lat. According, however, to Harrisse, this expedition was really commanded by the elder Cabot, for the whole of whose work Sebastian calmly took credit. In 1512 he entered the service of Ferdinand V. of Spain as a cartographer, but returned to England in 1517, where he appears to have been offered by Henry VIII., through Wolsey, the command of an expedition which 'tooke none effect. In 1519 Cabot returned to Spain, and, as pilot-major for Charles V., examined in 1526 the coast of Brazil and the Plate River. An attempt to colonise ending in failure, he was imprisoned, and banished for two years to Africa. In 1533 he obtained his former post in Spain; but in 1548, again in England, he was made by Edward VI. inspector of the navy. To this monarch he explained the variation of the magnetic needle. He seems to have died in London in 1557. Of his famous map (1544), a copy exists in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris. See Winsor's History of America (1885), and works on the Cabots by Nicholl (1869), Harrisse (1882-96), Stevens (1896), Dawson (1894), and Weare (1897).

Cabral, or CABRERA, PEDRO ALVAREZ, the Portuguese discoverer, in the same year as Pinzon, of Brazil, was born about 1460, and, after Vasco da Gama's first voyage, commanded a fleet of 13 vessels bound for the East Indies. On 9th March 1500 he sailed from Lisbon. To avoid becalming off the coast of Africa, he took a course too far westerly, fell into the South American current of the Atlantic, and was carried to the unknown coast of Brazil, of which, on 25th April, he claimed possession for the king of Portugal. He now sailed for India; but on 29th May four of his vessels foundered, and soon afterwards three more were lost. Cabral therefore landed at Mozambique, on the east coast of Africa, of which he first gave clear information, and, sailing thence to Calicut, established the first commercial treaty between Portugal and India. He returned with a considerable booty to Lisbon, 31st July 1501.

Cabrera, DON RAMON (1810-77), a Carlist leader in 1833-40 and 1848-49, was born at Tortosa, and died at Wentworth, near Staines, having married a wealthy English lady. In 1839 Don Carlos created him Count of Morella. [Ca-brai'ra.] Cada Mosto. See CADEMOSTO. Cadbury, the name of a firm of cocoa-manufacturers who began business in 1860 with 12 workmen, and now employ 2400 hands, at Bournville, a Worcestershire suburb of Birmingham, amply provided with libraries, baths, reading-rooms, girls' gardens, sick-homes, &c. for the Cocoa Colony.

Cade, JACK, leader of the insurrection of 1450, was by birth an Irishman. He had murdered a woman in Sussex, had fled to France, and served awhile against England, and then had settled in Kent as a physician, and married a squire's daughter. Assuming the name of Mortimer, and the title of Captain of Kent, he marched on London with upwards of 15,000 followers, and encamped at Blackheath. On 2d July he entered London, where for two days he maintained strict order, though he forced the Lord Mayor to pass judgment on Lord Say, one of the king's detested favourites, whose head Cade's men straightway cut off in Cheapside. On the third day some

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houses were plundered; and that night the citizens held London Bridge. A promise of pardon now sowed dissension among the insurgents; they dispersed, and a price was set upon Cade's head. He attempted to reach the coast, but was followed by one Alexander Iden, a squire of Kent, who on 12th July killed him in a garden near Heathfield in Sussex. See an English monograph by Kriehn (Strasb. 1892).

Cad'ell, FRANCIS (1822-79), born at Cockenzie, became an East India midshipman, and in 185059 explored the Murray River and its tributaries. He was murdered by a mutinous crew when sailing from Amboyna to the Kei Islands.

Cadell, ROBERT (1788-1849), from 1811 partner in the Edinburgh publishing-house of Constable & Co., after whose failure in 1825 he began business again, and realised a handsome fortune by his editions of Scott's works.

Cademosto, ALOYS DA (c. 1432-80), who was born and died in Venice, in 1455, for Prince Henry the Navigator, undertook a voyage to the Canaries and as far as the mouth of the Gambia; in 1456 he made a second voyage to Senegambia.

Cadogan, WILLIAM (1675-1726), an Irish general, who served under Marlborough, and was created Baron Cadogan in 1716, Earl Cadogan in 1718.-GEORGE HENRY, the fifth Earl (b. 12th May 1840), in 1895 was appointed Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. [Kad-ugʻan.]

Cad'oudal, GEORGES (1771-1804), was born, a miller's son, near Auray in Lower Brittany, from 1793 to 1800 led the royalist Chouans against the republicans, and was guillotined for conspiring, with Pichegru, against Napoleon. See a work by his nephew (Par. 1887).

Cadwaladr, a Welsh prince, who, blinded by Irish pirates, resisted Henry II., and died in 1172.

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Cadmon, the first Anglo-Saxon writer of note, died about 680 A.D. Bede tells us that, unlearned till mature in years (later accounts make him a cowherd), he became aware in a semimiraculous manner that he was called to exercise the gift of religions poetry, was educated, became a monk at Whitby, and spent the rest of his life in composing poems on the Bible histories and on religious subjects. Of the 'Paraphrase of Cædmon' there is extant but single MS. of the 10th century in the Bodleian, consisting of 229 folio pages, 212 of which contain the account of the creation and the fall of the angels and of man, and the story of Genesis down to the offering of Isaac, the Exodus of Israel, and part of the book of Daniel; the remaining pages comprise a poem of Christ and Satan. It is certain that this poetry, at least in its present form, is due to various authors, and probably to different times. The extant MS. was presented by Archbishop Ussher to Franciscus Junius, by whom it was printed at Amsterdam in 1655. Some have disputed the identification of the extant paraphrase with the work of Bede's poet. The fine Northumbrian poem known as The Dream of the Holy Rood,' part of which is inscribed in runic letters on the Ruthwell cross, the remainder being found in a MS. at Vercelli, has also been ascribed to Cædmon. The Paraphrase has been edited by Thorpe (1832-33), by Bouterwek (1849-54), and in GreinWulker's Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie (vol. ii. Leip. 1894). [Kad' mon.]

Cæsar, CAIUS (or GAIUS) JULIUS, son of a Roman prætor, was born 12th July 100 B.C. His aunt was wife of Marius; and in 83 B.C. Julius

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himself married Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, and thus incurring the wrath of Cinna's enemy, Sulla, went to Asia (81) till Sulla's death (78). Elected pontifex in 74, he became the leader of the democratic party in overthrowing Sulla's constitution (70). After a year in Spain as quæstor, he married Pompeia (67), a relative of Pompey. In 65, as curule ædile, he lavished vast sums of money on games and public buildings, and was subsequently pontifex maximus and prætor. There is some ground for believing he was indirectly concerned in Catiline's conspiracy. In 61 he obtained the province of Hispania Ulterior, and on his return he was elected consul. With rare tact and sagacity he reconciled Pompey and Crassus, and formed with them the First Triumrirate (60 B.C.). Cæsar gave Pompey his daughter Julia in marriage, while he married Calpurnia. Next he obtained the province of Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Transalpina, and Illyricum; and passing into Gaul (58) for nine years conducted those splendid campaigns by which he com. pleted the subjugation of the West to Rome. In his first campaign he vanquished the Helvetii and Ariovistus; in 57 the Belgic confederacy and the Nervii; and in 56 the Veneti and other peoples of Brittany and Normandy. He next drove two invading German tribes across the Rhine; and (55 B.C.) invaded Britain." In 54, on a second invasion of Britain, he crossed the Thames, and enforced at least the nominal submission of the south-east of the island. On his return to Gaul, he was himself defeated by the rebellious Eburones, but exacted a terrible vengeance on their leaders. Visiting northern Italy, he had hastily to return in midwinter to quell a general rebellion, headed by young Vercingetorix. The struggle was severe; at Gergovia, the capital of the Arverni, Cæsar was defeated. But by the capture of Alesia (52) he crushed the united armies of the Gauls. In the meantime Crassus had fallen in Asia (53), and Pompey gone over to the aristocrats. Under his direction the senate called upon Cæsar, now in Cisalpine Gaul, to resign his command and disband his army, and intrusted Pompey with large powers. His forces far outnumbered Cæsar's legions, but they were scattered over the empire. Enthusiastically sup ported by his victorious troops, Cæsar crossed the Rubicon (a small stream which separated his province from Italy Proper), and moved swiftly southwards. Pompey fled to Brundusium, pursued by Cæsar, and thence to Greece (49); and in three months Cæsar was master of all Italy. After subduing Pompey's legates in Spain, he was appointed dictator. Pompey had gathered in Egypt, Greece, and the East a powerful army, while his fleet swept the sea. Cæsar, crossing the Adriatic, was driven back with heavy loss from Dyrrhachium. But in a second battle at Pharsalia, 9th August 48 B.C., the senatorial army was utterly routed, and Pompey himself fled to Egypt, where he was murdered.

Cassar, again appointed dictator for a year, and consul for five years, instead of returning to Rome, went to Egypt, where out of love for Cleopatra (who subsequently bore him a son) he engaged in the successful Alexandrine War' (47). He overthrew a son of Mithridates in Pontus, and, after a short stay in Rome, routed the Pompeian generals, Scipio and Cato, at Thapsus (April 6, 46 B.C.) in Africa. After his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa had been celebrated by four great triumphs, he had still, spite of his wise and noble generosity, to quell an insurrection in Spain by Pompey's sons.

He now received the title of Father of his Country,' and also of imperator, was made dictator for life, and consul for ten years; his person was declared sacred, and even divine; his statue was placed in the temples; his portrait was struck on coins; and the month Quintilis was called Julius in his honour. He proposed to make a digest of the whole Roman law, to found libraries, to drain the Pontine Marshes, to enlarge the harbour of Ostia, to dig a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth, and to quell the inroads of the barbarians on the eastern frontiers; but in the midst of these vast designs he was cut off by assassination on the Ides (15th) of March 44 B.C. The alleged motive of the sixty conspirators-mostly aristocrats, headed by Brutus and Cassius-was that Cæsar was aiming at a hereditary monarchy. Cæsar was of a noble presence, tall, thin-featured, bald, and closeshaven. As general and statesman he takes a foremost place in the annals of the world; and excepting Cicero, he was the greatest orator of his time. As a historian, he has never been surpassed in simplicity, directness, and dignity. He was, in addition, a mathematician, philologist, jurist, and architect. The main outcome of his life-work was the transformation of the Roman republic into a government under a single ruler. Of Cæsar's works the Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil wars alone have been preserved. See the Roman histories of Merivale, Arnold, Mommsen, and Ihne, and works on Cæsar by Napoleon III. (1865-66), Froude (1879), Stoffel (Par. 188891), W. W. Fowler (1892), and T. G. Dodge (1893).

Cæsar, SIR JULIUS (1558-1636), judge, was born at Tottenham, the son of Cesare Adelinare, physi cian to Queen Mary. He was appointed judge of the Admiralty Court in 1584, Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1606, and Master of the Rolls in 1614. He sat in six parliaments, and was knighted in 1603.

Caffarelli, the stage name of Gaetano Majorano (1703-83), a great Neapolitan castrato singer. Caffyn, KATHLEEN MANNINGTON ('Iota '), author of A Yellow Aster (1894).

Cagliari, PAOLO. See VERONESE. [Cal'ya-ree.] Cagliostro, CoUNT ALESSANDRO DI, charlatan, was born at Palermo, 8th June 1743, of poor parentage, his true name Giuseppe Balsamo. When thirteen years old he ran away from school, and was afterwards sent to the monastery of Caltagirone, where he became assistant to the apothecary, and picked up his scanty knowledge of chemistry and medicine. He soon made the monastery too hot for him, and, after leading for a time the loosest life in Palermo, in 1769 he set out to seek his fortune, and, in company with the Greek sage Althotas, is vaguely represented as travelling in parts of Greece, Egypt, and Asia. At Rome he married a very pretty woman, Lorenza Feliciani, who became a skilful accomplice in his schemes; and in 1771 the pair set out on their wanderings, visiting Germany, London, Paris, Spain, Courland, St Petersburg, Warsaw, and where not else. Successful alike as physician, philosopher, alchemist, and necromancer, he carried on a lively business in his 'elixir of immortal youth,' founded lodges of 'Egyptian freemasons,' and at Paris in 1785 played a part in the affair of the Diamond Necklace, which lodged him for a while in the Bastille. In May 1789 he revisited Rome; on 20th December the Inquisition detected him founding some feeble ghost of an Egyptian lodge.' He was imprisoned, and condemned to

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death for freemasonry. His sentence was commuted to life-imprisonment in the fortress of San Leone, near Urbino, where, in spite of his 'elixir of immortal youth,' he died 28th August 1795, aged fifty-two years. His wife ended her days in a convent. His Mémoires (Paris, 1785) are not authentic. See the essay (1833) in Carlyle's Miscellanies. [Cal-yos'tro.]

Cagniard de la Tour, BARON CHARLES (17771859), a French physicist. [Can-yar'.]

Cagnola, LUIGI, MARCHESE (1762-1833), an architect, born at Milan, whose masterwork is the triumphal Arco della Pace (1807-38), of white Inarble, in Milan. [Can'yo-la.]

Cailliaud, FRÉDÉRIC (1787-1869), traveller in Egypt, the White Nile region, &c., was born and died at Nantes, where in 1827 he became keeper of the Natural History Museum. [Ca-ee-yo'.]

Caillié, RENÉ (1799-1839), who in 1827-28 by his adventurous journey from Sierra Leone to Timbuctoo and Tangier gained a prize of 10,000 francs and a yearly pension of 1000, was born at Mauze in Poitou, and died near Paris. See Life by Goepp (Par. 1885). [Ca-yay.]

Cain, AUGUSTE NICOLAS, animal sculptor, was born in Paris, 16th November 1822. [Ca-an3.]

Caine, THOMAS HENRY HALL, novelist, was born (of Manx blood on his father's side) at Runcorn, 14th May 1853, and was trained as an architect, but gradually passed to journalism (on the Liverpool Mercury) and literature. His works include Recollections of Rossetti (1882), Shadow of a Crime (1885), Son of Hagar (1886), The Deemster: a Romance of the Isle of Man (1887; dramatised as Ben-my-Chree), The Bondman (1890), The Scapegoat (1891: a tale of Jews in Morocco), The Manxman (1894), and The Christian (1897).

Caine, WILLIAM SPROSTON, temperance reformer and (since 1886) Liberal M.P., was born at Seacombe, Cheshire, 26th March 1842.

Caird, SIR JAMES, born at Stranraer in 1816, published High Farming the Best Substitute for Protection (1849) and English Agriculture in 185051 (1852), which has been translated into German, French, and Swedish. He sat in parliament as a Liberal 1857-65, and in 1864 obtained a grant for the publication of agricultural statistics. Appointed chairman of the Royal Commission on Sea Fisheries in 1863, he was made a K.C.B. in 1882. He died 9th February 1892.

Caird, JOHN, a great Scottish preacher, was born at Greenock in December 1820. He studied at Glasgow, and became minister successively at Newton-upon- Ayr (1845), Edinburgh (1847), Errol, in Perthshire (1849), and Glasgow (1857). His Religion of Common Life, preached before the Queen at Crathie in 1855, quickly carried his fame throughout the whole Protestant world; Dean Stanley said it was the greatest single sermon of the century. He received the degree of D.D. in 1860, was appointed professor of Divinity in 1862, and in 1873 Principal of Glasgow University. He has published Sermons (1858); An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (1880), which revealed a strong Neo-Hegelian leaning; Spinoza (1888).—His brother, EDWARD, was born in 1835. From Glasgow he passed as a Snell exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford, and became in 1864 fellow and tutor at Merton. 1866 he was appointed professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University; in 1893 he was made LL.D., and elected master of Balliol. His works are a Critical Account of the Philosophy of Kant (1877), Hegel (1883), The Social Philosophy

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and Religion of Comte (1885), The Evolution of Religion (Gifford Lectures, 1893), &c.

Cairnes, JOHN ELLIOT, economist, was born at Castle Bellingham, County Louth, 26th December 1823. He was placed in his father's brewery; but, much against his father's will, went to Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1848. In 1856 he was appointed professor of Political Economy at Dublin, in 1859 at Queen's College, Galway, and in 1866 at University College, London. An accident in the hunting-field in 1860 led to a breakdown in health; and, having resigned his chair in 1872, he died at Blackheath, 8th July 1875. His ten works include Character and Logical Method of Political Economy (1857), The Slave Power (1862), Essays on Political Economy (1873), and Some Leading Principles of Political Economy (1874). Cairnes may be regarded as a disciple of Mill, though differing from him on many points; he is second only to him among recent English economists.

Cairns, HUGH MACCALMONT CAIRNS, EARL, was born in County Down, Ireland, in December 1819, and educated at Belfast and Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1844, entered parliament for Belfast in 1852, and quickly made his mark in the House as a debater. He became Q.C. in 1856, in 1858 Solicitor-general, in 1866 Attorney-general under Lord Derby and a judge of appeal, and in 1867 Baron Cairns. Under Disraeli he was inade Lord Chancellor in 1868, and again in 1874, and was created Viscount Garmoyle and Earl Cairns in 1878. For some years he led the Conservatives in the Upper House. He died at Bournemouth, 2d April 1885. He prepared measures for simplifying the transfer of land, and projected that fusion of law and equity which was carried out by Lord Selborne. He took an active interest in all philanthropic schemes.

Cairns, JOHN, D.D., LL.D., theologian, was born at Ayton Law, Berwickshire, 23d August 1818, was a distinguished student at Edinburgh, and was ordained at Berwick in 1845, where he remained till 1876, having from 1867 been professor of Theology in the United Presbyterian Church. He became principal in 1879. Cairns, who was an eminent preacher, published the Memoir of Dr John Brown (1860), and Unbelief in the 18th Century (1881). He died 12th March 1892. See Life by MacEwen (1895).

Dr

Cairoli, BENEDETTO (1825-89), Italian statesman, born in Pavia. In youth a revolutionary and a Garibaldian, he was in 1878 and 1879 radical prime-minister of Italy.

Caius, DR JOHN, physician and scholar, was born at Norwich, 6th October 1510, Caius (pronounced Keys) being probably a Latinised form of Kaye or Key. He entered Gonville Hall, Cambridge, in 1529, and in 1533 was elected a fellow thereof, having just before been appointed principal of Fiswick's Hostel. In 1539 he went abroad, in 1541 was created an M.D. of Padua ; returning to England in 1544, he lectured on anatomy in London, then practised at Shrewsbury and Norwich. In 1547 he was admitted a fellow of the College of Physicians, of which he was subsequently nine times elected president. He also became physician to Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. Gonville Hall, founded in 1348 by Edmund Gonville, rector of Thelnetham, Suffolk (d. 1351), was by Caius in 1557 elevated into a college, which took the name of Gonville and Caius College, and of which in 1559 he became master. A loyal

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Catholic, he had great trouble with his Protestant fellows, who burned his mass vestments, and whom in return he put in the stocks. He died 29th July 1573. He was author of A Boke or Counseill against the Sweatyng Sicknesse (1552), and of ten other published works on a variety of subjects, critical, antiquarian, and scientific.

Cajetan, CARDINAL (1469-1534), properly Thomas de Vio, born at Gaeta, in 1508 became general of the Dominicans, in 1517 cardinal, in 1519 bishop of Gaeta, and in 1523 legate to Hungary. In 1518 he sought to induce Luther to recant at Augsburg. He died at Rome.

Calamé, ALEXANDRE (1810-64), a Swiss painter of Alpine scenery, born at Vevay, died at Mentone. See monograph by Rambert (Par. 1884).

Calamy, EDMUND, Puritan divine, was born in London in 1600; studied at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge (1616-19); and afterwards became domestic chaplain to Felton, Bishop of Ely. In 1626 he was appointed lecturer at Bury St Edmunds, but resigned when the order to read the Book of Sports was enforced (1636); in 1639 he was chosen minister of St Mary Aldermanbury, London. He had a principal share in Smectum auus (1641), a reply to Bishop Hall's Divine Right of Episcopacy. He disapproved of the execution of Charles, and of Cromwell's protectorate, and was one of the deputation to Charles II. in Holland. His services were recognised by a royal chaplaincy and the offer of the bishopric of Coventry and Lichfield, which he refused through conscientious scruples (his wife's, according to Tillotson). Ejected for nonconformity in 1662, be continued to attend service in his old church, till heart-broken by the Great Fire, he died 29th October 1666. He published nineteen sermons, &c.-One of his five sons, Dr BENJAMIN CALAMY (1642-86), rose to be a prebendary of St Paul's, and published A Discourse about a Scrupulous Conscience, dedicated to Judge Jeffreys; another, EDMUND (1635-85), was ejected for nonconformity. His son, EDMUND CALAMY, D.D. (1671-1732), studied three years at Utrecht, and, declining Carstares' offer of a Scotch professorship, from 1694 was a Nonconformist minister in London. He visited Scotland in 1709, when Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen all conferred degrees on him. His forty-one works include Account of the Ejected Ministers (1702) and an interesting Autobiography, first published in 1829.

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Calas, JEAN (1698-1762), a tradesman of Toulouse, who was broken on the wheel on the monstrous charge of having murdered his eldest son (who had hanged himself), 'because he had contemplated conversion to Catholicism.' vision of the trial followed, and the parliament at Paris in 1765 declared Calas and all his family innocent. Louis XV. gave them 30,000 livres, but neither the parliament of Toulouse nor the fanatical monks were ever brought to account. See Voltaire's Sur la Tolérance; a French monograph by Coquerel (2d ed. 1870), a German one by Dryander (1887); and essays by Mark Pattison (1889) and Kegan Paul (1891). [Ca-lah'.]

Calcraft, WILLIAM (1800-79), shoemaker and, from 1829 to 1874, hangman, was born at Baddow, near Chelmsford.

Caldara, ANTONIO (1670-1736), composer, was born in Venice, and died in Vienna. [Cal-dah'ra.] Caldara, POLIDORO. See CARAVAGGIO.

Caldecott, RANDOLPH, an artist and bookillustrator, unrivalled as an exponent of the humours of animal life and the joys of the

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country-house and hunting-field, was born at Chester, 22d March 1846. A clerk in a bank, first at Whitchurch (1861-67) and then at Manchester (1867-72), he had early developed a talent for art, and was encouraged by his success in the London illustrated papers to remove to the metropolis. His health, however, gave way, and after vain attempts to restore it by trips abroad, he died at St Augustine, Florida, 12th February 1886. See Memoir by Blackburn (1886).

Calderon, DoN SERAFIN ESTÉBANEZ (1801-67), Spanish poet and historian, a native of Malaga. See Life by his nephew (2 vols. Madr. 1883).

Calderon, PHILIP HERMOGENES, painter, was born at Poitiers in 1833, the son of a Spanish Protestant refugee who wrote Cervantes Vindicado (1854), &c. Brought to England in 1846, he studied in London and Paris, and regularly contributed to the Royal Academy from 1853, his subjects being chiefly historical or imaginative. Elected an A.R.A. in 1864, an R. A. in 1867, he became in 1887 keeper of the Royal Academy.

Calderon de la Barca, PEDRO, Spain's greatest dramatist, was born of good family at Madrid, 17th January 1600. After schooling under the Jesuits, he studied law and philosophy at Salamanca (1613-19), and during ten years' service in the Milanese and in Flanders saw much of men and manners that he afterwards utilised. On Lope's death in 1635, he was summoned by Philip IV. to Madrid, and appointed a sort of master of the revels. In 1640 the rebellion in Catalonia roused him once more to take the field; but in 1651 he entered the priesthood, and in 1653 with. drew to Toledo. Ten years went by, and he was recalled to court and to the resumption of his dramatic labours, receiving, with other preferments, the post of chaplain of honour to Philip; and he continued to write for the court, the church, and the public theatres till his death, 25th May 1681. Castilian and Catholic to the backbone, Calderon wrote for his contemporaries, his fellow-countrymen, his co-religionists. Posterity and the outer world must fail to appreciate his perfect fidelity to the Spanish thought and manners of his age; his passion seems to them bombast, his nice points of honour fantastic, and his plots a very labyrinth for intricacy. This, though Schlegel pronounced him the fourth in a mighty quaternion, with Homer, Dante, and Shakespeare.' His autos sacramentales, outdoor plays for the festival of Corpus Christi, number 72, and have been divided into seven classes-biblical, classical, ethical, cloak and sword plays,' dramas of passion, and so forth; the finest of them is El Divino Orfeo. Of his regular dramas 118 are extant. About a score of them are known to English readers through the renderings of one or more of the following translators: Shelley (a fine fragment from The Magician); Denis M'Carthy (10 plays, 1853-73); Edward FitzGerald (8 plays, 1853 et seq.); Archbishop Trench (2 plays, with essay on Life and Genius,' 1856; 2d ed. 1880); and N. Maccoll (4 plays, 1888). The best edition of the autos is that of Apontes (1760), and of the plays those by Hartzenbusch (1850) and Garcia Ramon (1882). See Ticknor's Spanish Literature (1849), and Miss Hasell's Calderon ('Foreign Classics' series, 1879). [Cal-day-roan'.]

Calderwood, DAVID (1575-1650), ecclesiastical historian, was probably born at Dalkeith, and, after studying at Edinburgh, was in 1604 ordained minister of Crailing, Roxburghshire. In 1617 he joined in a protest against granting the power of framing new church laws to an ecclesiastical