districts of the Old Continent. In Europe, the supplies of gold have never been large. In England, small particles of gold are sometimes found in the Devonshire and Cornish mines, and in streams; they are said to be found also in some of the Welch hills; in Bedfordshire, at a place called Pollux-hill; at Little Taunton, in Gloucestershire; on Dartmoor; and in some parts of Scotland, in which country it was formerly worked by the Scottish kings. The only remarkable gold district in Ireland is on the east shore of Wicklow. In France, gold is found at Gardotte, in the Isere; and in the Rhine, Rhone, and Garrone there is gold in the sands of the rivers. In Spain, the sands of the rivers Tagus, Douro, and Darro yield it, as do the gold mines of Arragon, Leon, Andalusia, Granada, and Gallicia. In Italy, the Alpine regions alone afford gold. In Germany, gold has been found in many localties, and is obtained from the Hartz, the Muldic, Bavaria, and Baden. In Sweden there are several gold mines, and traces of it are found in Norway. In Russia, the chief gold deposits are on the Asiatic side of the Ural Mountains. The total produce of Russia, from Europe and Asia, was from fifty to seventy thousand lbs. annually, or about two millions sterling. In Asia, gold is found in several regions. In the basin of the Indus, three hundred people are employed in washing the sands. In the basin of the Ganges, gold is to be found, as in the Goomty, Ramgunga, and other rivers at the foot of the Himalays. On each coast, and in the heart of the Deccan, gold is found in several localities. It is found in the Asiatic provinces. It is also found in China, in Thibet, in Malacca, in Japan, and throughout Australia, -abounding most in those islands which are composed of

primitive and transitive rocks, being richer in the western and northern islands, and most abundant in the eastern islands. Borneo is the richest of these gold regions, where it is found in the beds of rivers, and in dry diggings. In Sarawak, in 1849, two thousand men got £30,000 worth of gold from the detritus of Mount Trian. New Guinea, in New Caledonia, and New Zealand.

Gold also exists in

There are many systems of gold-working, such as washing, crushing, and mining. The washing is applied to the gold found in the sands of rivers, and crushing and mining to that which is found in rocks and stones. Gold washing is carried on busily on the banks of the Niger by the Negro, and on those of the Goomty by the Hindoo, and by the Englishman on the Murray or Sacramento. Washing is a very simple process, yet requires some adroitness in carrying it out. If we take a handful of earth or sand, containing particles of gold in it, and hold it in the water so that the earth is gently washed away, the particles of gold, by their superior weight, will remain in the hollow of the hand, while the particles of earth will escape with the water. In the commencement of gold discoveries, basins, tin-pans, even frying-pans, have been made use of in the washing processes; but, in advanced stages of gold-digging, a machine called a "cradle" is used. It is a box on rockers, six or eight feet long, open at the foot, and having at its head a coarse grate or sieve. This kind of machine will employ four men-one digger or excavator to raise the sand, another to carry it to the grate of the cradle, a third to rock it, and a fourth to pour on water. The use of the sieve is to keep the coarse stones from going into the cradle, while the current of water washes away the earthy

matter, and the gravel is gradually swept out at the foot of the machine, leaving the gold mixed wlth a heavy, fine black sand above the first cleats. The sand and gold thus mixed together are then taken away, and the sand being dried is blown away, the gold remaining free behind. Cradles of peculiar size have different names; one nine or ten feet long is called a "Long Tom."

Such are the implements of the gold-finder. And after all these have been attended to, there is one other little ingredient which is essential, namely, "Luck," i.e. "Good Luck." Thousands upon thousands wend their way to the diggings, and return heart-broken and dispirited; many lose hope and confidence after a few weeks sojourn; some begin to dig, and get tired of digging, and give it up as a bad job; others, seeing the horrors and the labour, go away after taking a look; while some go upon the maxim, " Seek and ye shall find." Such was the maxim of the four enterprising young men who were so fortunate as to find the monster nugget of " Ballarat.” Their names, were Daniel Evans, John Evans, John Lees, and William Poulton Green; the three former are all natives of Oldham, in Lancashire, and went out in the ship, Lady Read, from Liverpool on the 2nd of June, 1852. Green joined the others at Melbourne, in November of the same year, and starting from thence on the 17th, arrived at Ballarat diggings on the 20th. After prospecting ten days, they commenced work there without success; they then went to the Canadian gully and commenced sinking. The difficulties they had to encounter were very great; most of the diggers had abandoned their holes in the neighbourhood, after having gone to the depth of forty or fifty feet. But our enterprising

young men went steadily down, being convinced from observations of the Evans's that the gold lay deeper. "Deeper and deeper still" was their motto, and cheerfully they worked away, till, at last, on the 31st of January, 1853, at 5 p. m. they knocked into the nugget. It was found at a depth of 66 feet, in a tunnel or drift about three feet under the side. They then ceased to work. Thousands crowded to the spot. They offered to sell the hole for £300. The next morning a "Party" stepped forward and expressed a wish to try the stuff, which of course was permitted; in doing this they came upon a small nugget of 66lbs., they then bought the hole, and went to work like lions-but whether they have realised their outlay is not yet known. After the finding of the nugget the rush to the deserted holes was tremendous, and every one seemed bent upon going down to the sixty-six feet. Our adventurers wisely walked off with their nugget, and have safely brought it to the Great Globe-where it remains an illustration of the great maxim, "seek, and ye shall find.”

There is nothing more instructive and interesting than a morning in the Great Globe; to young persons, especially, the geographical lectures and illustrations are particularly useful. The great modern discoveries in geography are there explained in a manner highly interesting, and the various models of places, the numerous maps in relief—the sections of mines, specimens of minerals, especially of gold, and above all, the numerous instruments and machinery connected with this interesting study, render it one of the most wonderful exhibitions in the metropolis, already; and when extended in accordance with its new prospectus, it will be one of the most wonderful exhibitions in the "Great Globe itself."

R

Something about Turkey and Russia.

ARS AND RUMOURS OF WARS." Such is the order of the day. The Russians are going to kill all the Turks; and the Turks are going to kill the Russians. What for? That is the question. The Russians say the Turks won't let them use the holy places-or sacred shrines-as they like. The Turks say, they may do just as they like. The Russians say that they will have the Key of the Holy Shrine of Jerusalem; the Turks want a key also-and the fight is all about a key. Peter Parley says: "Why not have two keys-one for the Turks, and one for the Russians, so that either Turk or Russian can go in and out when he likes." But all this pretence, my young friends, about keys, and shrines, and holy places-is nonsense, as the saying is. The real matter is this. The Russians are immense hordes of people who live in very cold, inhospitable climates-in which they are frozen up for half the year. They would like a little warm sunshine, a few fruits, a little nosegay or so, and they find some very fertile provinces southwards of their country, and they wish to come south as much as possible, and to build towns on the shores of that beautiful sea, called