Distances on the Highways of Europe (Kilometers) Source: Foreign Travel Division of the American Automobile Association 160 672 1532 160 598 1372 672 598 1375 1532 1372 1375 774 614 180 1195 1918 1907 1493 2740 1515 727 807 696 2086 868 1342 880 720 286 1089 106 1653 974 1239 1079 1476 709 1294 2843 1825 1188 1367 1207 773 1247 601 1234 1238 604 1573 1106 1132 876 2157 1025 1121 325 1069 2256 1235 208 48 550 1324 566 1859 830 672 1031 1167 1144 2330 2319 1905 3059 1927 797 1754 1971 3157 1871 1513 2271 1476 1465 1051 2205 1073 442 900 1117 2303 1017 659 1417 854 374 214 749 1294 778 2071 1042 884 1001 1379 1356 212 2483 1629 1198 1278 1167 2557 1339 1483 471|1396|2656|1709 494 1301 1895 1041 1513] 774 1918 727 880 1239 1367 1106 208 2330 1476 374 1198 614 1907 807 720 1079 1207 1132 48 2319 1465 214 1278 180 1493 696 286/1476 773 876 550 1905 1051 749 1167 1195 2740 2086 1089 709 1247 2157 1324 3059 2205 1294 2557 1515 868 106 1294 601 1025 566 1927 1073 778 1339 1342 1653 2843 1234 1121 1859 797 442 2071 1483 974 1825 1238 325 830 1754 900 1042 471 1188 604 1069 672 1971 1117 884 1396 1573 2256 1031 3157 2303 1001 2656 1235 1167 1871 1017 1379 1709 1144 1513 659 1356 494 2271 1417 212 1301 854 2483 1895 1629 1041 1513 434 713 1035 1431 1088 434 609 276 973 2225 1780 2003 1427 710 1308 1544 859 1035 708 1226 145 958 843 691 62 2578 1574 1241 484 546 1440 283 1431 1226 1154 1148 1724 1155 1165 2163 2489 1302 1152 721 625 214 943 1088 145 1154 1103 785 972 207 2723 1504 1152 339 836 529 1368 428 958 1148 11031 1033 320 896 1791 2100 1926 1442 507 1108 1362 782 609 708 1724 7851033 713 705 2797 1477 1922 1124 1062 1136 1935 778 276 843 1155 972 320 781 2050 1780 1795 1327 434 1035 1369 628 973 62 1165 207 896 705 781 2655 1636 1333 546 629 638 1379 221 3864 3372 3029 1959 2623 2377 2367 2225 2578 2163 2723 1791 2797 2050 2565 2239 1279 2265 1806|2703|1857 1780 1574 2489 1504 2100 1477 1780 1636 3864 950 1413 812 15161162 2003 1241 1302 1152 1926 1922 1795 1333 3372 2239 484 1152 339 1442 1124 1327 546 3029 1279 950 1427 1070 527 1366 672 710 691 721 836 507 1062 434 629 1959 2265 1413 1070 601 935 408 839 464 1308 546 625 529 1108 1136 1035 638 2623 1806 812 527 601 1544 1440 214 1368 1362 1935 1369 1379 2377 2703 1516 1366 935 839 283 943 428 782 778 628 221 2367 1857 1162 672 408 4641157 859 1157 781 Locarno. 851 864 Marseilles Montreux. Munchen. 565 2050 851 864 662 935 1780 273 1264 939 809 615 1795 1327 429 944 2575 505 551 1361 574 Airway Distances Abroad (Statute Miles) Source: Foreign Travel Division of the American Automobile Association London to-Paris, 205; Amsterdam, 230; Rotterdam, 227; Cologne, 326; Brussels, 200; Berlin, 600; Stuttgart, 496; Hamburg, 480; Warsaw, 920. Paris to Basle, 268; Basle to Zurich, 49; Berlin, 552; Danzig, 806. 205: London to (Australian route)-Paris, Brindisi, Italy, 1,352; Athens, Greece, 1,721; Alexandria, Egypt, 2,308; Gaza, Palestine. 2,584; Rutbah, Iraq, 2,947; Baghdad, Iraq, 3,187; Basra, Iraq, 3,465; Kowelt, Arabia, 3,540; Bahrein, off Arabia; Sharjah, Oman, 4,140; Gwadar, Baluchistan, 4,580; Karachi, India, 4,880; Jodhpur, India. 5,264; Delhi, India, 5.566; Cawnpore, India, 5.809: Allahabad, India, 5,919; Calcutta, India, 6.386; Akyab, Burma, 6,734; Rangoon, Burma, 7.041; Bangkok, Siam, 7,405; Alor Star, Malaya, 7,960; Singapore, Malaya, 8,393; Palembang, Dutch E. Indies, 8,695; Batavia, D. E. I., 8,983; Semarang. D. E. I., 9,233; Sourabaya, D. E. I., 9,390; Rambang, D. E. I., 9,676; Koepang, D. E. I.. 10,214: Darwin, North Australia, 10,726; Longreach, Queensland, 12,049; Charleville, Q., 12,316; Brisbane, Q., 12,754. London to (South Africa route)-Paris, 205: Brindisi, 1,352; Athens, 1,721; Alexandria, 2,308; Cairo, Egypt, 2,420; Wadi Halfa, Sudan, 3,017; Sudan, 3,517; Juba, Sudan, 4,276: Khartoum, Entebbe, Uganda, 4,611; Nairobi, Kenya, 4,945: Dodoma, Tanganyika, 5,317; Mbeya, Tanganyika, 5,603; Broken Hill, No. Rhodesia, 6,116; Salisbury. So. Rhodesia, 6,416; Bulawayo, So. Rh.; Johannesburg, Transvaal, 7,094; Kimberley, Cape Prov., 7,366; Cape Town, O. P., 7,904. DISTANCES ON THE HIGHWAYS OF EUROPE (KILOMETERS) (Continued) Source: Foreign Travel Division of American Automobile Association. kilometer is 8 of a mile Figures show kilometers; a Dresden. 716 1207 458 737 1012 1198 646 1157 969 498 502 1242 639 913 257 716 1310 258 560 886 1144 1198 1015 266 467 302 756 794 770 685 1207 1310 1060 774 713 279 774 685 1447 1571 1406 1394 568 618 1093 458 258 1060 286 612 886 940 757 524 511 346 784 521 512 427 737 560 7741 286 326 608 881 471 751 797 632 758 472 226 635 1012 886 713 612 326) 492 1226 145 975 1123 958 708 605 210 899 1198 1144 279 886 608 492 948 406 1281 1397 1232 1191 530 6051074 646 1198 774 940 881 1226 948 1154 1464 1144 1148 1724 535 1127 615 1157 1015 685 757 471 145 406 1154 1052 1268 1103 785 750 355 1044 524 751 975 1281 1464 1052 794 629 677 1045 899 951 511 797 1123 1397 1144 1268 794 165 1198 944 1023 754 632 958 1232 1148 1103 629 165 1033 824 858 634 758 708 1191 1724 785 677 1198 1033) 1100 794 1270 639 794 568 521 472 605 530 535 750 1045 944 824 1100 913 770 618 512 226 210 605 1127 355 899 1023 858 794 505 257 685 1093 427 635 899 1074 615 1044 951 754 634 1270 525 801 969 266 1447 498 467 1571 502 302 1406 346 1242 756 1394 784 Grenoble. Hamburg. Hanover. Havre.. Innsbruck. Interlaken. 505 525 801 1060 713 279 1447 1571 1394 1666 1790 1197 1060 293 483 277 1702 876 612 886 524 511 784 606 887 579 505 1353 1139 933 1081 736 713 612 492 975 1123 708 1218 1499 503 940 1006 880 6741572 1022 279 886 492 1281 1397 1191 1492 1773 986 1022 511 657 451 1654 1050 1447 524 9751281 794 677 889 1170 472 1124 1732 1606 1400 1326 1260 1571 511 1123397 794 1198 95 376 1003 653 1856 1562 1356] 855 940 1394 784 708 1191 677 1198 1293 1574 205 1348 1687 1470 1264 1865 1517 1666 606 1218 1492 889 951293 410 1098 748 1951 1657 1451 950 1035 1790 8871499 1773 470 376 1574- 410 1379 808 2083 1646 1634 1010|1095 1197 579 503 986 472 1003 205 1098 1379 1159 1490 1364 1158 1650 1312 1060 505 940 1022 1124 6531348 748 808 1159| 1353 780 904 632 287 293 1353 1006 511 1732 1856 1687 1951 2083 1490 1353 776 570 1913 1169 483 1139 880 657 1606 1562 1470 1657 1646 1364 780 776] 206 1237 493 277 933 674 451 14001356 1264 1451 1634 1158 904 570 206 1343 599 1702 1081 1572 1654 1326 855 1865 950 1010 1650 632 1913 1237 1343 744 876 736 1022|1050|1260| 9401517|1035|1095|1312| 2871169 493 599 744 Strasbourg Paris.. St. Moritz Sarajevo. Strasbourg. Stuttgart. Trieste. Turin.. Venice.. Warsaw. Vienna.. Wiesbaden Zurich. 1159 1490 773 1008 2336 507 637 1364 803 1158 16501312 553 1730 573 1159 1353 690 389 1105 744 568 7801082 904 632 287 549 705 657 14901353 791 1023 168111621251 776 694 570 1913 1169 1397 1281 927 773 690 791 3601495 445 418 665 315 459 1332 677 680 1095 200 1008 3891023 360] 11351474 388 656 675 574 1061 317 563 735 435 2336 1105 1681 14951135] 1474 1510, 1005 1545 1111 1463 828 1804 400 1557 507 744 1162 445 1474 1474) 176 1184 686 8301301 868 271 1286 245 637 568 1251 418 388 1510 176 902 669 802 1125 692 239 1110 218 1364 780 776 665 656|1005|1184 902 640 2061237 493 1183 605 791 803 1082 694 315 675 1545 686 669 640 434 1647 1033 921 1145 451 1158 904 570 459 574 1111 830] 802 206| 434) 1343 599 977 711 595 1650 632 1913 133210611463 1301 1125 1237 1647 1343 744 1125 1162 1289 1312 2871169 677 317 828 868 692 4931033 599 744 780 418 739 553 549 1397 680 563 1804 271 239 1183 921 977 1125 780 1198 480 1730 705 1281 1085 735 400 1286 1110 605 1145 711 1162 418 1198 1157 573 657 927| 200| 435|1557 245 218 791 451 595 1289 739 480 1157 OTHER TRAVELING DISTANCES IN EUROPE, STATUTE MILES Berlin to Berne, 611; Bremen, 215; Essen, 317; Istanbul, Turkey to--Adrianople, 198; Batum, 674: Beirut, 976; Brindisi, 847; Gibraltar, 2,099; Marseilles, 1,552; Moscow, 2,300; Naples, 1,101; Odessa, 395; Smyrna, 558. mouth, 246; Portsmouth, 74; Sheffield, 163; South- Madrid to-Barcelona, 425; Bordeaux, 538; London to-Aldershot, 37; Bath, 107; Bishop's Distances Between Ports in Asia Source: United States Hydrographic Office; statute miles, water routes Colombo Amoy Batavia. Canton. 2270 2270 0 2121 430 2121 430 3724 230 Colombo. 3724 2138] 3570 Foochow 230 2466 624 3914 0 Hong Kong 334 2052 96 3496 529 334 777 683 1902 161 1596 1072 1533 2052 1795 2904 606 2165 3812 3293 3678 96 822 1077 1748 306 1990 1466 1921 3496 3399 4367, 1825 3618 5280 4756) 5167 529 906 541 2092 356 1457 930 1401 0 727 981 1674 0 1338 0 211 1894 1370 1825 717 2202 1725 2023 808 1135 534 1199 1796 3458] 29341 3345 0 1722 1722 1198 1653 1153 1093 0 1274 0 Haitien Cape Galvestone Havana Key West 864 1368 1255 373 509 1023 1615 707 1702 1639 546 934 1054 1739 969 1616 1576 629 1185 1315 1635 172 1945 1854 668 521 538 2005 872 2233 451 514 1428 2057 2560 717 106 1488 694 593 874 1207 1720 937 713 1301 1226 1312 872 106 01474 658 533 917 1193 1689 1001 864 707 969 172 2233 1488 1474 02129 2016 837 552 408 2174 1368 1702 1616 1945 451 694 658 2129 0 263 1304 1848 2376 919. 1255 163915761854 514 593 533 2016 2631 01238 1736 2250 957 373 546 629 668 1428874 917 837 1304 1238 0 805 1152 1367 509 934 1185 521 2057 1207 1193 552 1848 1736 805 0 597 2129 1023 1054 1315 538 256017201689 408 2376 2250 1152 597 0/2494 16151739 1635|2005| 717 9371001/2174 919 957 1367 2129|2494| Distances Between South American (Pacific) Ports Source: United States Hydrographic Office; statute miles 0 374 248 936 456 1961 1693 258 953 480 1289 1496 821 2299 663 374 0 601 683 808 1709 1441 1127 1306 158 1035 1244 567 2650 1016 248 601 01129 226 2148 1879 484 723 698 1480 1682 1013 2067 433 936 683 1129 01308 1047 778 7591762 539- 372 582 147 3076 1504 456 808 226 1308 02319 2051 693 524 901 1655 1853 1193 1869 234 1961 1709 2148 1047 2319 0 410 1785 2750 1565 694 484 1176 4037 2509 1693 1441 1879 778 2051 410 01517 2482 1297 426 215 907 3769 2241 258 1127 484 759 693 1785 1517 01190 253 1111 1320 645 2535 901 953 1306 723 1762 524 2750 2482 1190 01392 2097 2284 1649 1371 309 480 158 698 539 901 1565 1297 253 1392 0 891 1100 423 2734 1108 1289 1035 1480 372 1655 694 426 1111 2097 891 0 232 501 3396 1848 1496 1244 1682 582 1853 484 215 1320 2284 1100 232 0 710 3571 2043 821 567 1013 147 1193 1176 907 645 1649 423 501 710 02969 1390 2299 2650 2067 3076 1869 4037 3769 2535 1371 2734 3396 3571 2969 01656 663 1016 433|1504| 234|2509|2241 901] 309 1108 1848 2043 1390 1656 Panama Canal Distances (Statute Miles) Source: United States Hydrographic Office Colon to Baltimore, 2,189: Boston. 2.484; Charleston, S. C., 1,801; Galveston, 1,719; Havana, 1.155; Halifax, 2,668; Jacksonville, 1,768; Key West, 1,220; Kingston, Jamaica, 634; Mobile, 1.604; New Orleans, 1,616; New York, 2,273: Norfolk. 2,049; Pensacola, 1,576; Philadelphia, 2,241; Bordeaux, 5,295; Gibraltar, 4.989; Glasgow, 5,208; Hamburg, 5,838; Havre, 5,313; Liverpool, 5,237; Plymouth, Eng., 5,130; Buenos Aires, 6,276; Montevideo, 6,144; Para, 2,659; Pernambuco, 3,774; Francisco, Help in Case of Drowning and Other Accidents Source: Medical Staff, American Red Cross Drowning, Electric Shock, Gas, Smoke and Other Suffocations 1. Lay patient on his belly, one arm extended directly overhead, the other arm bent at elbow and with the face turned outward and resting on hand or forearm, so nose and mouth are free. 2. Kneel, straddling patient's thighs with your knees placed at such a distance from the hip bones so as to apply pressure direct from shoulders to heel of hands. Place palms of hands on small of back, with fingers resting on ribs, the little finger just touching lowest rib, with thumb and fingers in natural position, and tips of fingers out of sight. 3. With arms held straight, swing forward slowly, so that the weight of your body is gradually brought to bear upon the patient. The shoulder should be directly over the heel of the hand at the end of the forward swing. Do not bend your elbows. This operation should take about two seconds. 4. Now immediately swing backward, so as to remove the pressure completely. 5. After two seconds swing forward again. Thus repeat deliberately twelve to fifteen times a minute, the double movement of compression and release, a complete respiration in four or five seconds. 6. Continue artificial respiration without interruption until natural breathing is restored, if necessary, four hours or longer, or until a physician declares the patient is dead. 7. As soon as this artificial respiration has been started and while it is being continued, an assistant should loosen any tight clothing about the patient's neck, chest, or waist. Keep the patient warm. Do not give any liquids whatever by mouth until the patient is fully conscious. 8. To avoid strain on the heart when the patient revives, he should be kept lying down and not allowed to stand or sit up. If the doctor has not arrived by the time the patient has revived, he should be given some stimulant, such as one teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a small glass of water or a hot drink of coffee or tea, etc. 9. Resuscitation should be carried on at the nearest possible point to where the patient received his injuries. He should not be moved from this point until he is breathing normally of his own volition and then moved only in a lying position. Should it be necessary to move the patient before he is breathing normally, resuscitation should be carried on during the time that he is being moved. 10. A brief return of natural respiration is not a certain indication for stopping the resuscitation. Sometimes the patient, after temporary recovery of respiration, stops breathing. Do not leave patient alone. 11. In carrying out resuscitation it may be necessary to change the operator. This change must be made without losing the rhythm of respiration. Caution-The removal of a victim of electric shock from the electric contact is highly dangerous. Phone the power company to shut off the current, or get an experienced electrician to make the rescue if possible. Do not touch the wire or the body or clothing of the victim. Absolutely dry boards may be used to push the wire away, but be careful as it may come back at you. Keep your hands at least two feet away from the wire or the victim. An oxygen inhalator is of value in gas poisoning cases. Mechanical respiration devices in untrained hands may cause grave damage. Shock-Present in all serious injuries and greatly increased by severe bleeding and pain. Pale face, cold clammy skin, rapid weak pulse, shallow breathing. Lay patient on back, head low, feet elevated 18 inches, loosen clothing about neck, chest, and abdomen. Keep warm with blankets and hot water bottles, hot bricks or heated stones, being careful not to burn the person. If he can swallow. give him hot strong coffee, hot milk or hot water, half tea spoon aromatic spirits of ammonia in water. Never pour liquid down the throat of an unconscious person. Hemorrhage-Bleeding from arteries comes in spurts and is brighter red in color than bleeding from veins. If from large arteries it is always very serious and demands immediate action. Pressure with fingers or hand will usually control it. The points for pressure are (1) just in front of ear for bleeding from temple. (2) Inner side of arm about half way from shoulder to elbow for bleeding from hand or arm. (3) In the groin against pelvis bone for bleeding from foot, thigh or leg. (4) On neck, fingers forward just touching windpipe, thumb around back of neck for cut throat. (5) Behind collarbone at side of neck, pressing downward on first rib. for bleeding in shoulder or arm pit. If necessary a tourniquet can be made by tying a handkerchief or bandage a hand's breadth below the arm pit or groin and twisting till the flow of blood is stopped. Loosen every 15 minutes. Allow to remain loose if bleeding has stopped, but watch closely and retighten if bleeding commences again. Bleeding from a vein comes in a steady flow. It can be controlled by applying a clean compress or dressing over the wound, bandaging snugly and then applying pressure with the hand directly over the dressing if necessary. Elevating the part aids Open Wounds-On scratches and slight wounds apply half strength iodine. Dirty or greasy wounds should first be cleansed with high-grade benzine. Open wounds should be covered with gauze and bandage. Never wash or touch a wound with fingers. Do not touch that part of the gauze that comes in contact with the wound. Never use cobwebs, tobacco, waste or oil. Burns-All burns may be treated with tannic acid burn jelly, or fresh tannic acid 5% solution. or picric acid gauze moistened with clean water. or with a paste or solution of baking soda on clean gauze. Slight burns, when the skin is not broken, may be treated with a good burn ointment, preferably one containing tannic acid. Most severe burns call for shock treatment. Fracture (Broken Bones)-Handle carefully to prevent sharp ends cutting through flesh. Apply narrow boards, heavy pasteboard, umbrellas, canes, fence railings, or any rigid appliances, as splints for the fractured limbs to permit the patient to be moved without pain or danger. Splints must be padded when applied next to skin, and be long enough to reach beyond the joints above and below fracture. Firm traction should be applied to end of limb while splints are fastened in place. Transportation-Three persons are necessary to place an injured person properly on a stretcher, one to lift head and shoulders, another the hips. and a third the legs. The stretcher should be placed alongside injured, and helpers should kneel on one knee on the side of patient away from stretcher, lifting him in unison, first to their bended knees, then lay on stretcher. Eye Injuries-Loose particles may be removed from the eyelid with a clean handkerchief, or a bit of clean cotton rolled on a toothpick or a match stick. If not easily removed in this way, make no further attempt. Particles embedded in the lid or eye ball should be left to the surgeon. Never violate this rule, blindness may result. In case of serious eye injury, cover with clean cloth compress wrung out in ice cold water; send patient to hospital. Sunstroke Sweating stops, followed by sudden rise in temperature. Skin is dry, flushed and very hot, pulse strong and rapid. Frequently unconscious. Cool quickly with cold bath or spray. Elevate the head. Ice bags or cold applications to head. No stimulants. Heat Exhaustion--Collapse with pale face. clammy sweat, weak rapid pulse. Treat the same as Shock. Fainting-Place patient on back with head low. even raising the feet if convenient. Loosen any tight clothing and get plenty of ventilation. Smelling salts, ammonia on a handkerchief, or a little cold water in the face are often helpful. Do not attempt to make the patient drink anything while unconscious. Hot black coffee or aromatic spirits of ammonia-11⁄2 teaspoonful well diluted with water may be given after consciousness returns. Fits-Do not attempt to hold patient down. Place any small object between teeth to prevent biting tongue. Prevent patient from injuring self. and let sleep after attack. Lightning-This is a form of electrocution. The treatment is the same as for electric shock. Stings of Venomous Insects, Etc.-Apply weak ammonia, oil, salt water, or iodine." Frost Bite. Treatment-Rubbing with snow is especially bad; frozen tissues are bruised and torn and gangrene is very apt to result. Gently cover the frozen part with the hand or other body surface until the part has thawed and circulation is re-established. If a hand is frozen hold next to the skin in the arm pit or between the thighs. The frozen part may be thawed very gradually in cold water or cool air. If this cannot be done, cover the part with extra clothing until thawed. Snake Bite-Tie ligature or cord around the arm or leg a short distance above the bite. Make a cross-cut clear through the skin over each fang mark. Apply suction with mouth or any other convenient means continuously for at least half-hour. Keep patient lying down, quiet and give treatment previously described for shock. Get doctor. Dog Bite-Wash wound with running water, apply tincture of iodine, bandage, take to doctor Poisons and Their Antidotes Source: Medical Staff. American Red Cross The two most important points to be remembered | in any poison case in which the individual is conscious are: (1) dilute; (2) cause vomiting. These can both be accomplished at the same time by having the patient immediately drink large quantities of soap suds, soda in water, salt water. or even plain water. These are all more nauseating if given lukewarm. The secret of success is to give enough. Start with three or four glasses. If this does not produce results in a few minutes, give some more. Tickling the back of the throat with the finger is also a valuable aid in encouraging vomiting. Services of a physician should always be secured as soon as possible. Alcohol-In any form-rum, gin, whisky, proof spirits, etc.; also wood or methyl alcohol. Symptoms-Giddiness, swaying of body, inability to stand. Face flushed, eyes red. Later, skin clammy, weak pulse, maybe convulsions and unconsciousness. cases. Treatment-Hot coffee or aromatic spirits of ammonia-12 teaspoonful well diluted with water. Do not exhaust by making walk. Wrap warmly and put to bed. In extreme breathing may stop and it will be necessary to give artificial respiration by the prone pressure method. Arsenic-Found in rat poison, vermin killer, Paris green. Symptoms-Severe pains in stomach; purging; vomiting; severe cramps in legs; dryness of throat; cold sweats; profound shock. Treatment-Be sure that vomiting is repeated until stomach is thoroughly washed out. Castor oil, stimulants of coffee or aromatic spirits of ammonia if needed. Keep warm. very Carbolic Acid or Phenol-Symptoms-A powerful corrosive poison. Mouth, lips, throat and often the face burned. Vomiting often produced. In severe cases unconsciousness comes on early and soon death. Treatment-Immediate and repeated washing of the stomach. Soothing liquids, as eggs and milk or milk alone. Stimulants usually needed at once. Burns of the lips, mouth and throat may be treated by immediate application of alcohol to stop further burning. Carbon Monoxide-Principal danger is from exhaust gasses from automobiles and leaky gas pipes. Also found in leaky furnaces and stoves. gas stoves without flue connections, in burning buildings, etc. Symptoms-Vary considerably depending upon the Carbon Monoxide concentration of the breathed, but the end result is usually a red coloration, especially of ears, lips and nails, and a stopping of breathing. 3. Treatment-1. Remove patient from atmosphere 2. Start artificial containing carbon monoxide. respiration immediately by the (Schaeffer) prone pressure method if breathing has stopped. Administer oxygen as quickly as possible and in as pure form as is obtainable, preferably from an inhalator. A mixture of oxygen 95% and carbon dioxide 5% is usually used in these. 4. Keep the victim flat, quiet and warm. 5. Afterward give plenty of rest. Food Poisoning (formerly called Ptomaine)-Poisoning by contaminated foods that have become infected with poisonous organisms. Chicken, fish, potatoes, and hash, may be especially dangerous. Symptoms-Nausea, vomiting, purging. Severe pain in abdomen, cramps, great prostration and weakness. Skin cold and clammy. Often an eruption on the skin. Treatment-After emetic give purgative of castor oil or Epsom Salts. If very weak a stimulant or hot coffee or 11⁄2 teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia well diluted with water. CORROSIVE Corrosive Acids-(1) Acetic, (2) nitric, (3) hydrochloric, (4) sulphuric, (5) also weaker acids as oxalic. Iodine-Owing to its wide use in the treatment of scratches, cuts and wounds, it is found in every household, and as a consequence there are cases where children or adults have taken it accidentally or otherwise. Treatment-After vomiting has been induced, give starch or flour mixed with water to about the thickness of buttermilk. Lead-Sugar of lead, lead paint, white lead. Symptoms-Throat dry, metallic taste with much thirst; colic in abdomen; cramps in legs: cold sweat; sometimes paralysis of legs and convulsions. Treatment-After thoroughly emptying the stomach, may give 1⁄2 oz. Epsom Salts in water. Stimulants if needed, and soothing liquids. Mercury-Corrosive sublimate, antiseptic tablets or other mercury salts. Symptoms-Corrosive sublimate when taken is very irritating and frequently turns the mouth, lips and tongue white. Mouth is sometimes swollen and there is a metallic taste. Other symptoms are pain in abdomen, nausea, vomiting mucus and blood, bloody purging, cold, clammy skin, great prostration and convulsions. Treatment-After vomiting has been repeatedly induced, give white of egg, whole beaten eggs, milk, or eggs beaten in milk. Nitrate of Silver-Lunar caustic. Symptoms-Pain in mouth and stomach. Mouth first colored white, then black. Vomit first white then black. Treatment-Salt water is the best emetic in this case. If not readily available, give other emetics. Then soothing drinks, as milk or milk and eggs. Stimulants if necessary. Opium-Laudanum, morphine, codeine, heroin, paregoric: some soothing syrups and cough mixtures. Symptoms-Drowsiness, finally unconsciousness. Pulse full at first, then weak. Breathing full and slow at first, gradually slower and shallower. Pinpoint pupils. Face flushed then purple. Treatment-May have difficulty getting emetic to work. Plenty of strong coffee. Try to arouse by speaking loudly and threatening, but do not exhaust by compelling to walk, etc. Stimulants and artificial respiration if breathing stops. Phosphorus-In many rat poisons and vermin killers; often with arsenic. Symptoms-Severe pain in stomach; vomiting. Bleeding from nose, blooding, purging, convulsions. Treatment-After vomiting, a half ounce of Epsom Salts in water or magnesia. Stimulants. Soothing liquids as milk, but avoid fats and oils. Poison Mushrooms or Toadstools. Symptoms-Vomiting, purging, watery diarrhea. Discharges sometimes accompanied by blood. Pulse slow and strong at first, but later grows very weak. Saliva and sweat pour out. Treatment-Same as food poisoning. Strychnine or Nux Vomica-Often taken accidentally by small children who find "candy" pills or tablets left for some adult member of the family. Also strychnine is frequently used on meat to poison animals and in some vermin killers. Symptoms-First twitching of the hands and feet followed by convulsions. Affects all muscles of body. Back is often bowed up by spasms of muscles. Jaws are locked. Spasms of muscles so great that breathing is prevented and face becomes dusky. Treatment-After vomiting is induced powdered charcoal may be given. Repeat emetic. Veronal-Luminal, etc. Symptoms-Patient becomes very drowsy then falls asleep. In very severe cases the sleep is so deep that the patient cannot be aroused. Treatment-Same as for Opium. POISONS milk, eggs and milk or olive oil. Stimulants are usually required and aromatic spirits of ammonia is quite suitable here. throat and stomach. Wherever the caustic potash; (4) soda, caustic soda. ImSymptoms-Much like corrosive acids. mediate severe burning pain in mouth, throat and stomach. Vomiting and purging. Treatment-Induce vomiting by giving large quantities of one of the previously mentioned emetics, then give soothing liquids and stimulants if needed. |