Fire destroyed a large part of Salem, Mass.: 15,000 homeless; $12,000,000 loss, June 25. 1915 British naval victory, North Sea, off Dogger Bank, Jan. 24; German official submarine "blockade" of Great Britain began, Feb. 18; British "Orders in Council" to prevent commodities reaching or leaving Germany. March 1; Second Battle of Ypres, April 22-28 (first poison gas attack of war): April 30; on May 1, a German submarine fired on and hit with a torpedo a ship called the Gulflight, which was Americanowned and was flying the American flag. Two members of the crew, both Americans, died as a result of this attack; Italy renounces treaty of Triple Alliance, May 4: steamship_Lusitania sunk by German submarine off Head of Kinsale, Ireland, May 7; 1,195 lives lost, of which 124 were Americans. The submarine was the U-20, commanded by Capt. Schweiger. The identity of the ship was not known to those on the submarine, it was stated at Berlin, in May, 1935, by Capt. Karl Scherb, the officer who first sighted the British liner. Only one torpedo was fired, he said; steamship Arabic sunk, Aug. 19; Allied forces land at Salonica, Oct. 5; Nurse Cavell shot at Brussels, Oct. 12.

1915 Earthquake killed 29,978 in central Italy, Jan 13.

Panama-Pacific

International Exposition opened (San Francisco). Feb. 20; the Panama-California Exposition was held in San Diego.

1916 Germans attacked, Verdun, Feb. 21-28: rebel rising in Dublin, April 24 (Patrick H. Pearse and others were executed, May 3; Sir Roger Casement was hanged, Aug. 3); the German submarine, Deutschland arrived at Norfolk, Va., July 9 (on her second trip she reached New London, Conn., Nov. 1); naval battle off Jutland, May 31; Third Battle of Ypres, June 2; sinking of British warship Hampshire, with Lord Kitchener aboard (12 sailors saved), by German mine in Orkneys, Scotland, June 5; Battle of Somme, July 1-10; Second Battle of Somme, July 14-Aug. 5; Capt. Fryatt executed, July 27; David Lloyd George became British Premier, Dec. 6; Wilson's peace note published, Dec. 20. Gregory Rasputin, the "Mad Monk," killed in Petrograd (Leningrad), in Dec. He exercised, it was alleged, mesmeric influence over the Czar and Czarina, one or both. Columbus, New Mexico, raided by Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango), March 9; Pershing entered Mexico to punish Villa, March 15 fight at Parral, Mexico, April 12; agreement, May 2; Protocol of withdrawal signed, Nov. 24. Villa was ambushed and killed on July 18, 1923, at Parral, in Durango, A bomb hidden in a sachel, on the line of the Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco killed 10, wounded 40, July 22, at 2:06 p.m. The explosion occurred on the west side of Steuart St., a few feet from the corner of Market St. James Rolph, Jr., was Mayor and was a marcher in the parade. The unions had refused to take part. Thomas J. Mooney, 33, an iron moulder and labor organizer, Mrs. Mooney, Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker; Israel Weinberg, and Edward D. Nolan were arrested and indicted for the murder of one of the victims. Billings was sentenced to life imprisonment; Mooney was sentenced to death; Mrs. Mooney and Weinberg were acquitted; Nolan was set free without a trial. President Woodrow Wilson interceded for Mooney and on Nov. 28, 1918, the latter's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, after the California Supreme Court had refused a new trial. 1932 (April 21). Gov. Rolph refused pardon Mooney. Thereafter, several times there were vain appeals to the California Supreme Court and the U. S. Supreme Court, to give Mooney a new trial. The assertion was that he had been convicted on perjured testimony. Mooney was pardoned unconditionally on Jan. 7, 1939, by the new Governor of California, Culbert L. Olson, who, in his campaign, had announced his intention to that effect. Billing's sentence was commuted Oct. 16, 1939. and he was set free.

R

In

to

Black Tom dock explosion and fire, Jersey City, July 30: 2 killed, $22,000,000 loss. 1917 Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, Feb. 1; United States broke off diplo

1917

matic relations with Germany, Feb. 3; United States declared a state of war existed with Germany, April 6; Russian Czar abdicated, March 15. President Wilson signed Selective Military Conscription Bill, May 18; registration (ages 21-30) June 5: First American troops landed in France, June 26; Russia proclaimed a republic, Sept. 15; first American killed in battle in World War by airplane bomb (1st Lieut. W. T. Fitzsimmons, M.R.C.) after U. S. entry, Sept. 4; Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy, shot in France by firing squad, Oct. 15; first shot by American troops, in France, Oct. 27; first American casualties in France, Nov. 3: Bolshevists under Lenin seized supreme power in Russia, Nov. 7 (Gen. Ludendorff in his memoirs says that the German government had sent Lenin from Switzerland, after the Russian Revolution, across Germany and Sweden to Russia to propagate Bolshevism); Battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20-Dec. 4; United States declared a state of war existed with Austria, Dec. 7; Jerusalem captured, Dec. 9; U. S. Gov't took over control of railroads, Dec. 28. Halifax disaster, Dec. 6; explosion of a munition ship in harbor in collision caused fire that laid in ruins one-third of the city; killed 1,226, with 400 others missing: destroyed 3,000 houses.

The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the States by Congress on Dec. 18. The first State (Mississippi) ratified it on Jan. 8, 1918, and on Jan. 16, 1919, the 36th State (Nebraska) ratified it, whereupon, by proclamation of the Secretary of State, Jan. 29, 1919, it became effective one year from that date. Jan. 16, 1920. By Feb. 25, 1919, the Legislatures of 45 States had ratified it; the 46th State, New Jersey, ratified it on March 9, 1922. It was not ratified by Connecticut and Rhode Island. The Volstead (Prohibition Enforcement) Act was passed by Congress in Oct. 1919, and went in effect Jan. 17, 1920. President F. D. Roosevelt, on Mch. 22, 1933, signed a bill passed by the new Congress, amending the Volstead Prohibition Enforcement Act, to legalize 3.2 per cent. beer and wine. The Act went into effect on April 7, 1933. The adoption of the 21st Amendment (repealing the 18th Amendment) by 37 States was proclaimed in force Dec. 5, 1933.

1918 President Wilson made 14 Points of Peace speech in Congress, Jan. 8; peace signed at Brest-Litovsk between the Bolsheviks on the one side, and Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the other, March 3 (by it Russia gave up the Baltic provinces, Lithuania and Finland); peace signed between Germany and Finland, March 7; Battle of the Somme, March 21, to April 6; Paris bombarded by long range guns at distance of 75 miles, March 23; British naval forces raid Zeebrugge and Ostend, April 22; pro-German plot discovered in Ireland. Sinn Fein leaders arrested. May 17; Battle of the Aisne, May 27-June 5; Fifth All Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a written constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics, July 10, and put in operation without a popular vote or referendum. Czar Nicholas of Russia, the Empress Alexandra; the daughters, Olga, Tatiana, Marie (Anastasia?); the son, Alexis; Prince Dolgorolkoff, Dr. Bodkin, a lady-in-waiting and a nurse were shot by Bolshevik orders at Ekaterinburg. July 16; at Perm, also. July 12, the Bolshevists assassinated the Czar's brother, Grand Duke Michael, and at Alapalievsky, north of Ekaterinburg. they killed the Grand Dukes Sergius Mikhalilovitch, Igo Constantinovich and Ivan Constantinovich. An alleged survivor of the massacre, the Grand Duchess Anastasia, youngest daughter of the Czar, was brought to the U. 8., in 1930, by the Princess Xenia of Greece. She called herself Mme. Anastasia Nikolaevna Tschaikowsky. German retreat across the Marne begins. July 19; Battle of St. Mihiel, Sept. 12-16; United States troops take St. Miniel, Sept. 13; Battle of Meuse-Argonne, Sept. 20 to Nov. 11; Franco-American attack in Argonne, Sept. 26; British attack breaks Hindenburg line, Sept. 27; Bulgaria signs armistice and surrenders, Sept. 29; Ferdinand of Bulgaria abd.cates. Oct. 5: United States troops capture St. Etienne, Oct. 6.

1924

been seriously ill since May, 1933). For some time he had been progressively paralyzed. The death certificate of Dr. Otfried Foerster, of Breslau, named the trouble as arterio-sclerosis. Lenin's father had died comparatively young from the same cause. Allies and Germany, in Agreement of London, accepted Dawes Reparation Plan,, Aug. 16; French troops began evacuation of Ruhr Aug. 18; the Agreement was formally signed Aug. 30, at London by Germany and the powers concerned, and Owen D. Young of the United States assumed duties as Agent General of Reparation Payments.

N. F. Leopold. Jr., 19, and Richard Loeb, 19, kidnapped for ransom and killed Robert Franks, 13, in Chicago, May 22; they senpleaded guilty, July 21, and were tenced to prison for life. Loeb was killed by a fellow convict, Jan. 28, 1936. The Prince of Wales began his American tour in N. Y., Aug. 29; and left there for England, Oct. 25.

Switch

The ZR-3, dirigible (Los Angeles), left Fried-
richshafen, Germany, Oct. 12, 12:35 A. M.;
arriving in New York, Oct. 15, 8:3:40 A. M.;
reached Lakehurst, N. J., 9:55 A. M.
On Christmas Day, in the Babb
School, Hobart, Okla., 35 parents and
school children perished in a fire that
started when a candle ignited a holiday
tree.

1925 A storm in Missouri, Southern Illinois and Indiana killed over 830 persons, injured 3,800; property loss $10,000,000.

200 were killed by the explosion of bombs in
the Cathedral of Sveti Kral. in Sofia, at
the funeral of Gen. Georghieff, who was as-
sassinated April 14.

Earthquakes in Japan killed 381, and caused
$50,000,000 property loss, May 23.
Earthquakes partly destroyed the city of
Santa Barbara, Calif.. June 29.

John T. Scopes, in court' in Dayton, Tenn.,
was found guilty of having taught evolution
in the local High School and was fined $100
and costs, July 24. William J. Bryan, chief
counsel for the prosecution, died in Dayton
on July 26. Clarence Darrow, chief defense
counsel, died March 13, 1938.
The 2 Nine Power Treaties of the Washing-
ton Arms Conference were ratified in Wash-
ington by the U. S., France, Japan, Italy,
Great Britain, China, Portugal, Belgium
and Holland, Aug. 5.

The U. S. Navy rigid dirigible airship Shenandoah (which had left Lakehurst, N. J., on Sept. 2, bound for St. Paul) was torn to pieces at 5 A. M., Sept. 3, by a thunder squall while passing over Ava, Ohio; 14 of the crew were killed, including Lieut. Com. Zachary Lansdowne, Sept. 3. Germany ratified the Locarno treaties, Nov. 27. They were ratified by Great Britain. Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Poland. and Czechoslovakia, in London, Dec. 1. They went into effect on Sept. 14, 1926. 1926 The anthracite strike, which began Sept. 1, 1926, was secretly settled, in Philadelphia, Feb. 12; work resumed Feb. 18.

A general British strike, due to coal miners'
strike and lockout, and involving 2,500,000
workers, began May 3; called off May 12,
but the coal miners stayed out for months.
The Sesquicentennial Exposition, in Phila-
delphia, opened, May 31. It closed Nov. 30.
21 were killed, 80 buildings wrecked, and $85,-
000,000 of property and ammunition de-
stroyed by explosions and fires when light-
ning struck the navy munitions reservations
at Lake Denmark, N. J., July 10.
The Assembly of the League of Nations, in
Geneva, Sept. 8, unanimously admitted
Germany to the League and to a permanent
Council seat and increased the non-perma-
nent members of the Council from 6 to 9.
A tropical hurricane from the ocean swept
the east coast of Florida, and into Alabama
and Mississippi, Sept. 18, killing 372;
6,281 were hurt, 17,884 families temporarily
made homeless, 5,000 homes were destroyed.
The greatest damage was in Miami and its
suburbs. Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood,
Dania and Hialeah, where the dead num-
bered 250. 110 bodies were found at Moore
Haven. In the Bahamas, at Turks' and
Caicos Islands 17 were killed; over 10 died
at Bimini.

A hurricane killed over 600 in Havana and
other places in Cuba, Oct. 20. On the Isle
of Pines, 40 were killed.

1928

Civil war in China caused over 400 British troops to be landed in Shanghai, Jan. 27; 1,200 U. S. marines got there on March 5, and Japan, France, Spain, Portugal and Holland put over 15,000 soldiers ashore. At troops Nanking, March 23, Cantonese shelled the burning Standard Oil plant, and killed several foreigners, including Dr. J. E. Williams of Shawnee, O., Vice President of Nanking University.

The U. S. Supreme Court voided the Doheny oil reserve leases Feb. 28. President Coolidge cancelled the Naval Reserve oil leases, March 17.

Albert Snyder, art editor of "Motor Boating." was killed, March 20, in his home, Queens Village, L. I., N. Y. His wife, Ruth Brown Snyder, and her lover, Henry Judd Gray. married, a corset salesman, of E. Orange, N. J., confessed, and were convicted, May 9, of murder. They were executed in Sing Sing, Jan. 12, 1928.

Floods in the Mississippi River and its lower branches began early in April and for six weeks inundated 20,000 square miles in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri. Tennessee and Kentucky. The property loss was put at $270,000,000; over 4,000,000 acres of crops were destroyed, also 25,000 horses, 50,000 cattle. 148,000 hogs. 1,300 sheep, and 1,300,000 poultry; 600,000 persons were made for a time homeless, and several hundred were drowned. Tornadoes killed 22 in Illinois, April 19, and 250 on May 9 in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas. Louisiana. Missouri, Texas and Wyoming. Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh, alone in his monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, hopped off, May 10, at San Diego, Calif. He reached St. Louis May 11; left there May 12 and landed the same day at Mineola, N. Y. He left there on May 20, reached Paris May 21, flew to Brussels, May 28; Brussels to London, May 29; England back to Paris, June 3; Paris to Cherbourg, June 4, where he boarded the U. S. Navy Cruiser, Memphis, on the deck of which was the boxedup Spirit of St. Louis. The ship arrived on June 10 at the Virginia Capes; Lindbergh was welcomed June 11, by President Coolidge, in Washington, in New York City on June 13, by Mayor J. J. Walker and Gov. A. E. Smith; he returned to Washington and on June 16 flew his Spirit of St. Louis to Mineola, N. Y., and was welcomed in Brooklyn. On June 17 he flew to St. Louis. Later (Dec., 1927-Feb., 1928) he flew from Washington, non-stop, to Mexico City, thence to Panama and South America, and to St. Louis. In 1931-32, he and his wife flew to Ottawa, thence to Alaska, Japan, and China. In 1933 (July-Dec.) the couple toured in their plane Greenland, western Europe, upper South America and the West Indies.

A tornado at St. Louis killed 87, injured 1,500, and destroyed 1,000 houses, Sept. 29. Rains and floods, beginning Nov. 2, and lasting several days, devastated the river valleys of New England, particularly in Vermont, and the Canadian Province of Quebec. Over 120 persons were killed in Vermont. Pan-American Conference in Havana, Cuba; opened by President Coolidge, Jan. 16; adjourned Feb. 20.

Trotsky, Kameneff, Zinovieff, Rakovsky, and Radek exiled by the Soviets from White Russia, Jan. 16.

The St. Francis water-supply dam, 40 miles north of Los Angeles, collapsed; 450 lives lost. 700 houses swept away.

A hurricane swept over the West Indies and Florida, Sept. 12-17, killing 60 on the Leeward Isles, 660 on Guadeloupe, 200 on Puerto Rico, and 1500 to 2500 in Florida. Damage, $85,000,000 in Puerto Rico, $25,000,000 in Florida. $7,000,000 elsewhere. Soviet Russia inaugurated the Five-Year Plan of agricultural and industrial development, Oct. 1.

The balloon, Graf Zeppelin, under Capt. Hugo Eckener, with crew of 38, and 20 passengers, left Friedrichshafen, Germany, on Oct. 11, and on Oct. 15, reached N. Y. City and anchored at Lakehurst, N. J. She left there Oct. 29, and reached Friedrichshafen on Oct. 31.

1929

landed once in the mountains to refuel. in N. Y. City, Nov. 4, and died Nov. 6. U. S. President-elect Herbert Hoover, wife and party, made a tour of Latin America. They left San Pedro. Calif., on the battleship Maryland, on Nov. 19, there on Dec. 18; in Rio de Janeiro, on Dec. 21, reaching Norfolk and Washington on Jan. 6, 1929. 1929 The Jones Law, an amendment making more drastic the National Prohibition Act, was passed by the Senate 65 to 18, on Feb. 19; by the House, 283 to 90 on Feb. 28, and approved by President Coolidge on March 2. The Papal State, extinct since 1870, was recreated under the name of the State of Vatican City, under the terms signed at Rome, Feb. 11. They went into effect May 7.

In Mexico a revolution under Gen. J. G.
Escobar began in March. Roman Catholic
leaders denied complicity. The rebellion
ended in May; 4,000 killed, 11,000 wounded.
Fire, explosion and chemical fumes from X-
ray films (nitrogen-dioxide) killed 124 at
the Cleveland, O., Clinic Hospital of Dr.
George W. Crile, May 15.

Settlement of the dispute between Chile and
Peru over the provinces of Tacna and Arica
was announced by President Hoover award-
ing Tacna to Peru and Arica to Chile. The
treaty was signed in Lima, June 3.
Convicts revolted in Clinton State Prison,
Dannemora, N. Y., July 22; three guards
killed; part of prison plant burned.
President Hoover, on July 24, proclaimed
the Kellogg-Briand Anti-War Treaty in
effect (at 1:22 P. M.) under which 62 lead-
ing powers pledge themselves to renounce
war as an instrument of national policy.
At the State Prison at Auburn, N. Y.. on
July 28, the convicts rioted, seized the
-prison arsenal and distributed arms.
Guards, state troopers and militiamen.
drove the prisoners to cover with machine
guns, rifles and tear bombs. The damage
to property was $450,000. Two prisoners
were killed.

The Graf Zeppelin dirigible balloon, with 20
passengers, left Friedrichshafen, Germany,
on Aug. 14, and went east around the
world, over Russia, and Asia, at Tokio
(Aug. 19) over the Pacific at Los Angeles
(Aug. 26); at Lakehurst, N. J. (Aug. 29)).
She had left Lakehurst on Aug. 8. She left
there on Sept. 1, and landed at Friedrichs-
hafen on Sept. 4.

1929

1930

landed once in the mountains to refuel.
Following a strike, on Dec. 4, at the Cus-
toms Office. U. S. Marines declared mar-
tial law in Port-au-Prince, and in Cape
Hatien, Haiti; 500 more marines were
sent to Haiti; on Dec. 6, marines killed
5 and wounded 20 in a force of 1,500 peas-
ants advancing on Aux Cayes.
Long-term armed felons in the State Prison
at Auburn, N. Y., captured Warden Edgar
S. Jennings and several guards on Dec.
11. Six convicts were shot to death. George
A. Durnford, chief keeper, was killed.
Floods and rains in the valley of the River
Tarn in Southern France, Mch. 5, killed
over 400, and destroyed 4,000 homes, and
also other structures, mostly at Montauban
and at Moissac.

Fire, April 21, killed 320 convicts in the
Ohio State Penitentiary, Columbus.
The London Naval Reduction Treaty was
signed there, April 22. The Senate ratified
the treaty on July 21, and the President
signed it on July 22. It was proclaimed
by President Hoover in effect on Jan. 1.
1931. Its terms expired on Dec. 31, 1936.
The Allied Reparation Commission estab-
lished under the Treaty of Versailles to col-
lect the war indemnity from Germany,
ended its labors at a meeting at Paris, May
17, simultaneously with the conclusion of
the Dawes plan regime and the official com-
mencement of the Young plan.

The Bolivian government was overthrown,
June 22, by rebels: the Peruvian Govt..
Aug. 22-27; the Argentine Govt., Sept. 6:
the Brazil Govt., Oct. 24.

The last French soldiers of the army of oc-
cupation at the Kehl bridgehead of the
Rhine were withdrawn, June 28, to Stras-
bourg, and Baden was entirely freed.
Evacuation of the Rhineland was completed
on June 30.

Joseph F. Crater, a justice of the State Supreme Court, N. Y. City, vanished on the night of Aug. 6.

A hurricane, on Sept. 3, struck the City
of Santo Domingo and nearby country;
2,000 were killed, 6,000 injured, with dam-
ages estimated at $40,000,000.

The British dirigible balloon, R-101, on Oct.
5. hit a wooded hill, and burned up, near
Allone, France, on the way from Croydon to
India; 47 killed.

In Belgium, in the Valley of the Meuse, be-
tween Liege and Huyann, dense fog. on
Dec. 5, killed 75 persons and many cattle.
The Bank of United States, at N. Y. City.
was closed, Dec. 11, by the State au-
thorities.

The Panama Republic's government, headed by F. H. Arosemena, was overthrown: 10 were killed, Jan. 2.

Constitutional guarantees were restored, Feb. 8. in Spain. They had been suspended by Premier Rivera on Sept. 23, 1923; the national election was held on April 12; King Alfonso fled from Madrid on April 14; and a republic was proclaimed; a new Parliament was elected on June 28, and Alcaló Zamora was chosen president.

The Peruvian Government was upset by
revolution, on Mch. 1; that of Chili, on
July 24; Paraguay, Oct. 26; Salvador. Dec. 3.
Earthquakes killed 1,000 in Managua, Nicar-
agua, Mch. 31, and destroyed many build-
ings.

The King and Queen of Siam and party ar-
rived in Victoria, B. C., on April 16: on
April 22 they settled in Scarborough, near
N. Y. City, and the King had a cataract
removed from his eye, on May 10; they
left on July 28 for Canada and Siam.
President Hoover, on June 20, proposed a 1-
year moratorium on intergovernmental
debts, to begin July 1. This took effect.
A tidal wave, on Sept. 10, killed 1,200 per-
sons in Belize, British Honduras, and
destroyed buildings.

Great Britain, on Sept. 21, suspended the
gold standard for 6 months. She was fol-
lowed by Denmark, on Sept. 28, and Fin-
land on Oct. 12; Japan, Dec. 13.
Jack (Legs) Diamond, was assassinated in
Albany, N. Y., Dec. 8, a day after his ac-
quittal of kidnapping.

1932 Joseph Kahahawai, a Hawaiian, on trial in Honolulu on a charge of attacking the wife of Lieut. Thos. H. Massie, a naval officer on the U. S. N. receiving ship, Alton, was kidnapped and slain, Jan. 8, after the jury had disagreed.

1932 In Shanghai, Chinese gangsters, on Jan. 15, slew a Buddhist priest from Japan, Hideo Minakami. This was the first of a series of troubles which led, on Jan. 27, to the landing of Japanese marines, and warfare. The Spanish Parliament, Jan. 19, by decree dissolved the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Jesuits were, by decree of the Franco government, in January, 1940, readmitted to Spain, and their property was restored. Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., 19 months old (born at Englewood, N. J., June 22, 1930), was kidnapped, between 8 and 10 p. a., Mch. 1, from the new Lindbergh home near Hopewell, N. J., in the Sourland Mountain region, northwest of Princeton. The body, reduced almost to a skeleton, was found on May 12, in a thicket near a roadway, less than 5 miles from the babe's home, and between Hopewell and Princeton. The discovery was made by a negro teamster who had stopped his wagon and had stepped into the woods on an errand. Meantime, John F. Condon, for Col. Lindbergh, had paid $50,000 in Bronx Borough to an alleged agent of the kidnapers, and Gaston B. Means, Washington, had collected $100,000 from Mrs. Evelyn Walsh McLean, on the promise to restore the Lindbergh baby. Means was sent to prison. On Sept. 10, 1934, Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 35, married, father of a baby boy, Carpenter, paroled German convict who had entered the United States unlawfully, at N. Y. City, in 1923, was arrested near his home in the Wakefield section of the Bronx, after he had passed a ransom banknote at a gasoline filling station; over $14.000 of the ransom money was found hidden in his garage. He was indicted in the Bronx on Sept. 26, on an extortion charge; on Oct. 8, he was indicted in Hunterdon County, N. J.. on a burglary-murder charge; on Jan. 3, 1935, he was put to trial in Flemington and was identified by Col. Lindbergh, by Condon and others; a part of the kidnap ladder was sworn to have come from his attic; he denied his guilt under oath and testified he got the ransom money from the late Isador Fisch. The jury, on which several women served convicted Hauptman on Feb. 13. and Supreme Court Justice T. W. Trenchar sentenced him to die in the week of Mch An appeal was taken to the State Cour of Errors and Appeals, which sustained the conviction. The U. S. Supreme Court refused to interfere. Governor Harold G Hoffman gave Hauptmann a month's reprieve, characterizing the trial in Flemington as unfair, and adding that such crime suggested an accomplice. The State Board of Pardons refused to commute th sentence. He was executed on April 3 1936.

2.

Congress, Mch. 2, passed a joint resolution proposing to the States an amendment to the Federal Constitution, under which Congress would meet each year on Jan. 3, and the terms of the President and Vice-President would begin on Jan. 20. It wa adopted by the States.

Ivar Kreuger, 52, unmarried, Swedish "match king." shot himself to death, Mch. 12, in Paris.

Revolution, June 4, in Chili.

In Siam, a bloodless revolution changed the government from an absolute into a lim. ited monarchy, June 24.

Zachary S. Reynolds, 20, a son of R. J Reynolds. cigarette manufacturer, was found shot to death, July 6, in his home. Winston-Salem, N. C.

The Lausanne Reparations Conference adjourned, July 9, after agreeing that Germany can settle in full for $714,000,000. A treaty was signed in Washington between Canada and the United States, July 18, for the proposed development of the St. Lawrence waterway into an ocean lane and power project. The British Imperial Economic Conference opened in Ottawa, Can., July 21. It finally agreed on tariffs to mutualize the trade of the Empire.

James J. Walker, resigned, Sept. 1, as Mayor That of N. Y. City, and went to Europe. ended the charges on which he was being tried before Gov. Roosevelt on removal proceedings, initiated by Samuel Seabury,

1932

counsel to the legislative committee in its inquiry into the city government. Walker had been a witness before that committee. After passing over the Virgin Islands, where 15 persons were killed, a hurricane ripped across Puerto Rico, Sept. 27, killing 245, injuring 3,329; destroying 36,249 buildings, damaging 30,046; and leaving over 41,000 families in need of food; property loss. $30,000,000.

Earthquakes on Dec. 26, killed 70,000 persons in the Kaoti district of the northwest Province of Kansu, China.

1933 The U. S. Marines withdrew from Nicaragua on Jan. 2, and on Feb. 2, Gen. Sandino ended his rebellion.

An epidemic of "bank holidays" in the United States began on Feb. 14, in Michigan, when Gov. W. A. Comstock ordered all banks in that State closed for 8 days. All banks in the United States were closed by proclamation of President Roosevelt beginning on March 6. The Stock and Commodity Exchanges in New York City and elsewhere also closed, beginning March 6, and reopened mostly on March 15. The banks reopened, such as were fit, gradually, from March 9, onward.

On

The movement to collect hoarded gold from the people commenced early in March. Congress on the 9th, in special session granting the President dictatorial power over all forms of money. A presidential ban on gold exports began on April 19. June 5 the President signed an Act of Congress outlawing the gold-payment clause in all monies, and other public and private contracts. In October the Government commenced to buy domestic and foreign gold above the market price, for the purpose of raising commodity prices. Minnesota, on Feb. 24, banned mortgage foreclosures on farms and homes. The movement spread to other States. The Minnesota action was sustained by the U. S. Supreme Court in a 5-to-4 decision. The German Reichstag (Parliament) Building, in Berlin, was 'destroyed on Feb. 27 by fire. The Supreme Court found Marinus van der Lubbe, a young Dutch Communist, guilty, and he was beheaded on Jan. 10. 1934, in Leipzig, in Saxony,

Earthquakes in Southern California on Mch. 10, at Long Beach and near by, killed 130 persons and caused $50,000,000 damage. The U. S. Navy dirigible balloon, Akron, was beaten down in a storm, on April 4, off Barnegat, N. J.; 73 persons were drowned, including Rear Admiral W. A. Moffett, the Aviation Chief.

The World Economic Conference opened, in London, June 12, but came to naught. Spain, by Parliamentary edict, on May 17, disestablished the church.

The Century of Progress Exposition opened in Chicago, on May 27, and closed at midnight of Nov. 12; it reopened in 1934 on May 26 and closed on Oct. 31; attendance (1933) 22,320,456; (1934) 16,306,090-total, 38,626,546.

The U. S. Congress, on June 13, passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (signed June 16) which, with the Agricultural Adjustment Act (signed May 12) gave the President control of agriculture and industry. The N. R. A. was killed by the U. S. Supreme Court on May 27, 1935, and the A. A. A. processing taxes on Jan. 6, 1936. In Germany, on June 22, the Hitler Government began to proscribe all political parties except the National Socialist German Labor Party (Nazis), beginning with the Social Democratic Party. At the same time the campaign was under way to reduce by law the percentage of Jews in government life, in industry, and in the professions. Kidnapping, in Albany, July 7, of John J. O'Connell, Jr., was followed by that of Charles F. Urschel (July 23, Oklahoma City); Jake the Barber, Chicago; and others. At San Jose, Calif., Nov. 9, Brook L. Hart, a young merchant, was seized, bound, beaten, and flung into San Francisco Bay, following a demand for ransom. A mob on Nov. 26, after the body was found, broke into the jail, and dragged forth and hanged Thomas H. Thurmond and John Holmes.

In Rome, July 15, a 10-yr. peace pact was signed by Italy, France, Germany and Great Britain.

An army revolt in Cuba caused President