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1882

the uncompleted water-way from the de Lesseps successors, and the canal was finished and opened to traffic on Aug. 15, 1914. Prof. Robert Koch announced, in Berlin, discovery of the tuberculosis germ; Mch. 24. 1883 Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria and Italy. (Renewed in 1887, 1891 and 1896.) Brooklyn Bridge opened, May 24; panic on it, May 30; twelve trampled to death. Benito Mussolini born, July 29, in Predappio. near Forli, Italy.

Earthquakes and eruptions of the volcano, Krakatoa, on the Island of Java, followed by most of the 45 other volcanoes; 36,000 lives lost Aug. 25-28.

1884 At Cincinnati, O., after several slayers had been convicted of manslaughter instead of murder, mobs stormed and burned the court house; in several days of rioting. beginning on Mch. 28, over 5 were killed. 138 wounded.

Panic in N. Y.; failure of Marine Bank and
Grant and Ward, May 5-7.

Tornadoes ranging from Illinois south to the
Gulf of Mexico, and including Virginia.
killed 800, and destroyed 10,000 buildings.
Feb. 9.

1885 Gen. Charles G. ("Chinese") Gordon, British governor of the Soudan, was slain, Jan. 26, by a Mohammedan soldier, who stuck the head on a spear, at Omdurman. Several thousand whites were massacred by the Mahdi's troops. Gordon was revenged on Sept. 2, 1898, when the British, under Gen. Kitchener, defeated the Mahdi's army and ended his rule.

Rebellion in northwest Canada begun under leadership of Louis David Riel, March 24, he surrendered, May 15, and, after trial and conviction, he was hanged on Nov. 16. First electric street railway in U. S., in Balti more, opened by Frank J. Sprague, Sept. 1 1886 Haymarket Anarchist riots, Chicago: 7 police

killed, 60 wounded, May 4. A jury convicted anarchists August Spies, Adolf Fischer, George Engel, and Albert R. Parsons. and they were hanged on Nov. 11, 1887. Louis Lingg killed himself in jail. Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab got life imprisonment.

Charleston, S. C., earthquake, Aug. 31; 41 killed; $5.000.000 property loss.

Statue of Liberty on Bedloe's Island, N. Y. Harbor, unveiled on Oct. 28 in presence of 1,000,000 people.

1887 Triple Alliance (treaty) of Germany, Austria and Italy, Mch. 13, against France and Russia.

Flood in Hoang-Ho River, China: 900.000 persons perished.

Opera Comique, Paris, burned, May 25: 200 lives lost; theater, Exeter, England fire. Sept. 4; 200 died.

1888 Great blizzard in N. Y. City and in eastern part of U. S., March 11-14. Roscoe Conkling was a victim of exposure in N. Y.. dying April 18.

1889 Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and Baroness Marie Vetsera were found, slain, in his hunting lodge in Castle Mierling, Jan. 29 Johnstown, Pa., flood, May 31; 2,209 lives lost.

Adolf Hitler born, April 20, in Braunau, in
Austria.

World's Fair, in Paris, May 6-Nov. 6. Eiffel
Tower opened (985 ft. high).

1890 First electrocution for crime in N. Y. State.

The victim was William Kemmler, whe
murdered Matilda Zieigler on Mch. 29, 1889.
Put to death in chair in Auburn Prison,
Aug. 6.

Ellis Island opened as Immigration Depot, and Castle Garden ceased as such, Dec. 31. 1891 Park Place disaster, N. Y., 64 killed, Aug. 22 by the collapse of upper floor; most victims were in a restaurant.

Henry L. Norcross, of Somerville, Mass.. threw a bomb, with poor aim, at Russell Sage, in financier's office, N. Y. City; he blew himself to pieces, Dec. 4.

1892 Fire destroyed 28 lives in Hotel Royal, N. Y., Feb. 6; and 600 at St. John's, N. F., July 8. -Conflict between 300 Pinkerton guards and

strikers at steel mills, Homestead, near Pittsburgh, Pa.; 7 guards and 11 strikers and spectators shot to death, many wounded, July 6. The strike had been set for July 3, but the mills shut down on July 1; the National Guard arrived on July 12 and the town and mills were put under martial law. H. C. Frick wounded at Pittsburgh, July

23, by Alexander Berkman, anarchist, who, after a term in prison, married Emma Goldman.

1893 America's first gasoline buggy had its pulling test by Charles E. Duryea, April 19, in Springfield, Mass. World's Fair (Columbian Exposition) in Chicago, opened May 1; several of the buildings were destroyed by fire on Jan. 8, 1894.

Tornadoes kill 3,000 in Charleston, Savannah, and on coast of Louisiana, Aug. 28, Oct. 2. 1894 Chinese-Japanese War began, July 25; Battle of Yalu, Sept. 17; treaty of Shimonoseki, April 17, 1895, gave Japan Liaotung Peninsula, Formosa and the Pescadores. Lexow State Senate inquiry as to police corruption in N. Y. City; committee, headed by Clarence Lexow, began examination of witnesses on May 21; last session, Dec. 29; report to Legislature on Jan. 18, 1895. -John Y. McKane, Gravesend (Brooklyn) political "boss." sentenced to 6 years in prison for election frauds, Feb. 20. Jacob S. Coxey led 20,000 unemployed from the mid-west into Washington, April 29. Strike of mine workers throughout U. S.. followed by that of Pullman Čar manufactory workers and then by order from Eugene V. Debs for general strike of American Ry. union men; trouble centered in Chicago where, after Federal Court had enjoined strikers, President Cleveland sent Federal troops, July 2. Many died in conflict, vast property loss. U. S. troops withdrawn, July 19; Gov. Altgeld recalled State militia. Aug. 7, a day after union called strike off. Capt. Dreyfus, France, degraded, Dec. 23: restored to rank, July 12, 1906.

1895 Cuban Revolution began, Feb. 20; 'Gen. Antonio Maceo, leader of the insurrection. was killed in action on Dec. 7, 1896. X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, a German physicist, who was awarded a Nobel prize in 1901.

The Queen of Korea was assassinated in the royal palace in Seoul, Oct. 8. She was first cut down, her clothing was then soaked in oil, and the body was burned. The Japanese minister was recalled to Tokyo and was tried and acquitted.

1896 President Cleveland appointed Venezuela Boundary Commission, Jan. 1; treaty signed, Feb. 2, 1897.

Battle at Adowa, Etheopia, began on night of Feb. 29. The Ethiopians under King Menelik, took the Italians by surprise. The Italians lost 4,600 white and nearly 3,000 native troops killed and wounded and more than 2,500 soldiers were captured.

"Greater New York" bill signed, May 11; the City of Five Boroughs came into corporate existence on Jan. 1, 1898.

1897 The Turkish-Greek War.

Salon on August Andree, Swedish explorer, and two companions, left Dane's Island. Spitzbergen, in a balloon, in July 11, for the North Pole, and were not heard of until Aug. 6, 1930, when their remains were found on White Island. Their balloon had grounded after drifting 117 miles. Charity Bazaar fire, Paris; 150 lives lost. 1898 U. S. Battleship Maine blown up in harbor of Havana, Cuba, Feb. 15; 260 lost; followed by war between Spain and the United States. Diplomatic relations broken, April 21: Cuban blockade declared, April 22: war declared by Spain, April 24, by the United States. April 25: Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, May 1: Battles of San Juan and El Caney, July 1-3: Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Adm. Cervera's Spanish fleet destroyed, July 3; Peace protocol signed between the United States and Spain, Aug. 12; Peace treaty signed by American and Spanish delegates at Paris, Dec. 10, the U. S. acquiring the Philippines and Puerto Rico. Empress Elizabeth of Austria-Hungary, wife of Franz Josef, assassinated, Sept. 10, by an anarchist, at Geneva, Switzerland. Radium discovered by Pierre Curie, Mme. Curie and G. Bemont.

1899

Treaty with Spain ratified by U. S. Senate, Feb. 6.

Universal Peace Conference in The Hague called by Czar, May 18.

The South African War began, Oct. 11: Gen. Cronje surrendered, Feb. 27; Ladysmith relieved, Feb. 28; Pretoria surrendered, June 5, 1900; war ended, May 31, 1902. Martha Place, first woman electrocuted in

1899 N. Y. State, at Sing Sing, Mar. 20. Philippine-American War began, Feb. 4. On June 12, 1898, Filipinos had declared their independence of Spain, and on Sept. 15. 1898, a revolutionary assembly in Manila had "ratified" the independence, as representatives of the Katipunan League built up by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Aguinaldo, Antonia Luna and Marcelo del Pilar. Aguinaldo was captured on Mch. 23, 1901, and civil government was established by the United States on May 3, 1901. W. H. Taft became the first civil governor, on July 4, 1901, the first Filipino Legislature met on Oct. 16, 1907.

Windsor Hotel Fire (N. Y.). March 17: 45 lost.

1900 Paris Exposition opened, April 15.

1908

1909

361 killed.

Chelsea (Mass.) destroyed by fire; loss over $6,000,000; Mar. 20.

Earthquakes in Sicily and Calabria killed 76,483. Messina partly destroyed, Dec. 28. Financial panic in the United States. In a fire and panic at the Lake View School at Collinwood, Ohio, near Cleveland, on March 4, 174 children and two teachers lost their lives. Rhodes Theater fire, Jan. 4, Boyertown, Pa., 169 died.

Louis Bleriot flew across the English Channel, from Calais to Dover (31 miles in 37 minutes) July 25.

Hudson-Fulton celebration, New York, Sept.Oct.-Nov.

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Humbert, King of Italy, assassinated, July 29, at Monza, by Angelo Bresci. Boxer insurrection in China, June; Peking captured by foreign allies, Aug. 14. There were 18,000 marines and sailors--American 1911 (2,000), Japanese, Russian, British French.

and

Hoboken docks and ships fire, June 30; 145 lives lost; $10,000,000 property destroyed. Galveston hurricane and tidal wave, Sept. 8: 6,000 lives lost.

1901 Northern Pacific Railway stock "corner" and panic, May 9.

Pan-American Exposition, (Buffalo, N. Y.),
May 1-Nov. 2.

President William McKinley shot in Buffalo,
N. Y., Sept. 6 (died Sept. 14) by Leon
Ccolgosz, an anarchist, who was later put
to death.

Marconi signalled letter "S" across Atlantic from England to Poldhu, Newfoundland, Dec. 12. First radio message sent in Dec., 1902. 1902 St. Pierre, Martinique, destroyed by eruption of Mt. Pelee, May 8; about 30,000 lives lost. Park Ave. Hotel fire, N. Y. City, Feb. 2; 21 lives lost.

Pennsylvania coal strike of 145,000 anthracite miners. May 12. Settled by President Roosevelt's commission, Oct. 15-23.

Fire destroyed 456 buildings in Paterson, N. J., Feb.; and 115 people at a church, Birmingham, Ala., Sept. 20.

Cuban Republic inaugurated, American occupation. under Gen. Leonard Wood, ended May 20; rights and franchises of France in Panama Canal bought by U. S., June 28. First International Arbitration Court opened in The Hague, Holland, in October. 1903 Kishineff (Russia) massacre of Jews, April 19-20; 47 slain, several hundred wounded, 700 houses destroyed, 600 stores looted. King Alexander of Serbia, and Queen Draga, assassinated by army officers, in Belgrade, June 11.

Panama Revolution, Nov. 3; republic recognized by U. S., Nov. 13.

First successful mechanical aeroplane flight by the Wright Brothers, Dec. 17, from Kill Devil Hill, on the North Carolina seacoast, 4 miles south of Kitty Hawk.

Fire killed 602 in Iroquois Theatre, Chicago, Dec. 30. Most of the victims were trampled to death.

1904 The great fire in Baltimore. Feb. 7; 2,500 buildings destroyed.

The Russo-Japanese War began, Feb. 6. Port
Arthur surrendered to Japanese on Jan. 2,
1905. Peace treaty signed in Portsmouth.
N. H., Sept. 5, 1905.

St. Louis Exposition (Louisiana Purchase)
opened, May 1.

The United States occupied Panama Canal
Zone.

Subway opened, New York, Oct. 27.

1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, Portland, Oregon.

The Duma, first Russian national parliament, was organized.

1906 San Francisco earthquake and conflagration;

500 lives were lost; property loss, $350,000,000; April 18-19. On April 17, earthquakes in Formosa had killed many thousands; and on Aug. 16, quakes tore down the City of Valparaiso, Chile, 1,500 lives lost, $100,000,000 property damage.

1907 Earthquake killed 1,400. Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 14. In that month the Italian Volcanoes, Etna and Vesuvius, were destructively active, also the Volcano of Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

Jamestown (Va.). Exposition opened, April 26.

Fire in coal mine Dec. 6, Monongah, W. Va.;

Rica.

Los Angeles, Calif., "Times" dynamited, Oct.
1, 21 killed.

U. S. Supreme Court ordered Standard Oil
combine dissolved, May 15; same decree as
to American Tobacco Co., May 29.
The Italian-Turkish War began, Sept. 29.
Triangle waist factory fire, Ñ. Y., 145 killed,
March 25.

Flood in Yangtze River, China; 100,000
drowned.

Leonardo da Vinci's painting. "Mona Lisa" ("La Giaconda"), stolen from the Louvre Gallery, Paris, Aug. 22; recovered in Florence, Italy, Dec. 12, 1913, and restored to the Louvre.

C. P. Rogers left N. Y., Sept. 17, in an aeroplane and made the first transcontinental flight, landing at Pasadena, Calif., Nov. 4; actual flying time, 84 hours, 2 minutes. 1912 China becomes a Republic, Feb. 12; Yuan Shi Kai elected President, Feb. 15. War in Balkans, against Turkey, by Montenegro, Bulgaria. Servia and Greece. Oct. Equitable Life building burned, Jan. 9, N. Y. City; 6 perished.

8-Dec. 3.

Steamship Titanic wrecked on maiden trip, from Southampton for New York, by iceberg off Newfoundland coast, April 14-15; 1,517 lost of whom 103 were women and 53 were children. Passengers and crew had totaled 2,207. The ship was 8822 ft. long, and cost $7,500,000.

Rev. Clarence V. T. Richeson, Baptist minister, Boston, electrocuted in Mass. State Prison, May 21, for murder of Miss Avis Linnel, 18, of Hyannis. She was about to become a mother. Her death was due to poison.

Herman Rosenthal, gambler, assassinated at N. Y. City, July 16. Police Lieut. Charles Becker, "Gyp the Blood" Horowitz, "Lefty Louie" Rosenberg, "Whitey Lewis" Seidenshner, and "Dago Frank" Cirofici were convicted of the murder and executed at Sing Sing-Becker on July 30, 1915; the others on April 13, 1914.

1913 Ohio and Indiana floods, March 25-27; 732 lives lost. In Brazos, Tex., floods, 500 died. Peace Palace at the Hague dedicated. President F. I. Madero of Mexico, and Vice President Sudrez, assassinated, Feb. 23. King George of Greece assassinated March

18.

Mine explosion, Oct. 14, Cardiff, Wales; 400 killed.

en

1914 World War began in Europe. Archduke Francis of Austria and wife assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia, June 28 (St. Vitus Day) by Gavrillo Princip, a Serb student; Austria declared war on Serbia, July 28; Germany invaded France at Cirey, Russian troops invaded Germany, Aug. 2; Germans tered Liege, Aug. 7; British Expeditionary Force landed in France, Aug. 16; Germans occupied Brussels, Aug. 20; Japan declared war on Germany, Aug. 23: Austria declared war on Japan, Aug. 25; Louvain bombarded and damaged, Aug. 25; Germans under von Hindenburg, Ludendorf, Hoffman and Francois, defeated Russians under Samsonov, at Tannenberg, in East Prussia, Aug. 26-31. Samsonov killed himself. One of the Russian armies, under Rennenkampf, fled. Battle of the Marne, Sept. 610, Germans occupied Antwerp. Oct. 9: De Wet's rebellion in South Africa, Oct. 28; Japanese capture Tsingtau, Nov. 7; First Battle of Ypres, Nov. 9; German cruiser Emden destroyed at Cocos Island, Nov. 10. United States marines landed at Vera Cruz, Mex. April 21.

Fire destroyed a large part of Salem, Mass.: 15,000 homeless; $12,000,000 loss, June 25. 1915 British naval victory, North Sea, off Dogger Bank, Jan. 24; German official submarine "blockade" of Great Britain began, Feb. 18; British "Orders in Council" to prevent commodities reaching or leaving Germany. March 1; Second Battle of Ypres, April 22-28 (first poison gas attack of war); April 30; on May 1, a German submarine fired on and hit with a torpedo a ship called the Gulflight, which was Americanowned and was flying the American flag. Two members of the crew, both Americans, died as a result of this attack; Italy renounces treaty of Triple Alliance, May 4: steamship Lusitania sunk by German submarine off Head of Kinsale, Ireland, May 7; 1,195 lives lost, of which 124 were Americans. The submarine was the U-20, commanded by Capt. Schweiger. The identity of the ship was not known to those on the submarine, it was stated at Berlin, in May, 1935, by Capt. Karl Scherb, the officer who first sighted the British liner. Only one torpedo was fired, he said; steamship Arabic sunk. Aug. 19; Allied forces land at Salonica, Oct. 5; Nurse Cavell shot at Brussels, Oct. 12.

1915 Earthquake killed 29,978 in central Italy, Jan

13.

Panama-Pacific

International Exposition opened (San Francisco). Feb. 20; the Panama-California Exposition was held in San Diego.

1916 Germans attacked, Verdun, Feb. 21-28; rebel rising in Dublin, April 24 (Patrick H. Pearse and others were executed, May 3: Sir Roger Casement was hanged, Aug. 3): the German submarine, Deutschland arrived at Norfolk, Va., July 9 (on her second trip she reached New London, Conn., Nov. 1); naval battle off Jutland, May 31; Third Battle of Ypres, June 2; sinking of British warship Hampshire, with Lord Kitchener aboard (12 sailors saved), by German mine in Orkneys, Scotland, June 5; Battle of Somme, July 1-10; Second Battle of Somme, July 14-Aug. 5; Capt. Fryatt executed, July 27; David Lloyd George became British Premier, Dec. 6; Wilson's peace note published, Dec. 20. Gregory Rasputin, the "Mad Monk," killed in Petrograd (Leningrad), in Dec. He exercised, it was alleged, mesmeric influence over the Czar and Czarina, one or both. Columbus, New Mexico, raided by Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango), March 9; Pershing entered Mexico to punish Villa, March 15 fight at Parral, Mexico, April 12; agreement, May 2; Protocol of withdrawal signed. Nov. 24. Villa was ambushed and killed on July 18, 1923. at Parral, in Durango. A bomb hidden in a sachel, on the line of the Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco killed 10, wounded 40, July 22, at 2:06 p.m. The explosion occurred on the west side of Steuart St., a few feet from the corner of Market St. James Rolph, Jr., was Mayor and was a marcher in the parade. The unions had refused to take part. Thomas J. Mooney, 33, an iron moulder and a labor organizer, Mrs. Mooney, Warren K. Billings, a shoe worker; Israel Weinberg, and Edward D. Nolan were arrested and indicted for the murder of one of the victims. Billings was sentenced to life imprisonment; Mooney was sentenced to death; Mrs. Mooney and Weinberg were acquitted; Nolan was set free without a trial. President Woodrow Wilson interceded for Mooney and on Nov. 28, 1918, the latter's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, after the California Supreme Court had refused a new trial. In 1932 (April 21). Gov. Rolph refused to pardon Mooney. Thereafter, several times there were vain appeals to the California Supreme Court and the U. S. Supreme Court, to give Mooney a new trial. The assertion was that he had been convicted on perjured testimony. Mooney was pardoned unconditionally on Jan. 7, 1939. by the new Governor of California, Culbert L. Olson, who, in his campaign, had announced his intention to that effect. Billing's sentence was commuted Oct. 16, 1939. and he was set free. Black Tom dock explosion and fire, Jersey City, July 30; 2 killed, $22,000,000 loss. 1917 Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare, Feb. 1; United States broke off diplo

1917

1918

matic relations with Germany, Feb. 3; United States declared a state of war existed with Germany, April 6; Russian Czar abdicated, March 15. President Wilson signed Selective Military Conscription Bill, May 18; registration (ages 21-30) June 5: First American troops landed in France, June 26; Russia proclaimed a republic, Sept. 15; first American killed in battle in World War by airplane bomb (1st Lieut. W. T. Fitzsimmons, M.R.C.) after U. S. entry, Sept. 4; Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy, shot in France by firing squad, Oct. 15; first shot by American troops, in France. Oct. 27; first American casualties in France, Nov. 3 Bolshevists under Lenin seized supreme power in Russia, Nov. 7 (Gen. Ludendorff in his memoirs says that the German government had sent Lenin from Switzerland, after the Russian Revolution, across Germany and Sweden to Russia to propagate Bolshevism); Battle of Cambrai, Nov. 20-Dec. 4; United States declared a state of war existed with Austria, Dec. 7; Jerusalem captured, Dec. 9; U. S. Gov't took over control of railroads, Dec. 28. Halifax disaster, Dec. 6; explosion of a munition ship in harbor in collision caused fire that laid in ruins one-third of the city: killed 1,226, with 400 others missing: destroyed 3,000 houses.

The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the States by Congress on Dec. 18. The first State (Mississippi) ratified it on Jan. 8, 1918, and on Jan. 16, 1919, the 36th State (Nebraska) ratified it, whereupon, by proclamation of the Secretary of State, Jan. 29, 1919, it became effective one year from that date. Jan. 16, 1920. By Feb. 25, 1919, the Legislatures of 45 States had ratified it; the 46th State, New Jersey, ratified it on March 9, 1922. It was not ratified by Connecticut and Rhode Island. The Volstead (Prohibition Enforcement) Act was passed by Congress in Oct. 1919, and went in effect Jan. 17, 1920. President F. D. Roosevelt. on Mch. 22, 1933, signed a bill passed by the new Congress. amending the Volstead Prohibition Enforcement Act, to legalize 3.2 per cent. beer and wine. The Act went into effect on April 7, 1933. The adoption of the 21st Amendment (repealing the 18th Amendment) by 37 States was proclaimed in force Dec. 5, 1933.

President Wilson made 14 Points of Peace speech in Congress, Jan. 8; peace signed at Brest-Litovsk between the Bolsheviks on the one side, and Germany, AustriaHungary, Bulgaria and Turkey on the of her, March 3 (by it Russia gave up the Baltic provinces, Lithuania and Finland); peace signed between Germany and Finland, March 7; Battle of the Somme, March 21, to April 6; Paris bombarded by long range guns at distance of 75 miles, March 23; British naval forces raid Zeebrugge and Ostend. April 22; pro-German plot discovered in Ireland. Sinn Fein leaders arrested. May 17; Battle of the Alsne, May 27-June 5; Fifth All Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a written constitution of the Russian Socialist Federated Soviet Republics, July 10, and put in operation without a popular vote or referendum. Czar Nicholas of Russia, the Empress Alexandra; the daughters, Olga, Tatiana, Marie (Anastasia?); the son, Alexis; Prince Dolgorolkoff, Dr. Bodkin, a lady-in-waiting and a nurse were shot by Bolshevik orders at Ekaterinburg. July 16; at Perm. also, July 12, the Bolshevists assassinated the Czar's brother, Grand Duke Michael, and at Alapalievsky, north of Ekaterinburg. they killed the Grand Dukes Sergius Mikhalilovitch, Igo Constantinovich and Ivan Constantinovich. An alleged survivor of the massacre, the Grand Duchess Anastasia, youngest daughter of the Czar, was brought to the U. S., in 1930, by the Princess Xenia of Greece. She called herself Mme. Anastasia Nikolaevna Tschaikowsky. German retreat across the Marne begins, July 19; Battle of St. Mihiel, Sept. 12-16; United States troops take St. Mihiel, Sept. 13; Battle of Meuse-Argonne, Sept. 20 to Nov. 11; Franco-American attack in Argonne, Sept. 26; British attack breaks Hindenburg line, Sept. 27; Bulgaria signs armistice and surrenders, Sept. 29; Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates, Oct 5: United States troops capture St. Etienne, Oct. 6.

French soldiers, Corporals Rene

strike, Oct. 31.

into existence under the Versailles (World War) Peace Treaty when representatives of 13 nations met at Geneva on Jan. 10 and began the organization. The first Assembly met in November, that year, when delegates from 42 countries admitted 6 others. Frederick A. Parmenter, shoe factory paymaster at South Braintree, Mass., was robbed of $15,000 and shot to death. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Venzetti, anarchists from Italy, were convicted, July 14, 1921, of the murder of Parmenter and were executed Aug. 23, 1927.

1918 Three Beaufils and Jean Durocq, and Machine 1920 The League of Nations came automatically Gunner Pierre Seyler, were the last lives lost in France in the World War. They fell at Dom-le-Mesnil, on the Meuse, one minute before the bugles sounded "Cease firing at 11 A. M., Nov. 11, 1918. Allies capture Cambrai, le Cateau and Roncroy, Oct. 9; Allies occupy Ostend, Bruges and Lille, Oct. 17; Germans in third peace note accept President Wilson's terms and recall submarines to their bases, Oct. 20; British and Italians cross the Plave, Oct. 27; armistice granted to Turkey, Oct. 30; Hungarian Republic proclaimed in Budapest, and Republic of German Austria in Vienna, Nov. 1: Austria accepts truce terms, Nov. 4; United States troops reach Sedan, Nov. 7; revolution in Kiel and Hamburg, Nov. 7; Bavaria proclaimed a republic, Nov. 8; the Kaiser abdicates, Nov.

9; he flees to Holland, Nov. 10; armistice
in World War signed in Marshal Foch's
railway coach, near Rethondes, in the for- 1921
est of Compiegne, France, 3 miles east of
the town of Compiegne, and 21 miles
northwest of Senlis, Nov. 11; German fleet
surrenders to British, Nov. 21; United
States troops enter Mainz, Dec. 6; Ameri-
can troops crossed Rhine, Dec. 13.
Malbone St., Tunnel rail wreck (Brighton
line, Brooklyn); 97 killed, 100 hurt, Nov. 2.
1919 Peace Conference opened informally in Paris,
Jan. 12; formally inaugurated in Versail-
les, Jan. 18; treaty signed at Versailles,
June 28; by the Treaty Plenipotentiaries of
Germany and the Allied Powers: Presi-
dent Wilson gave the treaty to the Senate,
July 10; ratified by the German National
Assembly, July 10; by the British Par-
liament, July 25; and by King George,
July 31; by the King of Italy, Oct. 7: by
France, Oct. 13, and by Japan, Oct. 27;
defeated in the United States Senate, Nov.
19.

The German National Assembly, at Weimar on
Aug. 11, promulgated the constitution,
which, in Article 48, provided that the
President's control of the army was subject
to the responsibility of the Chancellor. How-
ever, in the event of civil disorder the Chan-
cellor could act on his own initiative, "if
necessary, with the help of the armed
forces." It was also provided that the
Chancellor could suspend a number of the
articles of the Constitution which guaran-
teed the liberties of the citizens, freedom of
speech, writing and public meeting. This
Hitler was able to do upon the burning of
the Reichstag: and his dictatorship there-
after was founded on Article 48.
The Communist International, or Comintern,
was organized in March, in Russia. Karl
Marx, in Germany in 1862, had formed the
International Working Men's Association,
which existed until 1874. The Second
International dated from 1889.

In Amritsar, religious metropolis of the Sikhs.
in Punjab Province, British India, April 11,
a mass meeting of protest against the arrest
of agitators refused to disperse and was fired
upon by British soldiers under Gen. Dyer;
at least 400 persons were killed and over
1,000 wounded.

Three U. S. Navy seaplanes left Trepassy,
Newfoundland, May 16; one, the N-C 4.
reached the Azores, May 17; Lisbon, May
27; Plymouth, England, May 31; Harry
C. Hawkes and MacKenzie Grieve fell in
mid-ocean on an attempted flight, May
18, from Newfoundland to Ireland, but
were rescued; John Alcock and A. W.
Brown made, June 14-15, a non-stop air
flight from Newfoundland to Ireland: a
British dirigible balloon, R-34, left Scot-
land, July 2, and descended in Mineola,
L. I., July 6. It left for England, July 10.
and arrived there July 13. The U. S. trans-
continental air flight, New York to San
Francisco and return, Oct. 8-18, was won
by Lieut. W. B. Maynard and Lieut. Alex.
Pearson.

The Wartime Prohibition Law, designed as a
measure to conserve grain during the war,
was enacted in November, 1918, and be-
came effective June 30, 1919.
Mayaguez Theater fire, June 20, San Juan,
P. R.; 150 died.

Steel workers strike all over U. S., beginning
Sept. 22; railway strike in England began
Sept. 27; soft coal miners in U. S. began

International Court of Justice adopted by
League of Nations, Aug. 2.

The Nineteenth Amendment, giving suffrage
to women, was proclaimed in effect, Aug.

26.

16.

Wall St., N. Y., bomb explosion, killed 30;
injured 100; did $2,000,000 damage, Sept.
President Harding signed joint resolution
(passed by House, June 30, by Senate July
1) of Congress declaring peace with Ger-
many and Austria, July 2. The treaty was
signed Aug. 25, in Berlin, by United States
and German representatives; was ratified
Sept. 17 by the German National Council:
ratified by the United States Senate (66
to 20) on Oct. 18.

Arkansas River floods and rain swept away
665 houses in Pueblo, Col., property loss
over $20,000,000; 106 dead, June 3-4.
Collapse and explosion of dirigible balloon.
ZR-2 over Hull, England; 62, including 17
U. S. Naval men, were killed, Aug. 24.
Explosion of a new gas plant in Oppau, on
the Rhine, Germany, killed hundreds and
destroyed property worth millions, Sept. 21.
Gerald Chapman and George ("Dutch")
Anderson, on Oct. 24, held up a mail wa-
gon at Broadway and Leonard St., N. Y.
City, and stole 4 sacks of registered mail,
containing $1,454,129, of which $100,000
was cash and negotiable securities.
escaped, but were caught and convicted.
and on Aug. 23, 1922, were sentenced to 25
years in the Federal prison at Atlanta, Ga.
Chapman escaped, on Mch. 27, 1923; An-
derson on Dec. 30, 1923. The latter was
killed in the midwest Oct. 31, 1925. Chap-
man was hanged in the Conn. State Prison,
Wethersfield, on April 6, 1926. He had
been convicted of killing a policeman in
a store robbery at New Britain.
Limitation of Armaments Conference met in
Washington, Nov. 11, 1921-Feb. 6, 1922.
Its terms expired Dec. 31, 1936.

They

1922 Roof of Knickerbocker (movie) Theatre collapsed in Washington, D. C., 98 died from injuries, Jan. 28.

1923

Dirigible balloon Roma (built in Italy for
the United States) exploded, by contact
with electric wires, descending at Hamp-
ton, Va.; 34 died of injuries, Feb. 21.
The
Admiral
Portuguese aviators,
Cago
Coutinho and Commander Saccadura Ca-
bral, left Lisbon, Portugal, March 22, ar-
riving at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 19,
with stops at Cape Verde and Natal, cov-
ering 4,293 nautical miles. This was the
first airplane crossing of the South At-
lantic.

Fourteen republics of Russia combined, in
convention in Moscow, as the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, Dec. 20. In-
cluded were the White Russian, the Ukrain-
ian, and the Trans-Caucasian Soviet Re-
publics.

French and Belgian troops began occupation of the Ruhr, Jan. 11.

On May 17, 76 persons, 41 of them children, were burned or crushed to death at the Cleveland Rural Graded School in Camden, S. C.

Earthquake, followed by fires and tidal waves, destroyed part of Tokio and Yokohama, 99,331 were killed, Sept. 1.

The revolt in Bavaria, organized by Gen. Ludendorff and Adolf Hitler, ended on Mar. 9, when the Beer Putschists marched in Munich. Ludendorff was captured but later was paroled. Hitler was wounded. several others died, in the fighting. Hitler was captured Nov. 12 and imprisoned. 1924 Nikolai Lenin (M. Vladmir Ilich UlianovLenin) 54, head of the Soviet Russian government, died on Jan. 21, of apoplexy, in Gorka, 20 miles S. E. of Moscow. He had

1924

were ordered to Nicaragua, Jan. 6, to protect American interests. The marines were withdrawn early in 1933.

Civil war in China caused over 400 British troops to be landed in Shanghai, Jan. 27; 1,200 U. S. marines got there on March 5, and Japan, France, Spain, Portugal and Holland put over 15,000 soldiers ashore. At Nanking, March 23, Cantonese troops shelled the burning Standard Oil plant, and killed several foreigners, including Dr. J. E. Williams of Shawnee, O., Vice President of Nanking University.

been seriously ill since May, 1933). For some 1927 600 U. S. marines and several war vessels time he had been progressively paralyzed. The death certificate of Dr. Otfried Foerster, of Breslau, named the trouble as arterio-sclerosis. Lenin's father had died comparatively young from the same cause. Allies and Germany, in Agreement of London, accepted Dawes Reparation Plan,. Aug. 16; French troops began evacuation of Ruhr Aug. 18; the Agreement was formally signed Aug. 30, at London by Germany and the powers concerned, and Owen D. Young of the United States assumed duties as Agent General of Reparation Payments. N. F. Leopold. Jr., 19, and Richard Loeb, 19, kidnapped for ransom and killed Robert Franks, 13, in Chicago, May 22; they pleaded guilty, July 21, and were sentenced to prison for life. Loeb was killed by a fellow convict, Jan. 28, 1936. The Prince of Wales began his American tour in N. Y., Aug. 29; and left there for England. Oct. 25.

The ZR-3, dirigible (Los Angeles), left Friedrichshafen, Germany, Oct. 12, 12:35 A. M.; arriving in New York, Oct. 15, 8:3:40 A. M.; reached Lakehurst, N. J., 9:55 A. M. On Christmas Day, in the Babb Switch School, Hobart, Okla., 35 parents and school children perished in a fire that started when a candle ignited a holiday tree. 1925 A storm in Missouri, Southern Illinois and Indiana killed over 830 persons, injured 3,800; property loss $10,000,000.

200 were killed by the explosion of bombs in
the Cathedral of Sveti Kral, in Sofia, at
the funeral of Gen. Georghieff, who was as-
sassinated April 14.

Earthquakes in Japan killed 381, and caused
$50,000,000 property loss, May 23.
Earthquakes partly destroyed the city of
Santa Barbara, Calif., June 29.

John T. Scopes, in court in Dayton, Tenn.,
was found guilty of having taught evolution
in the local High School and was fined $100
and costs. July 24. William J. Bryan, chief
counsel for the prosecution, died in Dayton
on July 26. Clarence Darrow, chief defense
counsel, died March 13, 1938.
The 2 Nine Power Treaties of the Washing-
ton Arms Conference were ratified in Wash-
ington by the U. S., France, Japan, Italy,
Great Britain, China, Portugal, Belgium
and Holland, Aug. 5.

The U. S. Navy rigid dirigible airship Shen-
andoah (which had left Lakehurst, N. J.,
on Sept. 2, bound for St. Paul) was torn
to pieces at 5 A. M., Sept. 3, by a thunder
squall while passing over Ava, Ohio; 14
of the crew were killed, including Lieut.
Com. Zachary Lansdowne, Sept. 3.
Germany ratified the Locarno treaties, Nov.
27. They were ratified by Great Britain,
Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Poland.
and Czechosloyakia, in London, Dec. 1.
They went into effect on Sept. 14, 1926.
1926 The anthracite strike, which began Sept. 1,
1926, was secretly settled, in Philadelphia,
Feb. 12; work resumed Feb. 18.

A general British strike, due to coal miners'
strike and lockout, and involving 2,500,000
workers, began May 3; called off May 12,
but the coal miners stayed out for months.
The Sesquicentennial Exposition, in Phila-
delphia, opened, May 31. It closed Nov. 30.
21 were killed, 80 buildings wrecked, and $85,-
000,000 of property and ammunition de-
stroyed by explosions and fires when light-
ning struck the navy munitions reservations
at Lake Denmark, N. J., July 10.
The Assembly of the League of Nations, in
Geneva, Sept. 8, unanimously admitted
Germany to the League and to a permanent
Council seat and increased the non-perma-
nent members of the Council from 6 to 9.
A tropical hurricane from the ocean swept
the east coast of Florida, and into Alabama
and Mississippi, Sept. 18, killing 372;
6,281 were hurt, 17,884 families temporarily
made homeless, 5,000 homes were destroyed.
The greatest damage was in Miami and its
suburbs. Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood,
Dania and Hialeah, where the dead num-
bered 250. 110 bodies were found at Moore
Haven. In the Bahamas, at Turks' and
Caicos Islands 17 were killed; over 10 died
at Bimini.

A hurricane killed over 600 in Havana and
other places in Cuba, Oct. 20. On the Isle
of Pines, 40 were killed.

The U. S. Supreme Court voided the Doheny oil reserve leases Feb. 28. President Coolidge cancelled the Naval Reserve oil leases, March 17.

Albert Snyder, art editor of "Motor Boating," was killed, March 20, in his home, Queens Village, L. I., N. Y. His wife, Ruth Brown Snyder, and her lover, Henry Judd Gray. married, a corset salesman, of E. Orange, N. J., confessed, and were convicted, May 9, of murder. They were executed in Sing Sing, Jan. 12, 1928.

Floods in the Mississippi River and its lower branches began early in April and for six weeks inundated 20,000 square miles in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri. Tennessee and Kentucky. The property loss was put at $270,000,000; over 4,000,000 acres of crops were destroyed, also 25,000 horses, 50,000 cattle, 148,000 hogs. 1,300 sheep, and 1,300,000 poultry; 600,000 persons were made for a time homeless, and several hundred were drowned. Tornadoes killed 22 in Illinois, April 19, and 250 on May 9 in Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Texas and Wyoming. Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh, alone in his monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, hopped off, May 10, at San Diego, Calif. He reached St. Louis May 11; left there May 12 and landed the same day at Mineola, N. Y. He left there on May 20, reached Paris May 21, flew to Brussels, May 28; Brussels to London, May 29; England back to Paris. June 3; Paris to Cherbourg, June 4, where he boarded the U. S. Navy Cruiser, Memphis, on the deck of which was the boxedup Spirit of St. Louis. The ship arrived on June 10 at the Virginia Capes: Lindbergh was welcomed June 11, by President Coolidge, in Washington, in New York City on June 13, by Mayor J. J. Walker and Gov. A. E. Smith; he returned to Washington and on June 16 flew his Spirit of St. Louis to Mineola, N. Y., and was welcomed in Brooklyn. On June 17 he flew to St. Louis. Later (Dec., 1927-Feb., 1928) he flew from Washington, non-stop, to Mexico City, thence to Panama and South America, and to St. Louis. In 1931-32, he and his wife flew to Ottawa, thence to Alaska, Japan, and China. In 1933 (July-Dec.) the couple toured in their plane Greenland, western Europe, upper South America and the West Indies.

A tornado at St. Louis killed 87. injured
1,500, and destroyed 1,000 houses, Sept. 29.
Rains and floods, beginning Nov. 2, and last-
ing several days, devastated the river val-
leys of New England, particularly in
Vermont, and the Canadian Province of
Quebec. Over 120 persons were killed in
Vermont.
1928 Pan-American Conference in Havana, Cuba;
opened by President Coolidge, Jan. 16:
adjourned Feb. 20.

Trotsky, Kameneff, Zinovieff, Rakovsky, and
Radek exiled by the Soviets from White
Russia, Jan. 16.

The St. Francis water-supply dam, 40 miles
north of Los Angeles, collapsed; 450 lives
lost, 700 houses swept away.

A hurricane swept over the West Indies and
Florida, Sept. 12-17, killing 60 on the Lee-
ward Isles. 660 on Guadeloupe, 200 on Puer-
to Rico, and 1500 to 2500 in Florida. Dam-
age, $85,000,000 in Puerto Rico, $25,000,000
in Florida, $7,000,000 elsewhere.
Soviet Russia inaugurated the Five-Year
Plan of agricultural and industrial develop-
ment, Oct. 1.

The balloon, Graf Zeppelin, under Capt.
Hugo Eckener, with crew of 38, and 20
passengers, left Friedrichshafen, Germany.
on Oct. 11, and on Oct. 15, reached N. Y.
City and anchored at Lakehurst, N. J.
She left there Oct. 29, and reached Fried-
richshafen on Oct. 31.

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