to work with a will to improve their new home. They advanced the frontier of Pennsylvania steadily westward by their new plantations, and proved themselves among the most desirable settlers that had yet come into the province.

William Penn had come to Pennsylvania with the intention of passing the remainder of his life there; but rumors now began to reach the colony that it was the intention of the crown to deprive Pennsylvania of

its charter and make it a royal province. These reports made it necessary for Penn to return to England, a step to which nothing but the importance of being near the home government to defend the liberties of his people could have forced him. He had done his work in America well, and could go back to his native land with the satisfaction that he had successfully laid the foundations of a great and rapidlygrowing state, and had placed the liberties of its people

upon such a secure

basis that they would endure for all time.

He had founded a democracy, and had proved by the most generous surrender of his truly regal powers that his chief aim in life was the good of his fellow-men. After making such arrangements as he deemed best for the welfare of his "young countrie," he went back to England in 1701.

There were not wanting efforts after his arrival in England to deprive him of his proprietary rights and to convert Pennsylvania into a royal province; but the deep reverence with which the English people had now

come to regard the virtues of William Penn prevented the consummation of these designs, and saved the people of Pennsylvania from the rule of royal governors, such as plundered the sister province of New York. The crown could never be persuaded to rob the man whose pure life was an honor to the nation. In his last years Penn was so poor that he was for a while an inmate of a debtors' prison. He had bought the province of Pennsylvania from Charles II., and had confirmed his claim by purchasing the lands from the Indians, so that he was absolute owner of the unoccupied lands of the colony. He thus had it in his power to relieve his distress by selling his claims, but in his deepest poverty he refused to` part with Pennsylvania, except upon terms which would secure to his people the full and perfect enjoyment of the liberties he had guaranteed them. He died in 1718, peacefully, and amid the sympathy of his countrymen in England, and the sorrow of those whom he had befriended in his beloved Pennsylvania. By his pure life he won for the people of his faith the respect of all candid men, and by his fidelity to the principles he professed he became the benefactor of millions who will ever count it a privilege to honor his name.

Penn left three sons, who were all minors at the time of his death. They succeeded to his rights as proprietary of Pennsylvania, and the government of the colony was administered for them by deputies until the Revolution, when their claims were purchased by the State.

CHAPTER XVIII.

SETTLEMENT OF THE CAROLINAS.

Gradual Settlement of North Carolina from Virginia-Charles II. grants Carolina to Clarendon and others-The "Grand Model"-An Ideal Aristocracy Proposed for Carolina-The Authority of the Proprietaries Established in North Carolina-Continued Settlement of that Region--Characteristics of the Early Settlers of North CarolinaThe People Reject the Grand Model-Hostility of England to the Colonial CommerceInsurrection in North Carolina-Slothel Governor-Settlement of South CarolinaCharleston Founded-The Proprietary Constitutions Rejected by South Carolina-Rapid Growth of the Colony-Introduction of Slavery-Characteristics of the Early Settlers of South Carolina-Efforts to Enforce the Navigation Acts-Resistance of the PeopleThe Proprietaries Abandon their Constitutions—Archdale's Reforms-Religious Intolerance-Establishment of the Church of England in South Carolina-Action of the Crown-Continued Prosperity of South Carolina-Governor Moore Attacks St. Augustine-Failure of the Effort-The Spaniards are Repulsed in an Attempt to Capture Charleston-Indian War in North Carolina-The Tuscaroras Driven Northward-War with the Yemmassees-Destruction of their Power-Separation of the Carolinas.

E have related the efforts of the French to colonize the shores of the beautiful region which they named Carolina, and the failure of Raleigh's attempt to found a city upon Roanoke island. We have now to consider the successful planting of this same region with English settlements.

After the settlement of Virginia the attention of the English was frequently drawn to the fertile region south of the James, and as their plantations spread in that direction adventurous explorers went into this region, and returned with reports of its great beauty and fertility. When the severe measures of the Virginia colony for enforcing conformity to the established church were put in operation, many dissenters withdrew from the limits of the colony and settled in what are now the northeastern counties of North Carolina. Among these were a company of Presbyterians, who settled upon the Chowan. Others followed them, and by the year 1663 these counties contained a prosperous and growing community of English-speaking people.

In 1663 Charles II., who always displayed the most remarkable liberality in his gifts of American lands, granted to eight of his favorites the vast region extending from the present southern boundary of Virginia to the St. John's river in Florida, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Those upon whom this rich gift was bestowed were the Earl of Clarendon, the prime minister, Lord Ashley Cooper, who was afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury, the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, Sir John Colleton, Lord John Berkeley, his brother, Sir William Berkeley, the governor of Virginia, and Sir George Cartaret. They were given absolute power over their territory, the king reserving only a claim upon their allegiance. The country had been called Carolina by the first French settlers in honor of Charles IX. of France; the old name was retained in honor of Charles II. of England.

The proprietors had but one object in view: to enrich themselves; but they claimed to be influenced by a "pious zeal for the propagation of the gospel." They at once set to work to prepare a code of laws for the government of their province. This task was committed to Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, and the great philosopher, John Locke, then an almost unknown man. These produced a code known as "The Grand Model," or "Fundamental Constitutions." This was a system which might have been successful if the

people for whom it was intended had been some European community of the Middle Ages, but it was utterly unsuited to a colony in the woods of America, composed of men whose personal independence and sturdy love of freedom were the indispensable conditions of the success of their enterprise. By the terms of the "Grand Model" an order of nobility was created, into whose hands the sole right to rule was committed. Earls, barons, and squires were made the natural heads of the various classes of society, and the common people were attached to the soil as tenants. A simple tenant could never rise above his humble position, and was denied the right of suffrage; only those who possessed fifty acres of land were allowed this right, or were entitled to the name of freemen. The freemen were allowed an assembly, but that body was placed entirely under the control of the nobility. Religious freedom was promised to all persons, but the constitution expressly declared that the only orthodox establishment was the Church of England. Trial by jury was guaranteed, but with the destructive provision that a majority should decide the verdict of the jury. It was very clear that this magnificent constitution would not suit the settlers in the log cabins of North Carolina, but the proprietors, ignorant of the people they had to deal with, proceeded to organize their government in England by electing the Duke of Albemarle to the rank of

Palatine, as the head of their system was termed. Sir William Berkeley, then governor of Virginia, was ordered to establish the authority of the proprietors over the settlers on Albemarle sound. This he did, and appointed William Drummond, a Scotchman and one of the settlers, governor. This was the same Drummond who afterwards took part in Bacon's rebellion in Virginia, and was hanged by Berkeley, as has been related. A simple form of government was established, and the people of North Carolina were left in peace until it should be time to collect the quit-rents which the proprietors claimed as due for their occupation of their lands.

In 1661, a few years previous to this action of Berkeley, a company from New England had made a settlement on the Cape Fear river. The colony did not prosper, however, though liberal inducements were held out to it, and many of the emigrants returned home. In 1664 a colony from the Barbadoes joined the settlers on the Cape Fear. The newcomers had been sent out by a company at the Barbadoes, who purchased from the Indians a tract of land thirty-two miles square on the Cape Fear, and asked of the proprietors of Carolina a confirmation of their purchase and a separate charter of government. A liberal charter was granted them, the country was named Clarendon, and Sir John Yeamans, a resident of Barbadoes, was appointed governor. He was instructed to "make things easy to the people of New England; from thence the greatest supplies are expected." In 1665 he led a company of emigrants from Barbadoes, and formed a settlement on the Cape Fear. The effort to found a town was unsuccessful, and the emigrants found great difficulty in contending against the natural barrenness and poverty of the region in which they had located. They devoted themses to the cutting and export of lumber, and established a trade in boards, staves and shingles to the West Indies, which is still carried on by their descendants. This trade was found to be profitable, and emigration increased. In 1666 the colony is said to have had a population of eight hundred souls.

In the meantime the settlements on Albemarle sound and the Chowan had prospered, and had increased steadily in population, under the simple government established over them. This government consisted of a council of six persons named by the proprietaries and six chosen by the assembly, and an assembly consisting of the governor, the council and twelve representatives chosen by the freeholders of the colony. The proprietaries had confirmed the colonists in the possession of their lands, and had solemnly promised them religious toleration and exemption from taxation except by the colonial legislature. In 1669 the assembly,