of the boys and still more of the girls could not be educated, for the schools were distant and costly. The State had done nothing, the churches everything. Pennsylvania was yet to learn that sectarian activity could not be depended on for a complete educational system.

Whatever her educational disadvantages, the number of men of high standing in science, letters, and government was extremely creditable to her intellectual life. Her free institutions were a great encouragement to free thought, and hence to the development of greatness. There was no churchly domination as in Massachusetts, nor was there the exclusive attention to questions of government seen in Virginia. Nowhere else in the colonies had scientific men such deserved reputation.

Among the early settlers, Thomas Lloyd, James Logan, George Keith, David Lloyd, Christopher Taylor, who opened a classical school on the island of Tinicum, Kelpius, Pastorius, Christopher Dock, the school master of the Skippack, Sower, and Peter Miller, were men of generous culture. Logan made the greatest collection of classical literature in America, a part of which was finally merged with the Philadelphia Library. He was a Latin author of no mean rank. In science, David Rittenhouse is a prominent name. A descendant of the old paper manufacturer of the Wissahickon, he early developed a taste for science and mathematics. His most conspicuous act was the series of observations on the transit of Venus for solar parallax in 1769, for which the assembly and various public institutions supplied the funds. The results were so accurate and complete that the reputation of Rittenhouse became world-wide. He constructed orreries and other astronomical instruments with his own hands, but in later years became involved in politics and constitution-making.

In botany, John Bartram gained an equal reputation. The provinces were virgin soil for botanists, and Bartram traversed them from Canada to Florida, collecting for himself and his friends, Peter Collinson and Dr. Fothergill, of London. His gardens, near Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia,