the French peerage; the second marshal commanded in the seven years war, was made a prince of the empire, and by Louis XVI. made commander-in-chief. He refused to serve under Napoleon, and died in voluntary exile. His son followed Lafayette to America, but soon returned, served on the staff in the republican army of the Rhine, was denounced, arrested, and guillotined, June 27, 1794. His injunction to his son (the subject of this sketch, then but 9 years old) was to remain faithful to liberty even though she were ungrateful and unjust. "His father murdered, his mother in prison, his property confiscated and plundered, the young de Broglie first appears in life in wooden shoes and a red cap of liberty, begging an assignat from the younger Robespierre.” Yet he adhered to the cause for which his father died, and maintained through life the principles of 1789, seeming to have forgotten even his rank until reminded of it by a summons to the chamber of peers. Early in life he was one of Napoleon's council of state. With high rank, independent fortune, unblemished integrity, unflinching patriotism, and a sincere and consistent attachment to liberal opinions, B. entered the chamber in 1815, just before he was 30 years old. His first opportunity was on the trial of marshal Ney, and he alone had the courage to speak and vote for acquittal on the ground that the marshal was not guilty of premeditated treason. During the restoration he was active in the defense of liberal opinions and measures, opposing the reactionary policy of the court, and acting with the doctrinaires, of whom Guizot was the ablest representative. In 1816, he married Mme. de Stael's daughter. About the same time he became an ally of Clarkson and Wilberforce in the cause of the emancipation of negroes from slavery. In Louis Philippe's first cabinet he reluctantly took the bureau of public worship, and in 1832, upon strong urging, became Cassimir Perier's successor as minister of foreign affairs, in which office he strengthened the bonds between France and England, negotiated the quadruple alliance, assisted in settling the Belgian and Greek questions, and labored with success to preserve the peace of Europe. In 1835, he was the head of the cabinet, and, riding beside the king when Fieschi's attempt at regicide was made, B. received one of the bullets through his coat collar. He retired permanently from public life in 1836. Though not in office, B. preserved through life close personal and political friendship with Guizot. The overthrow of the constitutional monarchy in 1848 was a severe blow to the duke; but he consented to sit in the republican assemblies, and labored to counteract some of what he deemed to be the evils of universal suffrage and to avert the coup d'état which he saw was impending. When it came he was conspicuous as one of the bitterest enemies of the imperial regime, though he admitted that an empire was "the government which the poorer classes of France desired, and the rich deserved." His last 20 years were devoted to philosophical and literary pursuits. With regard to the future, he said: "I shall die a penitent Christian and an impenitent liberal." He was a member of the academy and other societies, in whose labor he took assiduous interest. He was succeeded by Albert de B., his eldest son, also of literary distinction, who has had a prominent part since 1871 in the national assembly, and was for some time the head of marshal MacMahon's cabinet.

BROGLIE, ALBERT, Duc de, son of Achille, b. 1821; statesman and author, elected a member of the academy in 1862. His main work, The Church and the Roman Empire in the Fourth Century has passed through several editions. He has also published Leibnitz's System of Religion; Questions of Religion and History, etc. M. Thiers made him minister of foreign affairs, and ambassador to Great Britain.

BROHAN, JOSEPHINE FÉLICITÉ AUGUSTINE, b. 1824; a French actress, excelling specially in the higher dramas, such as those of Molière, Beaumarchais, and Victor Hugo. She has also produced some pieces of her own. On the death of Rachel she took the great tragedienne's chair in the conservatory. Her two sisters are well known on the stage; Suzanne, and Emilie Madeleine.

BROILING is a convenient and expeditious mode of cooking small pieces of meat, by laying them on a gridiron over a bright fire, or even on the coals themselves. This is perhaps the most primitive mode of preparing meat for eating, as may be supposed from the great ease and simplicity with which the operation is managed. B. is, in fact, a quicker sort of roasting. The albumen of the outside being sealed up at once, the meat is rendered extremely nutritious, and therefore this process is much to be recommended. But to broil meat so as to preserve its odor, juice, and fat, requires care. The meat should be prepared for the gridiron by being beaten slightly with the rolling-pin, trimmed of superfluous fat and skin, and cut so as to look well on the dish. The fire should be perfectly clear, and of a red-hot surface to answer to the size of the gridiron, that all parts of the meat may be equally cooked. Just before setting the gridiron over, some salt should be sprinkled on the fire to prevent the flare. The gridiron should be perfectly clean and smooth, being always rubbed when it is put away; and, before using, it should be warmed, greased with suet, and rubbed again with paper. When it is placed on the fire, the back should be higher than the front. The meat should never be touched with a fork, but turned rapidly with the broiling tongs; and when sufficiently done, should be served immediately on a very hot dish, being seasoned according to taste, In large ranges there should be a broiling stove, and an apparatus for B. suited to it; by this the heat of the fire can be easily regulated. But for all ordinary purposes, a fire of charcoal, or of common coal, and a grooved gridiron, to preserve

the gravy, is all that is necessary. Sometimes a gridiron is used to hang before the fire, when a dinner is being dressed and the top of the fire occupied; this is convenient, but it is an inferior way of cooking, the meat being roasted rather than broiled. There is a gridiron sold in the streets which is very well adapted to small low fires, as it is easily put in between the bars.

BROKE, Sir PHILIP BOWES VERE, 1776-1841; an English admiral of the war of 1812; he commanded the Shannon, and sent a challenge to fight to the American capt. Lawrence, just promoted to the command of the Chesapeake. Before the latter arrived, Lawrence, who thought the mere appearance of a British vessel to be a challenge, went out to meet him. An action ensued, June 1, 1813, in sight of the land off Boston. Law. rence was almost immediately mortally wounded, and his badly supplied and badly manned vessel was captured. The victory raised B. to knighthood.

BROKEN KNEES. The part commonly termed the knee of the horse is the carpus or wrist of man, and from the peculiar conformation of a quadruped, is much exposed, and liable to serious injury. By broken knee is meant the abrasion or more serious injury of the joint by a fall; and even when the wounds are healed, the scar usually remains to indicate that the horse has once fallen, and is "broken-kneed." An animal is then regarded as unsafe, and seriously deteriorated in value.

Causes.-The fall is necessarily the immediate cause of the broken-knee; as to the cause of the fall, it is usually to be looked for elsewhere than in the horse himself. As a rule, the safety of a horse's action is very great, particularly about the age of from four to seven or eight years. Rarely does a horse at any age fall on his knees, unless his feet have suffered from improper shoeing; the animal then moves cautiously, and is very apt to "stumble." Undoubtedly, some horses of defective conformation and slug. gish disposition are more likely to stumble and fall than a well made, high-actioned steed; nevertheless, the most perfect animal may gradually be rendered unsafe by improper shoeing. See SHOEING OF HORSES.

Symptoms.-It is important, so soon as the injury is done, to determine the extent and depth of the wound. If it be merely a superficial wound, the case is a simple one; and unless the skin is much bruised, the hair will grow, and the animal not be permanently blemished. The sheath, however, through which the tendon over the joint passes, may be opened, and the tendon itself injured. The wound is then gaping, heals rather slowly, and sloughs have to be thrown off. Lastly, the joint itself may be opened, and this is indicated by a free discharge of the joint-oil or synovia, and by the bones being seen or felt on probing. The worst form of accident is that when the bones of the joint are fractured. The system suffers when the wounds are serious, and severe fever sets in.

Treatment.-Whatever may be the form of injury, the first injunction is to wash the wound thoroughly with cold water applied constantly for hours. The joint will swell, become hot and painful, and in some cases irritative fever occurs. Then the animal should be kept on low diet, and be purged with four, five, or six drachms of aloes, according to its size, etc. Should the wound be deep, much dirt remaining in the tis sues, a large linseed-meal poultice should be applied over the joint for a day or two, until free suppuration sets in. If this is retarded, and in all cases when the poultice does not appear necessary, cold fomentations may be continued, using either some infusion of chamomile, or one part of tincture of arnica to twelve of water, or one part of Goulard's extract to a similar quantity of water. The severe symptoms speedily subside, unless the bones are fractured or the joint otherwise seriously injured. Usually, the wound heals rapidly, the joint-oil ceases to flow; and in order to insure a contraction of the wound, mild astringent or caustic applications should be used, such as tincture of myrrh, sulphate of zinc lotion, or sulphate of copper in crystal rubbed over it. When the wound is thoroughly healed, the hair may not grow rapidly, even in parts where it should form; in this case its production may be accelerated by the use of a very mild cantharidine ointment, which should act as a mild irritant, but not as a blister. In some cases of severe broken knee, it is advisable to fix the limb so that the animal may not move the joint much. In veterinary jurisprudence, a broken knee is regarded as a blemish, not as an unsoundness.

BROKEN WIND, a disease or unsoundness of the respiratory organs of the horse, which, from the French pousse, was termed, by some of the old English writers on farriery, pursiness. The Germans term it dämpfigkeit, or asthma, though in many of their works it receives also the name of herzschlägigkeit, from a belief that it consists in palpitation of the heart. The nature of the malady is not well understood, though it appears in the form of difficulty in the act of expiration, the horse making an extraordinary or spasmodic effort to expel from the lungs the air which has readily entered them in inspiration.

Symptoms.-A broken-winded horse is usually an animal that does not thrive, is lean, and has a dependent belly, the muscles of which are unusally active as expiratory muscles. The characteristic symptoms are best observed when the horse is exercised, the breathing becoming very labored, the nostrils dilated, the eyes bloodshot, and even blue, showing imperfect purification of blood in the lungs. Oh watching the chest and flank, the ribs are observed very actively moved, and after collapsing, when the air is expelled from the lungs, are further depressed by a spasmodic jerk brought about by the

Bromeliaceæ.

abdominal muscles. A broken-winded horse has a bad cough, of the kind referred to by veterinarians as characteristic of unsoundness, and termed a hollow cough. When the animal is oppressed by fast work, or dragging a load up a hill, the pulse is excessively rapid, and the heart beats energetically. From this circumstance, it is regarded by some as a disease of the heart. Others have believed the diaphragm affected, but in reality it is the lungs, or the apparatus for expelling the air from these organs, that is at fault. The diaphragm being a muscle of inspiration, it is probably in no way implicated. No doubt, when the heart is diseased, the function of breathing is sometimes much affected, but these are not the symptoms of the true broken-wind, any more than when the lungs are in part rendered impervious to air, and the act of inspiration is rendered short. This condition constitutes thick wind, and is often one of the remote results of inflammatory disease of the lungs.

Causes.-Low-bred horses are liable to B. W., especially if improperly fed on innutritious and bulky food, and at the same time kept at hard and fast work. Whatever may be the way in which the condition of the alimentary canal operates in producing B. W., of this we are certain, that the function of digestion is much impaired. Indeed, the term B. W. is believed to have had reference originally to the constant escape of flatus. B. W. is far more rare now-a-days than of old, and it is at present most common in those countries where horses are worst managed, and fed almost exclusively on coarse, indigestible, or innutritious kinds of hay and beans.

Treatment. The treatment of B. W. is very unsatisfactory; and we can only hope for palliation of the symptoms by keeping the alimentary canal in proper order, administering occasional purgatives, and feeding on a proper quantity of the best oats, which should always be bruised; also allowing the horse the best hay in spare quantities-viz., from 10 to 12 lbs. daily. Some veterinarians have vaunted their powers of curing this disease, and recommended large doses of camphor, digitalis, and opium; but these potent narcotics only operate for a very short time, and as their effects pass off, the symptoms return, and often with increased severity. We may say that B. W. is incurable; and horses very frequently drop down exhausted when at hard work, and die either from congestion of the lungs, hemorrhage, or simple suffocation.

B. W. is so bad a form of unsoundness that horse-dealers sometimes attempt, and even successfully, to hide the defect for the time they may be engaged in the sale of a horse, and this they do by causing the animal to swallow shot or grease. A certain portion of lead weighing in the stomach has a wonderful effect in diminishing the symptoms, which become again obvious enough for a few hours after the ruse has been practiced on some unwary purchaser.

BROKER (so called, from a Teut. and Slav. root, brak or wrak, signifying refuse, blemish; as if the function had originally been to select good articles of merchandise and reject blemished ones: the German term is mäkler, from makel, blemish), an agent employed to make bargains and contracts between other persons, in matters of trade, commerce, and navigation, for a compensation commonly called brokerage. Where he is employed to buy or sell goods, he is not intrusted with the custody or possession of them, and is not authorized to buy or sell them in his own name. In this respect, he differs from a factor, and he differs from an auctioneer in two particulars: a B. may buy as well as sell, but an auctioneer can only sell; a B. cannot sell personally at public auction, for that is the appropriate function of an auctioneer, but he may sell at private sales, which an auctioneer (as such) does not. A B. is strictly a middleman, or intermediate negotiator between the parties, and for some purposes, he is treated as the agent of both parties, but primarily he is deemed merely the agent of the party by whom he is originally employed. There are several sorts of brokers, such as stock-brokers, share-brokers, ship-brokers (q.v.), insurance-brokers, and bill-brokers (q.v.). Persons who appraise goods, sell or distrain furniture for rent, are also called brokers, although differing entirely in their occupations from the preceding commercial agents. The business of a pawnbroker (q v.) is also of a different nature.

Brokers, in London, must be admitted by the lord mayor and aldermen, paying £5 on admission, and a like sum annually, under a penalty of £100; but they are no otherwise subject to the control of the court of aldermen. A list is kept by the city of brokers admitted, and of those who have been convicted of fraud or disqualified (33 and 34 Vict. c. 60).

By the larceny consolidation act, 24 and 25 Vict. c. 96, s. 76, it is enacted that any person, who, being a banker, merchant, B., attorney, or agent, and being intrusted for safe custody with the property of any other persons, shall in any manner convert or appropriate it to his own use, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be liable to be kept in penal servitude from five to seven years, or to suffer some other punishment, by imprisonment for not more than two years, with hard labor or confinement. See FACTOR.

BROKER (ante). In the United States, brokers are classed according to the nature of their business. In general, the word means a dealer in money or stocks; but besides the bill and note broker there are exchange, insurance, cotton (and other merchandise), pawn, real estate, and ship brokers. The B. is paid by a commission on his sales, or by a special agreement. Usually brokers do not disclose the names of their principals.

87

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There is an implied warranty in dealing with a broker that the thing he sells is all that
It pretends to be, and if a bill sold be found a forgery, he is held responsible.

BROKERAGE is the remuneration or compensation allowed to a broker (q.v.). BROMBERG, a t. of Prussia, in the province of Posen, 69 m. n.e. from the city of that name, is situated on the Brahe, about 6 m. from its junction with the Vistula. B. has manufactures of woolens, linen, chicory, tobacco, and Prussian blue; a large sugarrefinery, distilleries, breweries, potteries, and corn-mills. The Bromberg canal, by uniting the rivers Netz and Brahe, connects the Oder and Elbe with the Vistula. Pop. '80, 34,044.

BROME, a co. in the province of Quebec, Canada, on the Vermont border; 350 sq. m.; pop. '81, 15,827. The Green mountains occupy a portion of the county. Capital, Knowlton. The Southeastern Railway passes through the co.

BROME-GRASS, Bromus; Gr. bromos, a kind of oat; a genus of grasses, very nearly allied to fescue (q. v.), with flowers in lax panicles, glumes many-flowered, the outer palea bifid at the extremity, and awned beneath, and the very short stigma growing from the face of the germen, beneath its apex. The species are numerous, and some of them are very common British grasses-none more so than the SOFT B. (B. mollis), an annual or biennial, which has very soft downy leaves, grows well on poor soils, and is readily eaten by cattle, but is not much esteemed by farmers, either for the quantity or quality of fodder which it yields. Its seeds have also the reputation of possessing deleterious or poisonous properties: and those of two other species of this genus, B. purgans and B. catharticus, the former a native of North America, and the latter of Chili, are said to be emetic and purgative. The whole subject of the existence of poisonous properties in the seeds of any of these grasses, requires further investigation. Soft B., although now disliked by farmers, was formerly sown as a fodder-grass, and its large seeds were even regarded as making hay more nutritious; so that there are some who view its present proscription as a thing which ought to be reconsidered, and who deem it not improbable that its weighty produce, both in foliage and seeds, and its adaptation to poor soils, Very similar to it are SMOOTH B. may yet recommend it to the favor of agriculturists. (B. racemosus), FIELD B. or MEADOW B. (B. commutatus or B. pratensis, and B. arven sis), all of which seem very much to resemble it in their properties.—The TALL B. (B. giganteus, also known as festuca gigantea and bucetum giganteum), a native of Britain, which reaches the height of 4 or even 5 ft., affords a great bulk of foliage, but is not much relished by cattle. Naturally growing in shady places, it succeeds even in dense woods, and is sometimes sown to form covert for game.-RYE B. (B. secalinus) is generally regarded as a troublesome weed, especially in flelds of rye. It is very abundant in some parts of Europe. In a young state it has a great resemblance to rye. It seeds, which are large, retain their power of germination for years, and do not lose it by passing through the intestines of animal. Deleterious effects have been erroneously ascribed to bread made from rye, along with which these seeds have been ground; but poultry are very fond of them, as of those of other species of this genus.

BROMELIA CEÆ, a natural order of monocotyledonous plants, allied to amaryllidea and iridea, stemless, or with short stems, and rigid, channeled, often spiny and scaly leaves. The flowers are in racemes or panicles; the calyx 3-parted or tubular, persistent, more or less cohering with the ovary; the petals three, withering or deciduous, equal or unequal, imbricated in bud. The stamens are six, inserted into the tube of the calyx The ovary is 3-celled, the style single, the and corolla, the anthers opening inwards. fruit capsular or succulent, many-seeded; the seeds with a minute embryo lying in the base of mealy albumen.-The order contains about 170 known species, all natives of the warmer parts of America, although some of them are now naturalized both in Asia and Africa. The best known plant of the order, and the only one much valued for its fruit, is the pineapple (q.v.). B., with their strong spiny leaves, cover the ground in many places, so as to form impenetrable thickets. Many of them are epiphytic, or grow upon trees, without being parasites, particularly the species of tillandsia, one of which is the New Orleans moss, long beard, or old man's beard of the West Indies and of the southern parts of the United States, hanging from the trees like the lichens of colder climates. The leaves of some are so formed and placed as to retain near their base a quantity of water, often affording a delicious refreshment to the traveler in a hot climate. The water is, perhaps, of use to the plant itself in droughts. Not a few of the B. are capable of vegetating long without contact with earth, and of sustaining long drought without inconvenience, for which reason, and because of their beautiful and fragrant flowers, some of them are very frequently suspended from balconies in South America as airplants. But the piants of this order are more generally valuable for their fibers than upon any other account. Tillandsia usneoides, the New Orleans moss already mentioned, yields a fiber, easily obtained, and in great abundance, which is used instead of hair for The fibers of the leaves of the pineapple, and of some other species stuffing mattresses. of this order, have been made into fabrics resembling the finest white muslin, whilst they are found also to possess sufficient strength for cordage. It is supposed that the produce of different species of bromelia is often included along with that of the American aloe or agare (q.v.). under the name of pita fiber or pita flax, the appearance and properties of

Bronchitis.

the fibers being very similar, as well as those also of the fibers of the species of yucca. The fiber of the pineapple is, in some countries, very frequently twisted into fishinglines, and made into nets and into ropes intended for immersion in water, being very little liable to injury from this cause. Abundant as the plant is in its native regions, and now so perfectly naturalized as to form thickets in many parts of the old world, there seems no limit to the quantity of this fiber which might be procured.-The pineapple cloth of the Philippines is called pina muslin and batiste d'ananas. It is also sometimes erroneously called grass-cloth. With a magnifier, the fibers may be seen to be very numerous and fine, but not twisted at all, as in grass-cloth or the finest muslins and cambrics.' The Philippine pineapple fiber is obtained from a species called by the Spaniards pigna or pina (a cone), and which has by botanists been named bromelia pigna, although some regard it as a mere variety of the pineapple, with small and rather dry fruit. It grows in great abundance in the Philippine islands, and is cultivated by the Chinese near Singapore, and the fiber exported to China. This fiber is prepared also in Malacca, Java, Celebes, etc. When bleached, the pineapple fiber can be spun like flax. A patent for this has been taken out in Britain by Mr. Zincke.

The WILD ANANAS (bromelia pinguin) of the West Indies, the bromelia karatas, common in South America, the B. sagenaria, common in some parts of Brazil, and the billbergia variegata, which grows in wild luxuriance in Mexico, where it is called caroa, often covering miles of country-all yield fibers which are used for cloth, cordage, nets, etc. The fiber of bromelia sagenaria is known as curratow fiber. Very strong ropes are made of it.

The genus bromelia has a 3-parted calyx shorter than the corolla, and the fruit is succulent. The species are pretty numerous, the leaves of all of them are more or less characterized by spiny serratures. The fruit of B. pinguin, already mentioned, affords a cooling juice, which is used in the West Indies mixed with water, to make a drink for patients in fever and dysentery. It is said to be diuretic. A vinous liquor is sometimes. made from it.

BROMIC ACID is the only known compound of bromine and oxygen. It is prepared by acting upon bromine, Br, by caustic potash, K.O, when much bromide of potassium, KBr, is formed, accompanied by bromate of potassium, KBrO,, a compound of potash and B. acid. It likewise combines with silver, lead, and mercury, yielding salts, all of which are styled bromates.

BROMIDES, the salts of bromine combined with various radicals, such as potassium, sodium, iron, mercury, and others. Alkaline B. crystallize in cubes or right angled prisms, and are easily soluble in water. Bromide of potassium is a universal somnific, and is taken in doses of 20 to 60 grs., or even more. B. are said to be useful in epilepsy.

BROMINE (Greek, bromos, disagreeable smell: symb. Br; equiv. 80; spec. grav. 2.96), one of the chemical elements, occurs in combination in sea-water to the extent of about 1 grain to the gallon. It is found more abundantly in certain saline springs, especially those at Kreuznach and Kissengen in Germany. It is also present in water and land plants and animals. In the extraction of B. from concentrated sea-water, from which common salt has been separated in quantity, and which is then called bittern, or from salt springs, the liquor-which contains the B., as bromide of magnesium, MgBr,―has a stream of chlorine gas, Cl, passed through it, which forms chloride of magnesium, MgCl, and liberates the bromine. The liquid thus becomes of a more or less yellow tint, and if it be then agitated with ether, and allowed to settle, the latter floats up the bromine. The ethereal solution is then treated with potash, which principally forms bromide of potassium, KBr, and fixes the B., so that the ether may be distilled off. The residue is then treated with oxide of manganese and sulphuric acid in a retort with heat, which results in the liberation and distillation of pure bromine. It exists as a deep red liquid of density 2.966 (nearly 3), which readily evolves red fumes of a very irritating and suffocating nature. It is very poisonous, actually destroying the animal tissues. It is sparingly soluble in water, more so in alcohol and ether, and its water solution possesses great bleaching properties. When raised to the temperature of 145.4° F. (63° C.), it boils, and reduced to -7.6° F. (-22° C.), it becomes a red crystalline solid. B. combines with great rapidity with metals, occasionally with ignition, as with antimony, and forms a class of salts. Treated with hydrosulphuric acid, B. yields hydrobromic acid, HBr, which is the analogue of hydrochloric acid, as B. is of chlorine.

BROMLEY, a t. in England, 10 m. s.e. of London, on high ground n. of the Ravensbourne river. Besides modern institutions there is a college founded in 1666, by bishop Warner, for the residence and support of widows of clergymen. There is also a palace for the bishop of Rochester, to whom the manor has belonged since the time of Ethelbert; and in the garden attached is St. Blaize's well, which was of great fame before the reformation. Pop. of parish in '71, 10,674.

BROMLEY FAMILY. See page 879.

BROMOFORM, the third bromine substitution product of methane, CH.; analogous to iodoform and chloroform; a heavy, volatile liquid; syn. CHBг3.