After the termination of the great European struggle, a large number of ships of war were put in ordinary," or out of commission, and their officers placed on half-pay. In 1820, the vessels in commission, in ordinary, and building, comprised 127 ships of the line, 311 frigates and sloops, and 27 smaller vessels; but in this total of 465, there were only 113 in commission. In the 19 years that next followed, almost wholly years of peace, the total number of ships of the line, frigates, and sloops, decreased; the gunbrigs, schooners, and cutters increased in number; while the first germs of a new element, a steam navy, made their appearance.

The year 1839 must be viewed as a turning-point in the history of the British navy. Twenty-four years of peace had thrown the memory of warlike achievements into the background; and the house of commons had insisted on the lessening of those estimates which provide for armies and navies. It was now found, however, that both Russia and France had accumulated formidable navies. From that year to the present, the B. N., in common with the navies of other powers, has been undergoing a series of "reconstructions." First, ships of larger size, and carrying heavier guns, were built. These ships were of immense power in the days of wooden broadsides, but are now useless for purposes of war. The next stage, from about 1853 to 1859, was the conversion of our force from a sailing to a steam navy. This became the era of great steam frigates of about 5000 tons, and of heavy armaments in a few great guns, of which the Mersey, 36 guns, may be taken as a leading specimen. With the introduction of rifled guns, of force hitherto undreamt of, came the necessity for armor-plated sides. The fighting part of the navy (i.e., the line of battle) changed once more after 1860 to lowsided vessels, clad in thousands of tons of iron plates. The Warrior was the first ship so built in England, and she was followed by a whole squadron similarly protected. Guns, however, went on increasing in offensive power; and whereas 5-inch plates were at first thought sufficient, now 10-in., 12-in., 14-in., and even 22-in. plates are necessary to exclude shot. Such a vast weight of armor all over a ship would sink any vessel of moderate dimensions. The principle of turret-ships is therefore becoming predominant, in which the greater part of the vessel, clad in comparatively light armor, is under water, or only just visible above the surface. The earliest formidable turret-ship was the ill-fated Captain, which, in 1870, capsized in the bay of Biscay, and entombed 600 brave seamen, with the inventor, capt. Coles. Ships of analogous construction, with lower freeboard, have been since built; and now the Inflexible, of 11,165 tons, carrying 4 guns of 81 tons, is probably the most powerful war-ship that ever floated.

The expenditure on the B. N. greatly increased between 1839 and 1875, on account of the changes just adverted to. In 1839, the number of men and boys voted was little over 25,000; in 1878, it was about 60,000. Even as late as 1852, the expenditure was only £6,500,000, against £10,589,984 in 1879–80; £11,155,900 in 1882–83.

The B. N. is at present composed of 75 ironclads, about 360 steam-vessels, and 120 sailing-vessels. In the beginning of 1882, there were in commission 253 vessels. The unarmored ships comprise cruisers, dispatch vessels, gun-boats, several large old-fashioned two-deckers, troop-ships for India, tugs, old wooden vessels for harbor service. All matters about ships, seamen, etc., will be found under their proper headings. See TURRET-SHIP; also ARMOR-PLATES and WAR-SERVICES.

BRITTON, the title of the earliest summary of the laws of England in the French language, purporting to have been written by the command of Edward I. The compiler is unknown.

BRITTON, JOHN, an eminent English topographical and antiquarian writer, the son of a small farmer and village shopkeeper, was b. July 7, 1771, at Kingston-St.-Michael, near Chippenham, Wiltshire, and losing his parents young, received but a scanty education. Some short notices which he had contributed to the Sporting Magazine brought him into acquaintance with its publisher, Mr. Wheble, who employed him to compile the Beauties of Wiltshire, which he did in conjunction with a young literary friend named E W. Brayley. They also prepared the Beauties of Bedfordshire in the same manner. B. afterwards issued a more elaborate work, entitled the Architectural Antiquities of England. One of the most important of his subsequent publications was The Cathedral Antiquities of England, 14 vols. fol. and 4to, 1814-35, with upwards of 300 highly finished plates. Altogether, his illustrated works of architectural and topographical description and antiquities number 87, besides others of a similar kind which he edited.

BRIVE, a t. of France, in the department of Corréze, pleasantly situated in the midst of vineyards, and shut in by a fine circular avenue of elms, about 15 m. s. w. of Tulle. It has manufactures of woolen, cotton-yarn, etc. Pop. '81, 14,182.

BRIXEN, a t. of Austrian Tyrol, at the confluence of the Eisack and the Rientz, 104 m. from Vienna by rail. It is a bishop's see, and has a cathedral, several monasteries, a theological seminary, and a gymnasium. There are iron and steel factories in the neighborhood. Nine miles away is the great fort of Franzensfeste, built in 1838. B. is mentioned in 901; it was walled in in 1038; was burnt in 1174, 1234, and 1445; in 1519, III.-3a.

it was stormed by the French, and in 1525 suffered from the rebellion of the peasants. Pop. '69, 4349.

BRIXHAM, a market-t. and seaport of Devonshire, England, beautifully situated on the s. side of Torbay, 5 m. s. from Torquay, and 22 m. directly s. from Exeter. The town occupies the sides of two hills, and is divided into two parts, called upper and lower B., the former consisting chiefly of a long straggling street. Some of the more recently erected parts of the town are well built, and contain good houses, but the older parts are mean. The prosperity of B. depends chiefly on its fisheries, it being the headquarters of the great. Devonshire fishery of Torbay, in which many vessels are employed, mostly trawlers, of which there are about 200. These are decked sloops of 40 to 50 tons burden, and generally managed by three men and a boy. Great quantities of fresh fish are sent to London, Bath, and Bristol. Considerable quantities of iron ore are raised in the neighborhood and shipped here. B. has also a number of vessels engaged in the coasting and foreign trade, the foreign trade being chiefly with the Mediterranean. The admiralty have an establishment here for watering the navy. Near B. is a station of the South Devon branch of the Great Western railway. It was at B. that the prince of Orange, afterwards William III., landed, Nov. 4, 1688. Pop. '71, 4941; '81, 7033.

BRIZA. See QUAKING GRASS.

BRIZURE, BRIZÉ or BRISÉ, terms used in heraldry to indicate that a charge is bruised or broken. See ROMPU.

BROACH, or BROCHE, an old English term for a spire springing directly from a tower without any intermediate parapet. Such spires are common in England, and in some places in Scotland, particularly in Fife.

BROACH, a t. in India. See BAROACH.

BROAD ARROW, a government mark, stamped, cut, or otherwise fixed on all solid materials used in her majesty's ships or dock-yards, and on government stores generally, in order to prevent embezzlement. The origin of the mark is obscure. Previous to the year 1698, the naval authorities prosecuted a dealer in marine-stores, for having in his possession certain stores bearing the B. A. of his majesty. The defendant allowed the evidence against him to go on, and when asked what he had to say, replied that It was very curious that the king and he, as a dealer, should both have the same private mark on their property! The receiver of stolen goods was acquitted, and this led to the passing of the act 9 and 10 Will. III. c. 41 (1698), which enacts that persons in possession of naval stores, or goods of any kind marked with the B. A., or other marks therein mentioned, and usually employed in marking naval stores for the navy, shall forfeit all such goods and $200, and also pay costs. The mark is for iron, wood, etc., what the color-thread is for sailcloth and ropes, which enables the government to identify the smallest piece of such articles.

BROAD-BILL. See SHOVELER.

BROAD-BOTTOM ADMINISTRATION, a name derisively applied to the ministry formed by Henry Pelham in 1744, because it professed to include all parties of weight and influence in the state in a grand coalition, and comprised no less than nine dukesviz., Dorset, Newcastle, Montagu, Bedford, Grafton, Richmond, Argyle, Devonshire, and Bolton, the first seven of whom were of the cabinet. Besides the prime minister, Pelham, the other principal members of the cabinet were earls Gower and Harrington, the marquis of Tweeddale and lord Hardwicke. From this B. B. A. the particular adherents of Pulteney (newly created earl of Bath) and lord Cateret were carefully excluded. The ministry was dissolved in 1754, by the death of Pelham, though several of its original members had seceded long before.

BROADCAST, a method of sowing grain, which distributes it with some degree of uniformity over the surface. When the sowing is done by hand, the seed is carried in a bag at the left side, and is scattered with the right hand while the sower walks on with measured tread. The seed is afterwards covered with a harrow, or by dragging brush over it. Machines have been devised for sowing grain in this manner. The method of

sowing by the drill is preferred by most intelligent farmers.

BROAD CHURCH, the name given to a portion of the church of England which holds a position unidentified with either the High or the Low church party. The High church branch holds rigidly to apostolic succession, maintains the divine right of episcopacy, and in general the sacramental view of the church and the Christian life; of this company are those known as 'Ritualists," though not all who are High church would accept the name of Ritualists, (See RITUALISM.) From this section came those known a few years since as "Puseyites." The Low church section recognizes non-prelatical bodies of Christian believers as in some sense churches; in doctrine they are mainly Calvinists; they are often called Evangelicals. The Broad church section is the latest of the three divisions, but has included a number of churchmen of high cultivation and talent, such as dean Stanley, canon Kingsley, Maurice, and others of note. The tendency of the Broad church leaders is towards a liberal view both of Christian doctrine and church organization. Yet the High on the one hand, the Low on the other, and the Broad between the two subscribe to the same formularies, which they interpret

in differing senses, and from which they deduce opposite results. It should be understood that these names are used only colloquially for popular convenience, and are not accepted in either England or America as legitimate designations. They show tendencies.

BROADCLOTH. See WOOLEN and WORSTED MANUFACTURES.

BROADDUS, Andrew, D.D., 1770–1848; a Virginian; a Baptist preacher, compiler of the Dover Selection and Virginia Collection of hymns, and a popular pulpit orator. Some of his sermons have been published.

BROADHEAD, JAMES O. See page 878.

BROADHURST, HENRY. See page 878

BROAD MOUNTAIN, in the coal region, Carbon and Schuylkill cos., Penn. It is about 2000 ft. high and extends for 50 m. n.e. and s. w.

BROAD RIVER, a stream of North and South Carolina rising in the Blue Ridge, and joining with the Saluda, forming the Congaree. The city of Columbia is at the junction of the two rivers. The country around B. R. is exceedingly fertile and productive.

BROADSIDE, in naval warfare, is the simultaneous discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship of war. The fighting power of a ship is sometimes estimated by the weight of her broadside, i.e., the weight of all the shot and shell that can be fired off at once from one side or half of the ship. Thus, the broadside of the old-fashioned Duke of Wellington, 131-gun war-steamer, amounted to 2400 lbs. One reason why a paddlesteamer is not so good for war purposes as a screw-steamer, is because the paddle-boxes and wheels interfere with the broadside. With the introduction of iron-clad turret-ships the term is becoming less applicable.

BROADSTAIRS, a t. in England 14 m. s. of North Foreland and 3 m. from Margate. It has a small pier built early in the 16th c., and an archway leading to the shore built in 1540. Near the pier is a chapel to the Virgin, in honor of which ships were once accustomed to furl their topsails as they passed. B. is a place of summer resort. Pop. '71, 1926.

BROADSWORD is a sword with a broad blade, for cutting only, not for stabbing, and therefore not sharp at the point, like a saber. It is but little used in the British army. BROAD TOP MOUNTAIN, in Bedford and Huntingdon cos., Penn., 2500 ft. above the sea. It has large beds of bituminous coal.

BROADUS, JOHN ALBERT, D.D., LL.D., b. Va., 1827; educated in the university of Virginia; pastor of the Baptist church in Charlotteville, and in 1859 professor of New Testament interpretation and homiletics in the Southern Baptist theological seminary in Greenville, S. C. Dr. B. is proficient as a Greek scholar. He has published, among other papers, The Preparation and Delivery of Sermons and Recollections of Travels.

BROCADE. This term is used to describe a silken fabric on which a figure of any kind is formed by the threads of the warp or weft being raised by the heddles, or, more generally, by the Jacquard-loom, in such order as to produce the pattern required. The word has much the same application to silk textures that damask has to linen textures or to worsted textures for upholstery uses. See WEAVING and JACQUARD-LOOM. BROCAGE. See BROKER.

BROCAGE BONDS TO PROCURE MARRIAGE, or MARRIAGE BROCAGE BONDS, as they are otherwise called, are void by the law of England, being against the policy of the law and the freedom of marriage. See Hurlstone's Law of Bonds, 1835, p. 15, and authorities there referred to. The Scotch law is the same.

BROCCOLI, a well-known and much esteemed garden vegetable, one of the many varieties which cultivation has produced of the brassica oleracea, the common kale or cabbage. B. is said to have been originally brought to Italy and other parts of Europe from the isle of Cyprus about the middle of the 16th century. Its name is probably of Italian origin. It differs little from cauliflower (q. v.), of which it may be considered a mere variety, having colored instead of white heads, and a deeper tinge of color in the leaves, being also more hardy, the character from which its chief importance is derived, as it can be readily obtained at seasons when there is no cauliflower in the open garden. It is perhaps inferior to cauliflower, however, in delicacy of flavor. There are many subvarieties, the number of which is, of course, continually increasing; and some of these are preferred for early spring sowing, with a view to an autumn crop; others for later sowing, with a view to a crop in the following spring. The subvarieties differ in size, in their more cut or entire leaves, in the greater or less degree of color-generally purple-with which the leaves are tinged, in the more or less compact form of the whole plant, in the more or less green, yellow, or purple color of the head, etc. Some of the kinds of B. preferred for late sowing and spring use are known by the general name of cape B., the first of them being said-but on doubtful authority-to have been introduced into Britain from the cape of Good Hope. The mode of cultivation of B. pretty much resembles that of cauliflower, except as to the times of sowing and transplanting, and that it is generally-even in Scotland-sown in the open ground, and not in a hotbed. A similar richness of soil is required. Various modes of protection in winter are adopted. In mild winters, protection is scarcely or not at all needed, but precautions

Broglie.

are generally employed against severe weather. It is found very advantageous to plant in trenches of 6 in. deep, and to earth up the plants, as they are thus not only in some measure preserved from frosts, but also from the winds of winter, which are apt to shake and loosen plants, so as to cause their destruction. It is a common practice to take up some of the most advanced plants in the beginning of winter, and to lay them in a sloping position with their heads towards the north. The heads produced in this way are not in general so large as they might be, but they are sometimes procured when otherwise they probably would not.

BROCCHI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA; an Italian geologist, 1772-1826. He studied at Pisa, and was professor of botany in 1802 at Brescia, but devoted himself chiefly to geology. In 1808, he was made inspector of mines for Italy. In 1823, he went to Egypt, and two years after Mehemet Ali made him one of a commission to organize for the conquest of Sennaar. B. fell a victim to the climate at Khartoum. Among his works are Treatise on the Iron Mines of Mella; Essay on the Physical Constitution of the Metalliferous Mountains of the Valley of Trompia; Mineralogy of the Valley of Fassa and the Tyrol; Fossil Geology of the Apennines, etc.

BROCHURE, a French word (from brocher, to stitch), equivalent to the English word pamphlet (q.v.).

BROCK, Sir ISAAC, an English gen. killed in the battle of Queenston, Canada, Oct. 13, 1812. Not long before, he had captured gen. Hull (suspected of treason) and his forces. There is a monument to his memory on the w. bank of the Niagara river. BROCK, THOMAS. See page 879.

BROCKEN (Mons Bructerus, Melibocus of the ancient Romans), popularly known as the Blocksberg, is the highest summit of the Harz mountains. It is situated in the province of Saxony, Prussia, about 20 m. w.s.w. of Halberstadt, and has an elevation of 3740 ft. above the sea. The mountain is very frequently veiled in mist and cloud-strata, and is celebrated for the phenomenon known as the Brockengespenst (specter of the Brocken"), which is nothing more than the shadow of men, houses, or other objects thrown upon the misty eastern horizon by the light of sunset. (See Gallery of Nature, published by W. & R. Chambers.) In clear weather, a fine view is obtained from the summit of the Brocken.

BROCKETT, LINUS PIERPONT, M.D., b. Conn., 1820; graduated from Yale medical college in 1843. After a few years he left medical practice for literature, and has written for the New American Cyclopædia, etc. Among his separate works are Our Great Captains; Woman's Work in the Civil War; Woman, her Rights, Wrongs, Privileges, and Re sponsibilities; and Epidemic and Contagious Diseases, their History, Symptoms, and Treatment.

BROCKHAUS, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD, the founder of the well-known firm of B. in Leipsic, and publisher of the Conversations-Lexicon, was b. at Dortmund, May 4, 1772. In 1802, circumstances led him to Holland, where, however, his business schemes did not prosper. He returned to Germany in 1810, and in the following year commenced business in Altenburg. Before this, however (in 1808), B. had purchased the copyright of the Conversations-Lexicon, which had been commenced in 1796, and he completed the first edition, with the addition of two supplementary volumes, in 1809-10. In 1812, a second improved edition of the work was commenced under the supervision of B. as editor. The peace of 1815 enabled B. to pursue prosperously his peaceful and civilizing career. In 1817, his business had so increased, that he found it necessary to leave Altenburg for Leipsic, where, in the following year, he commenced book-printing in addition to book-publishing. In the course of a few years, the Lexicon passed through six editions; it has now arrived at the eleventh edition. Through all the enterprises of B. as a publisher, a zealous devotion to the cause of liberty and general enlightment may be traced. He died Aug. 20, 1823. B. was not only an able and assiduous man of business, but distinguished for his literary culture, his knowledge of the world, and his numerous social accomplishments. He was also eminently patriotic, and furthered many literary undertakings, simply through a pure love of fatherland."

46

The business was afterwards carried on by HEINRICH B., second son of the former (b. 1804, d. 1874), and now by Heinrich's sons, Rudolf and Edward. Among the numer ous publications issued by the house, may be mentioned the later editions of the Con versations-Lexicon, with an Atlas; the Universal Encyclopædia, by Ersch and Gruber; and the German Penny Magazine, founded in 1833.

BROCKHAUS, HERMANN, third son of F. A. Brockhaus, was b. at Amsterdam, Jan. 28, 1806; studied at Leipsic, Göttingen, and Bonn, and lived successively in Copenhagen, Paris, London, and Oxford. From 1848 till his death in 1877, he held at Leipsic the chair of ordinary professor of the Sanscrit language and literature. Among his several works on oriental literature may be mentioned the First Five Books of the Large Collection of Fables, Katha Sarit Sagara, in Sanscrit and German (1839); an edition of the drama Prabodha Condrodaya, by Krishna Misra, with Hindu scholia (1845); Nachschebi's Persian version of the Seven Wise Masters (1845); and (in 1854) the Persian text of the Songs of Hafiz. After 1856, he was editor of the Universal Encyclopædia. B.'s method of printing Sanscrit in Roman types is now generally adopted in Germany.

BROCKPORT, a village in Monroe co., N. Y., on the Central railroad and Erie canal, 18 m. w. of Rochester; noted for manufactures, especially of pumps and agricultural machines. There is a state normal school here. Pop. '80, 4039.

BROCKTON, a t. in Plymouth co., Mass., on the Old Colony railroad, 20 m. s. of Boston; pop. '80, 13,608. The manufacture of boots and shoes is the chief industry.

BROCKVILLE, a t. of Upper Canada, or Ontario, taking its name from gen. Brock, who, during the last American war, died in the arms of victory on Queenston heights, between the town and falls of Niagara. It stands on the left bank of the St. Lawrence proper, about 40 m. below Kingston, and about 160 above Montreal. Originally, its communications downward were interrupted by powerful and rugged rapids, which, however, are now, one and all, either avoided by canals or overcome by steam. thriving place, with (1881) 7609 inhabitants, on The Grand Trunk Railway.

B. is a

BRODERICK, DAVID COLBRETH, 1818-59; b. Washington; an energetic uneducated man, in early life a stone-mason, who became a political leader in New York city. In 1849, he went to California, and in 1856 was chosen United States senator. In consequence of some plain words, B. was challenged by David S. Terry, a judge of one of the state courts, and fell in the duel which followed.

BRODERIP, WILLIAM JOHN, 1787-1859; an English writer on natural history. He studied law, practiced, edited law reports, and was for 34 years a metropolitan police magistrate; but his leisure was devoted to science, and he was a member of most of the important societies, contributed to their Transactions, and promoted especially the study of zoology, being many years vice-president of the zoological society. Much of his scientific writings appeared in Fraser's Magazine.

In

BRODHEAD, JOHN ROMEYN, LL.D., 1814-73; b. Philadelphia; a graduate of Rutgers college, and a student at law, but after brief practice he turned his whole attention to American history, especially that concerning the early settlement of New York. pursuit of this object, while connected with the United States legation in Holland, he thoroughly searched the archives at the Hague and elsewhere in that country, and in England and France. His great labor was rewarded by the collection of more than 5000 documents, more or less important, of which many had until then been unknown to historians. These papers were printed by the state of New York in several large folio volumes. In 1846, B. was secretary of legation in London, where he wrote the greater part of his History of the State of New York., the last volume of which was published in 1871. From 1853 to 1857 he was naval officer of the port of New York. He was a lead ing member of the New York historical and other learned societies in this country and abroad.

BRODIE, Sir BENJAMIN COLLINS, Bart., a distinguished surgeon, third son of the rev. Peter Bellinger Brodie, rector of Winterslow, Wiltshire, was b. there in 1783. He studied under sir Everard Home at St. George's hospital, to which he was, in 1808, He had previously lectured both on elected assistant-surgeon, and afterwards surgeon. a fellow of the royal society, and anatomy and on surgery. In 1810, he was elected in 1811 received their Copley medal for his physiological papers contributed to the In 1834, he was created a baronet, and he held the appointPhilosophical Transactions. ment of sergeant-surgeon to queen Victoria, as well as that of first surgeon in ordinary He was made D.C.L. of Oxford in 1850; was president of the royal to the prince consort. society; a corresponding member of the institute of France, and a foreign member of other learned societies and academies in Europe and America. Author of Lectures on Local Nervous Affections (1837, 8vo); Hunterian Oration, 1837; Lectures Illustrative of Subjects in Pathology and Surgery (1840, 8vo); Introductory Discourse on the Duties and Conduct He also conof Medical Students (1843, 8vo); Psychological Inquiries as to Mental Faculties (3d ed., 1856); an edition of his works with Autobiography appeared in 1865. tributed papers to several scientific journals. He died in 1862.-B.'s son, sir B. C. BRODIE, F.R.S., was in 1855 elected Aldrichian prof. of chemistry at Oxford, a chair suppressed in 1866.

BRO'DY, a t. of Galicia, Austria, s situated on a swampy plain, surrounded by forests, about 58 m. e.n.e. of Lemberg. B., which was made a free commercial town in 1779, has a large trade in the agricultural produce of the country with Russia, Poland, and Turkey. Its chief manufactures are leather and linen: jewelry, manufactured goods, and colonial produce are imported by way of Odessa. The trade is almost entirely in the hands of the Jews, who form so large a proportion of the inhabitants, that B. has been called "The German Jerusalem." Pop. '69, 18,890; '80, 20,071.

BROG, or BROGUE, a rudely formed species of shoe, formerly in use by the aboriginal Irish and the Scottish Highlanders, and of which there were different varieties. See SHOES, SHOE-TRADE, The name has been applied to a modern kind of shoes, with some fanciful peculiarities.-The term brogue is also used to signify the peculiar pronunciation of English that distinguishes natives of Ireland.

BROGDEN, CURTIS H. See page 879.

BROGLIE, ACHILLE LÉONCE VICTOR CHARLES, Duc de, 1785-1870; a peer of France. The family was Piedmontese, but won distinction in the armies of France. The first marshal de B. served under Louis XIV.; his son reached the highest grade of