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and leave Brazilian ports. Twenty foreign vessels enter the harbor of Rio monthly to one American vessel. There are twenty-three custom houses. The light-houses along the coast number 59, that at the entrance to the bay of Rio being the finest.

Steam communication with Europe was opened in 1850, and telegraphic communication in 1874. The first railway was opened in 1854. In 1890 there were about 8000 miles of railway, eleven of which had charters in perpetuity. In 1887 there were 52 miles of tramway and 6593 miles of telegraphs, with 170 offices, from which 528,161 messages were sent in 1888. In the domestic telegraph service are included about 30 miles of cable. Brazil is connected with Europe by cable, and Pará and New York are similarly united. In 1888 there were 1983 post-offices, handling during the year 688,169 government messages, 12,942,098 private letters, and 16,149,092 newspapers. The receipts were $2,214,000; the expenses, $2,494,800.

There are more than twenty banks, several of these being in Rio, and a number of banking houses. A governmental decree of 1890 revised the banking law, dividing the republic into four banking districts, and limiting the total issue of paper currency to 200,000,000 milreis, about $216,000,000. There is a mint at Rio and a domestic marine and fire insurance company. Weights and measures are those of the French metric system. The standard of value is the gold octava of 22 carats, equal to four milreis, a milreis having the value of $1.08.

Religion, Education, and Literature.-Until 1890, when the separation of church and state was decreed, the Roman Catholic was the established religion, but all others were tolerated and no one could be persecuted for religious acts. The Archbishop of Bahia, the primate of the Roman Catholic church, has under him 12 dioceses and about 130 parishes. Presbyterian and other Protestant missionaries have met with some success, and Protestant colonies from Europe have established themselves, but the number of those unconnected with the ancient church does not exceed 30,000. Education is compulsory in several provinces, but is still in a backward state, and fully 80 per cent. of the population is illiterate. Each province controls its own public schools, but the presidents of the provinces who appoint school examiners, inspectors, etc., are themselves appointed by the central government. The aggregate amount annually appropriated by the provinces is $2,500,000. Higher education is exclusively controlled by the central government.

In 1883 the population of school age (6-15) was 1,902,454, and the number enrolled, 321,449. There are 6 normal schools for teachers. The state college at Rio has connected with it schools of mining and engineering, an observatory, and a faculty of medicine, also (at Bahia) a faculty of medicine, and at São Paulo and Pernambuco faculties of law. At Rio, also, are institutions for the blind and the deaf and dumb, a conservatory of music, a school of agriculture, an academy of fine arts, a commercial institute, a school for technical education, and a national museum of natural history. Near the city is a military college with a school of gunnery. Academies at Rio and Rio Grande do Sul provide military training supplementing that given in the preparatory and regimental schools. There is a naval school with attached school of practical artillery and a naval college. Manáos has a botanical museum, and Pará, Ceará, and Ouro Preto, museums. A seminary for religious instruction is established in each province. The University of Coimbra, Portugal, frequently enrolls students from Brazil. The larger cities have scientific and literary associations, the oldest of which is the Historical, Geographical, and Ethnological Institute of Brazil at Rio, founded in 1838. Nearly all important places have libraries, Rio alone having no less than twenty. There are 500 or more newspapers, including 6 dailies published at Rio.

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The influence of the mother country upon Brazilian literature was so strong that in the strict sense there were no native authors until the present century. In the 16th century Bento Teixira Pinto, of Pernambuco, attained distinction as a writer of poetry and prose; the 17th century produced the satirist Gregorio de Mattos, of Bahia, the poets Euzebio de Mattos, brother of Gregorio, and Manoel Botelho de Oliveira, the dramatist Borges de Barros, and the historians Rocha and Jabotao Pitta and Diogo Gomes Carneiro. The 18th century, more prolific, gave birth to, among others, Antonio José da Silva (1705–39) of Rio, a distinguished dramatist, who removed to Portugal where he was burnt by the Inquisition, to José Mariano da Conceicao Velloso, author of the botanical work, Flora Fluminensis, and the poets Frei José de S. Rita Durão (1719-84), author of the epic poem Caramurú," Thomaz Gonzaga (1744-1809), and Antonio Bereira de Sonza Caldas (1762-1814). Among the writers of the present century are the poets Domingos José Gonçalves de Magalhaes, Viscount of Araguava (1811-82), called the founder of the national theatre, Antonio Gonçalves Dios (1823-64), who wrote also a dictionary of the Tupi language, Aranjo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo-Angelo (1806-79), and Casimiro José, Marquis of Abreu (1837-60), while fiction is well represented by Joaquin Manoel de Macedo (1820-82) a dramatist as well, José Martiniano de Alencar (1829-77), author of about 30 works of fiction, and Bernardo Guimarães, poet as well as novelist. There should be added the poets Alberto de Oliveira, Raymundo Corrêa, Valentim Magalhães, and Luiz Guimaraes, Jr. Among historians of Brazil may be named José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Baron of Rio-Branco, and Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto-Seguro. The writers of the country have paid especial attention to fiction and poetry, and, latterly, to journalism. In pulpit oratory, and in the composition

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