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land. Sixty nuns and twenty-five monks were its first inmates. They received the rule of St. Augustine, to which St. B. herself added a few particulars. They constituted a new order, sometimes called the order of St. B., sometimes the order of St. Salvator, or the Holy Savior, which flourished in Sweden until the reformation, when it was suppressed, but it still possesses some establishments in Italy, Portugal, and elsewhere. Subsequently, St. B. went to Rome, where she founded a hospice for pilgrims and Swedish students, which was reorganized by Leo X. After having made a pilgrimage to Palestine, she died at Rome on her return, 23d July, 1373. Her bones were carried to Wadstena, and she herself was canonized in 1391 by pope Boniface IX. Her festival is on the 8th of October. The Revelationes St. Brigitte, written by her confessors, was keenly attacked by the celebrated Gerson, but obtained the approval of the council of Basel, and has passed through many editions. Besides the Revelationes, there have been attributed to this saint a sermon on the Virgin, and five discourses on the passion of Jesus Christ, preceded by an introduction which was condemned by the congregation of the Index.

Not to be confounded with this Swedish saint is another St. Bridget, or St. Bride, as she is more commonly called, a native of Ireland, who flourished in the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th c., and was renowned for her beauty. To escape the temptations to which this dangerous gift exposed her, as well as the offers of marriage with which she was annoyed, she prayed God to make her ugly. Her prayer was granted; and she retired from the world, founded the monastery of Kildare, and devoted herself to the education of young girls. Her day falls on the 1st of February. She was regarded as one of the three great saints of Ireland, the others being St. Patrick and St. Columba. She was held in great reverence in Scotland, and was regarded by the Douglases as their tutelary saint.

BRIDGETON, the capital of Cumberland co., N. J., is on the Cohansey river, 20 m. from Delaware bay, 36 m. s. of Philadelphia, at the terminus of the West Jersey and the junction of the New Jersey Southern railroads. It was settled long before the revolution, but was not incorporated till 1865. It is a port of entry, the second in importance in the state; value of imports, 1887-88, $77,125.40; vessels on record, 438. Its chief manufactures are glass, water and gas pipes, nails, castings, machinery, lumber, brick, ship-building, woolens, and canned fruits. Among its educational advantages are the South Jersey institute, the West Jersey academy, and several superior select schools. There are a good public library, more than a dozen churches, and several benevolent societies, one of which is for the care of destitute children. There are water and gas works, and three bridges over the river, the town being built on both banks. The climate is excellent, and the surrounding region is exceedingly fertile and well cultivated. Pop. 1800, about 400; 1880, 8729.

BRIDGETOWN, the capital of Barbadoes (q.v.), is situated on the w. coast of the island along the n. side of Carlisle bay, which forms its roadstead, in lat. 13° 4' n., and long. 59° 37' w. Pop. 21,384. It was founded about the middle of the 17th c., taking the name Indian Bridge, and later its present appellation, from a rude aboriginal structure which spanned a neighboring creek. The present city, however, is only 100 years old, the former having been almost destroyed by fire in May, 1766. In 1831, a part of B. was destroyed by a hurricane, and in 1845 it again suffered severely from fire. It is the residence of the bishop of Barbadoes and of the governor-general of the Windward islands. Except Broad street, the thoroughfares are irregular, and the shops or general stores, having no windows in front, look heavy and unattractive. There is a considerable trade. A railroad 23 m. in length connects with the parish of St. Andrew.

BRIDGEWATER, a township in Plymouth co., Mass., 27 m. n.e. of Boston, on the Fall river and Bridgewater Branch railroads. It contains the state normal school, the state almshouse, and various manufactories. Pop. '80, 3620.

BRIDGEWATER, a t. and port of Somersetshire, on both sides of the Parret (which is here spanned by an iron bridge), 6 m. in a direct line, and 12 by the river, from the Bristol channel, and 30 m. s. w. of Bristol. It stands on the border of a marshy plain, which lies between the Mendip and Quantock hills, but the country around is well wooded. It is chiefly built of brick. St. Mary's church has a remarkably slender and lofty spire. The Parret admits vessels of 200 tons up to the town; it rises 36 ft. at spring-tides, and is subject to a bore or perpendicular advancing wave, 6 or 8 ft. high, often causing much annoyance to shipping. Pop. in 1881, 12,024. B. formerly returned two members to parliament, but was disfranchised in 1870. Bath or scouring bricks, peculiar to B., are made here of a mixture of sand and clay found in the river. Admiral Blake was a native of this town, which suffered severely in the civil wars, when it was besieged by Fairfax, and ultimately forced to surrender, the castle being dismantled by the conqueror. The unfortunate duke of Monmouth was proclaimed king by the corporation of B., before the battle of Sedgemoor, which occurred in 1685, 5 m. s.e. of B., and in which he was defeated by the royal army. In 1880, 143 vessels, of 9099 tons, belonged to the port; and in the same year the number of vessels that cleared the port was 4227, with an aggregate burden of 237,395.

BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGERTON, Duke of, styled the "Father of British Inland

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Bridgman.

Navigation," youngest son of Scroop, fourth earl and first duke of B.; was b. in 1736, and succeeded his elder brother, second duke, in 1748. In 1758-60, he obtained acts of parliament for making a navigable canal from Worsley to Salford, Lancashire, and carrying it over the Mersey and Irwell Navigation at Barton by an aqueduct 39 ft. above the surface of the water, and 200 yds. long, thus forming a communication between his coal mines at Worsley and Manchester on one level. In this great undertaking he was aided by the skill of James Brindley (q.v.), the celebrated engineer, and expended large sums of money. He was also a liberal promoter of the Grand Trunk Navigation; and the impulse he thus gave to the internal navigation of England, led to the extension of the canal system throughout the kingdom. In politics, though he took no active part, B. was a friend of the Pitt administration, and a contributor to the loyalty loan of no less than £100,000. He died unmarried, Mar. 8, 1803, and with his death the duke. dom became extinct. Before he began to realize profits from his great work, B. lived in privacy, and restricted himself to the simplest fare; and after his death his great wealth was distributed among collateral branches of his family. A monument was erected to his memory in Manchester.

BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON, Earl of, son of John Egerton, bishop of Durham, grandnephew of the first duke of B., succeeded his brother as eighth earl, Oct. 21, 1823. Educated for the church, he had previously been prebendary of Durham. · He died unmarried, in Feb., 1829, and the title became extinct. By his last will, dated Feb. 25, 1825, he left £8000, invested in the public funds, to be paid to the author of the best treatise On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation, illustrating such work by such arguments as the variety and formation of God's creatures in the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, the effect of digestion, the construction of the hand of man, and by discoveries, ancient and modern, in arts, sciences, and the whole extent of literature. The then president of the royal society of London, Davies Gilbert, to whom the selection of the author was left, with the advice of the archbishop of Canterbury, the bishop of London, and a noble friend of the deceased earl, judiciously resolved that, instead of being given to one man for one work, the money should be allotted to eight different persons for eight separate treatises, though all connected with the same primary theme (see next article). B. also left upwards of £12,000 to the British Museum, the interest to be employed in the purchase and care of MSS. for the public use.

BRIDGEWATER, N. J. See page 878.

BRIDGEWATER TREATISES, eight celebrated works "On the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God," by eight of the most eminent authors in their respective departments, published under a bequest of the last earl of B. (q.v.), whereby each received £1,000, with the copyright of his own treatise. They are: 1. The Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man, by Thomas Chalmers, D.D. (Lond. 1833, 2 vols. 8vo). 2. Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion, considered with Reference to Natural Theology, by William Prout, M.D. (Lond. 1834, 8vo). 3. On the History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals, by the rev. William Kirby (Lond. 1835, 2 vols. 8vo). 4. On Geology and Mineralogy, by the rev. Dr. Buckland (Lond. 1837, 2 vols. 8vo). 5. The Hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments, as Erincing 7. Astronomy Design, by sir Charles Bell (Lond. 1837, 8vo). 6. The Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man, by John Kidd, M.D. (Lond. 1837, 8vo).

and General Physics, considered with Reference to Natural Theology, by the rev. William Whewell (Lond. 1839, 8vo). 8. Animal and Vegetable Physiology, considered with Reference to Natural Theology, by Peter Mark Roget, M.D. (Lond. 1840, 2 vols. 8vo). All these works have since been republished by Bohn.

See page 878.

BRIDGMAN, CHARLES DE WITT, D.D.
BRIDGMAN, FREDERICK A. See page 878.

BRIDGMAN, LAURA DEWEY. This famous blind mute was b. in Hanover, N. H., For a time on the 21st Dec., 1829. She was a bright, intelligent child, but at two years of age was seized with a violent fever, which utterly destroyed both sight and hearing. this so shattered her system, that there seemed no hope of recovery; but she rallied, and soon learned to find her way about the house and neighborhood, and even learned to sew and to knit a little. A strong passion for imitation began to develop itself, and by assiduously cultivating this power, she was at last enabled to emerge out of her life of unbroken darkness and silence, and take her place among the educated people of the day. In 1839, Dr. Howe of Boston undertook her care and education at the Perkins institute. The first attempt was to give her a knowledge of arbitrary signs, by which she could interchange thoughts with others. Then she learned to read embossed letters by the touch; next, embossed words were attached to different articles, and she learned to associate each word with its corresponding object. A pat on the head told her when she was right in her spelling lesson. Thus far, however, the work was only an exercise of imitation and memory, roused into exertion by the motive of love of approbation, but seemingly without intellectual perception of the relation between words and things. It was like teaching a clever dog a variety of tricks. But at last the truth flashed upon her, that by this means she could communicate to others a sign of what was passing in Her whole being seemed changed. The next step was to procure a set her own mind.

of metal types, with the letters cast at the ends, and a board with square holes for their insertion, so as to be read by the finger. In six months, she could write down the name of most common objects, and in two years had made great bodily and mental improvement. She grew happier, and enjoyed play like other children, amusing herself with imaginary dialogues, spelling old and new words, and with her left hand slapping the fingers of her right, if they spelled a word wrong; or giving herself a pat of approval, as the teacher did, when correct. Her touch grew in accuracy as its power increased; she learned to know people almost instantly by the touch alone. In a year or two more, she was able to receive lessons in geography, algebra, and history. She received and answered letters from all parts of the world, and was always employed, and therefore always happy. Her brain seems to have been unduly excited for a blind person; she not only held imaginary dialogues with herself, but dreamed incessantly by night; and during these dreams, while asleep, talked much on her fingers. She learned to write a fair, legible, square hand, and to read with great dexterity, and at last, even to think deeply, and to reason with good sense and discrimination, so that she was employed as a teacher, and was highly successful. She d. in 1889. See Life and Education of Laura Dewey Bridgman (Boston, 1878).

BRIDLINGTON, or BURLINGTON, a sea-coast t. in the East Riding of Yorkshire (including Bridlington Quay, a port and bathing-place about 1 m. to the s.e.), 6 m. w. of Flamborough head, and 40 m. e.n.e. of York. B. is situated on a gentle slope in a recess of a beautiful bay. The country is hilly to the n., but subsides to the s. into a flat alluvial and fertile tract called Holderness. It has the aspect of an old town with narrow irregular streets. Pop. in '81, 8363. It has a considerable trade in corn, and also some soap-boiling and bone-grinding works. B. is supposed to have been the site of a Roman station. The Danes had strongholds in this vicinity for nearly 300 years, and many engagements between them and the Saxons and Normans occurred here. Great numbers of ancient tumuli or barrows still exist. An Augustine priory of immense wealth, and which subsisted for 400 years, was founded here by a grand-nephew of the conqueror, and obtained many privileges from Henry I., and al30 from king John. Some parts of it yet remain. In 1643, Henrietta, queen of Charles I., landed here with arms and ammunition from Holland bought with the crown-jewels. Bridlington Quay has a chalybeate mineral spring, as well as an intermitting one of pure water. B. is noted for its chalk-flint fossils. In the lacustrine deposits near B. were found, some years ago, the bones of a large extinct elk, with branching horns, measuring 11 ft. from tip to tip.

BRIDPORT, a t. in Dorsetshire, in a vale at the confluence of the Asker and the Birt, or Brit, or Bride, 16 m. w.n. w. of Dorchester, and 2 m. from the English channel. It stands on an eminence surrounded by hills, and consists chiefly of three spacious and airy streets. Pop. '81, 6790. The registered electors numbered (1881) 1070. including 15 freemen. They return one member to parliament. The chief manufactures are twine, shoe-thread, cordage, fishing-nets, and sail-cloth; and ship-building is carried on to some extent. The vicinity is celebrated for its cheese and butter. B. was a con

siderable town before the Norman conquest, and had a mint for coining silver. In 1873 there entered into this port 69 vessels whose tonnage was reckoned 6386; and there cleared it 36 vessels of collectively 3526 tons. On the coast near are sandy cliffs, 200 ft. high, abounding in fossils.

BRIE, an old district of France between the Seine and the Marne, Meaux being the chief town. B. was and is celebrated for its cheese and grain. In old times a forest covered a great portion of the region. It was subdued by the Franks, and was a part of the kingdom of Neustria. In the 9th c., it was ruled by its own counts, but in 1361 it passed to the crown. The district is now comprised in the departments of Aisne and those adjoining.

BRIEF, in the practice of the English bar, is the name given to the written instructions on which barristers advocate causes in courts of justice. It is called a B. because it is, or ought to be, an abbreviated statement of the pleadings, proofs, and affidavits at law, or of the bill, answer, and other proceedings in equity, with a concise narrative of the facts and merits of the plaintiff's case, or the defendant's defense. But it is also used in forensic business generally, being applied, not only in the courts of law and equity, but also in all other tribunals, whether inferior or superior, original or appellate. In Scotland, the corresponding term is memorial. The skill of the attorney or solicitor is shown in the preparation of this important document, which should be characterized by arrangement and compression, without any material omission. BRIEF (ante), an abridged statement of a suitor's case. It should contain the names, residences, and occupations of the parties; the character in which they sue or are sued, and why they prosecute or defend; an abridgment of the pleadings; a regular chronological statement in plain language of the facts; a summary of the points at issue and of the proof to be offered, with names of witnesses, or of documents in case of written evidence, etc. The form and nature of the B. is necessarily varied according to the purpose which it is to serve.

BRIEF, or BREVE, PAPAL (Lat. brevis, short), a word which, in the corrupt Latinity of the early ages, was made to signify a short letter written to one or more persons

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(hence the German brief, a letter). It is now used to denote certain pontifical writings, which, however, do not receive their name from the brevity of the composition, but from the smallness of the caligraphy. The papal B. differs from the papal bull (q.v.) in several points. It gives decisions on matters of inferior importance, such as discipline, dispensations, release from vows, indulgences, etc., which do not necessarily require the deliberations of a conclave of cardinals. Still, it is not to be confounded with the motus proprii, or private epistle of the pope as an individual, as its contents are always of an offcial character. His holiness speaks, as it were, with a kind of familiar parental of authority, and the B. is consequently superscribed papa, while the person to whom it is addressed is termed dilecte fili (beloved son). It is signed not by the pope, but by the segretario de' brevi, an officer of the papal chancery, with red wax, and only with the pope's private seal, the fisherman's ring; hence it concludes Datum Roma sub annulo piscatoris (given at Rome under the ring of the fisherman). Like the bull, it is written on parchment, with this difference, that the bull is written on the rough side, and in ancient Gothic characters, while the brief is written on the smooth side, and in modern Roman characters.

BRIEG, a t. of Silesia, Prussia, about 27 m. s.e. of Breslau. It is situated on the left bank of the Oder, and on the railway between Breslau and Vienna, and is surrounded with walls, which have been partly converted into promenades. The streets are wide and regular, and commercially B. is a thriving town, its manufactures including linens, woollens, cottons, hosiery, ribbons, lace, leather, and tobacco. The battle-field of Mollwitz (q.v.) lies a little to the w. of Brieg. Pop. '80, 17,508.

BRIEL, BRIEL LE, or THE BRILL, a fortified seaport t., on the n. side of the island of Voorne, s. Holland. It is situated near the mouth of the Maas, about 14 m. w. of Rotterdam, in lat. 51° 54′ n., and long. 4° 10' east. B. possesses a good harbor, and is It has a pop. of (1879) 4442, the male portion of which are intersected by several canals. chiefly engaged as pilots and fishermen. B. may be considered as the nucleus of the Dutch republic, having been taken from the Spaniards by William de la Marck, in 1572. This event was the first act of open hostility to Philip II., and paved the way to the complete liberation of the country from a foreign yoke. In 1585, B. was one of the towns made over to England as security for certain advances made to the states of Holland; it was restored to the Dutch in 1616. B. was the first town of Holland, which, without extraneous aid, expelled the French in 1813. The celebrated admirals De Witt and Van Tromp were natives of this place.

BRIENNE-LE-CHATEAU, or, as it is now called, BRIENNE-NAPOLEON, a small t. in in the dep. of Aube, France, on the right bank of the river Aube, and about 14 m. n. w. of Bar-sur-Aube. It is celebrated as the place where Napoleon I. received his earliest military education, he having entered the school here in 1779, when he was 10 years old, and remained until 1784. It is also remarkable on account of the battle fought here between the French and the allies in 1814. On the 29th of Jan., Bonaparte, who had collected his forces in the vicinity of B., with a view to check the advance of the allies on Paris, attacked Blucher, who was stationed in the town, and drove him out with considerable loss. In the struggle, the town, which was chiefly composed of wood, was almost reduced to ashes. On the 30th, the contest was renewed, and Blucher was forced On the following day, Napoleon deployed his forces in the plain to retreat to Trannes. between La Rothière and Trannes, and on Feb. 1, the corps of the crown-prince of After a sanguinary Würtemberg and count Giulay, and the Russian reserves of grenadiers, having joined Blucher, prince Schwarzenberg gave orders to renew the combat. struggle, during which Napoleon, feeling the importance of the contest, exerted all his influence over his troops, led several charges in person, and frequently exposed himself to danger, victory at length declared decisively for the allies at every point. During the night of Feb. 1, and the morning of the following day, the French troops retreated The loss on both sides was about equal, consisting of nearly from Brienne-le-Chateau. 5000 killed and wounded. The allies took 9000 prisoners, and 70 pieces of artillery. This victory at B. opened the way to Paris, and led to the fall of the empire.

BRIENZ, a t. of the canton of Bern, Switzerland, beautifully situated at the foot of the Bernese Alps, on the n.e. shore of the lake of the same name, and about 30 m. e.s.e. of Bern. Its cheese is held in high repute. Pop. '80, 3000.-The lake of B., which is about 8 m. long and 2 in breadth, is formed by the river Aar, at the foot of the Hasli valley, and by the same river it discharges its surplus waters into lake Thun. The lake is situated at an elevation of 1850 ft. above the sea; its average depth is about 500 ft., but in some places it is said to have a depth of more than 2000 feet. It is surrounded by elevated mountains, the principal of which is the Rothorn, from which splendid views of the whole range of the Bernese Alps are obtained. A small steamer plies daily on the lake between B. and Interlaken, touching at the celebrated Giessbach fall every trip.

BRIER CREEK, a stream in Warren co., Ga., where, in the revolution, the Americans under gen. Ashe were defeated Feb. 27, 1779, by the English under gen. Prevost; American loss about 250; English loss, 16.

Brightening.

BRIERLY HILL, an ecclesiastical district of Staffordshire, England, 2 m. n.n e. from Stourbridge, on the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton railway. It is a place of much activity, the district abounding in coal, iron, and fire-clay; and there are here numerous collieries, large iron-works, glass-works, brick-works, and potteries. The manufacture of steam-boilers is extensively carried on. Pop. '81, 11,546.

BRIES, a t. in Hungary on the Gran; pop. '70, 11,776. The people are stock-breeders and farmers.

BRIEUC, ST., a seaport t., in the department of Côtes-du-Nord, France, situated on the right bank of the Gouet, about 2 m. from its mouth in the bay of St. B., a part of the English channel, in lat. 48° 31' n., and long. 2° 45' west. The town is said to owe its origin to an Irishman, St. Brieuc, who built a monastery here in the 5th century. St. B. has the ruins of an old tower that formerly defended the entrance to the river, but was partially blown up by order of Henri IV. in 1598, and a cathedral, part of which dates from the 11th century. The ramparts were destroyed in 1788, and their site has been converted into a pleasant promenade, terminating in a terrace that commands a fine view of the channel. St. B. has manufactures of woolen stuffs, linen, cotton, leather, paper, etc.; it has also ship-building yards, and a trade in agricultural produce. Pop. '81, 14,869.

*BRIGADE', in the military service, is a group of regiments or battalions combined into one body. When a British army takes the field, it is customary for three battalions to form a brigade, and two brigades a division. Thus, at the battle of the Alma, each of the five divisions of British infantry comprised two brigades; and of these ten brigades, nine consisted of three battalions each, the tenth being somewhat stronger. It is noth ing more than a temporary grouping, which can be broken up whenever the commanding officer thinks fit. The household troops, comprising the horse guards, life guards, and foot guards, are sometimes called the household brigade. See Supp., page 878.

BRIGADE MAJOR is a military officer who exercises duties, in a brigade, analogous to those of the adjutant of a regiment. He attends to matters of discipline, and to the personal movements of the men. When regiments or battalions are brigaded, a B. M. is appointed, usually from among the captains. He conveys orders, keeps the rollster or roster, inspects guards and pickets, and directs exercises and evolutions; but he nevertheless remains on the books of a particular regiment, and returns to his regimental duties when the B. is broken up.

*BRIGADIER, or BRIGADIER-GENERAL, is an officer of a regiment (usually a col. or lieut.col.), who, for a limited time and for a special service, is placed upon brigade duties. He is then a general or commander of a brigade, which usually contains his own regiment as one of the number. When the brigade is broken up, he falls back to his colonelcy, unless his services lead to his promotion to the rank of maj.gen. See Supp., page 878.

BRIGANDINE, among the articles of armor worn during the middle ages, was an assemblage of small plates of iron, sewed upon quilted linen or leather, and covered with a similar substance to hide the glittering of the metal. It formed a sort of coat or tunic. The B. was named from the brigans, a kind of light-armed irregular corps. employed something like the Cossacks and Bashi-bazouks of recent days, and, like them, addicted to marauding and pilfering; hence the word brigand.

BRIGAN TES. See BRITANNIA.

BRIG-BRIG'ANTINE. A brig is a square-rigged vessel with two masts. A brigantine, or hermaphrodite brig, is a two-masted vessel, with the mainmast of a schooner and the foremast of a brig. A brig's mainsail is the lowest squaresail on the mainmast, whereas the mainsail of a brigantine is a fore-and-aft sail like that of a schooner. BRIGGS, CHARLES AUGUSTUS, D.D. See page 878.

BRIGGS, CHARLES FREDERICK, 1810-77; b. Mass.; a journalist and author known as "Harry Franco." He started the Broadway Journal, in New York, of which Edgar A. Poe became an associate editor the year following its establishment; and in 1853 he became the first editor of Putnam's Magazine, which he conducted for several years. At a later period he was connected with the New York Times. Some of his works are The Adventures of Harry Franco; The Haunted Merchant; and The Trippings of Tom Pepper. His latest editorial work was done upon the Brooklyn Union and The Independent, with the latter of which he was connected at the time of his death.

BRIGGS, GEORGE NIXON, LL.D., 1796-1861; b. Mass.; a lawyer and judge, member of congress, and for two terms governor of Massachusetts. He was for some time president of the Baptist missionary union.

BRIGGS, HENRY, a distinguished mathematician, was b. in 1556, at Warley wood, near Halifax, Yorkshire, and studied at St. John's college, Cambridge. In 1596, he was appointed first reader in geometry at Gresham house (afterwards college), London, and in 1619 first Savilian professor of geometry in Oxford. This office he retained till the time of his death, which took place at Oxford, Jan. 26, 1631. B. made an important contribution to the theory of logarithms, of which he constructed invaluable tables. Napier the inventor had, in 1614, published a table of the so-called natural logarithms, when B. observed that another system, in which the logarithm of 10 should be taken as unity, would afford great facilities of calculation. Napier admitted the improvement

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