Canterbury.

CANTA BRI, a rude race of mountaineers in ancient Spain, were of Iberian_origin, and lived in the district now known as Burgos, and on the coasts of the bay of Biscay, which derived from them its name, Oceanus Cantabricus. The most important of their nine towns were Juliobrica (near the source of the Ebro), Vellica, and Concana. The C. are described as like the Scythians and Thracians in hardihood and martial character, sleeping on the bare earth, enduring extreme pain without a murmur, and, like most savages, leaving agricultural toil to their women. Their bravery was evinced in the Cantabrian war, a six years' contest with the Romans, begun under Augustus, and concluded by Agrippa, 25–19 B.C. Tiberius afterwards stationed garrisons in the towns of the conquered C.; but some portion retreated into their fastnesses among the mountains, where they preserved their independence. They are supposed to be the ancestors of the Basques (q.v.).

CANTABRIA, a district in Spain on the s. coast of the bay of Biscay. The old geographers give the name to nearly the whole of the Biscayan coast, but it is now restricted to the province of Santander and the e. portion of Asturias; indeed, Cantabria is not now a geographical division.

CANTABRIAN MOUNTAINS, the general name of the several ranges of coast and boundary mountains, extending along the n. coast of Spain, from cape Finisterre, to the southern base of the w. Pyrenees, and so dividing the coast districts from the interior elevated plateau of Castile. The summits of the mountains here and there reach the lower line of the snow region, with a more gentle slope on the s. side, and forming plateau districts from 1600 to 2,000 ft. high on the n., where the slopes are steeper and intersected by coast rivers, leave in several parts only narrow stripes of flat coastland, and running out into the sea form several bold promontories. The whole group of mountains is named variously by the people of various localities, and includes the Sierra de Aralar, Salvada, Anagña, Sejos, Albas, and Altuna-all more or less wild and romantic, but having those fertile and prosperous trading districts which distinguish the Basque Provinces and Asturias from the sterile central plateau of Spain.

CANTACUZE'NUS, JOHANNES, b. about 1300 at Constantinople; a statesman, general, and historian, and under Andronicus II. had principal charge of the government. When Andronicus died he was left regent, the successor being John Palæologus, then only nine years old. C. was suspected by the empress, fled from Constantinople, and got himself crowned in another place. Six years of civil war followed in which the rivals employed foreign mercenaries of every description, and nearly ruined the empire. C. formed an alliance with the sultan of Broussa, agreeing to send his daughter to his ally's harem and to permit the sultan to make slaves of the Greek subjects. In 1346, he entered Constantinople and became joint emperor with John, but retained full power during John's minority. He badly governed the almost ruined empire until 1354, when John made an easy success, and C. took refuge in a monastery, where he wrote a history of his life and times.

CANTAL, a central department of France, formed out of the s. portion of the old province of Auvergne. It has an area of 2,090 sq.m., and a pop. in '76 of 231,086. See AUVERGNE.

CANTALIVER, or CANTLIVER, a large bracket used in architecture for supporting cornices, balconies, and even stairs. Cantalivers are often highly ornamented.

CAN'TALOUPE, or MUSK-MELON, a well-known fruit, taking its name from Cantalupo in Italy. It is extensively cultivated in the United States, and is much esteemed for the table.

CANTARINI, SIMONE, also known as SIMONE DA PESARO OF IL PESARESE, an Italian painter, was b. at Pesaro in 1612. He studied under Guido Reni at Bologna; but his intolerable arrogance made him numerous enemies, and in consequence he left the city, and went to Rome, where he won a high reputation, and was thought by many to excel even his master in the graceful finish of his brush. On his return to Bologna, he opened a school, but shortly after accepted an invitation from the duke of Mantua to visit that city. Here also his excessive self-esteem involved him in disagreeable relations with everybody, and at last he quarreled with the duke himself, on which he left for Verona, where he died in 1648, under suspicion either of having poisoned himself, or of having been poisoned by a Mantuan painter whom he had injured. C. was distinguished in modeling and flesh-coloring. A "Madonna upborne by Angels," and a head of Guido when old, in the gallery at Bologna; and others elsewhere, remain as proofs of his skill. His 37 etchings closely resemble the etchings of Guido Reni, and have, in several instances, been fraudulently sold with the mark of the master forged upon them.

CANTA TA, in music, is a name given to a vocal composition; but it is so very indefinite, that it in no way shows in what respect such composition differs from any other. In Zedler of Halle's great Lexicon, the C. is defined as a "long vocal composition, the text of which is Italian," etc.; while in Sulzer's Theorie der Schönen Künste, it is said to be "a short piece of vocal music of a pathetic nature," etc. The C. is always more extended and wrought out than the simple song, and consists of different movements.

Canterbury.

CANTEEN', is a refreshment-house in a barrack, for the use of the soldiers. The chief articles of food are supplied to the troops direct by the government; but wine, malt liquor, and small grocery-wares, the soldier is left to buy for himself; and the C. is, or is intended to be, a shop where he can make these purchases economically without the necessity of going beyond the precincts of the barrack. No soldier is obliged to buy anything at the C.; he may lay out his small sums elsewhere if he prefer. Formerly, the canteens were under civilians called canteen-tenants, and spirits were sold. Between the years 1836 and 1845, it was found that, among 112 canteens in the United Kingdom, the rent and head-money paid varied from £4 per annum (one at Guernsey) to £1344 per annum (one at Woolwich); they brought in collectively to the government about £70,000 annually. Great intoxication having resulted from the sale of spirits at the canteens, the war office prohibited such sale in 1847; as a consequence, the rents had to be lowered to the extent of £20,000 in the following year, the cantineers finding their profits much reduced. The rent paid was found to be injurious to the soldiers, who were charged higher prices within the barrack than without, and who were thence driven to places where dangerous temptations are at hand. The result of this system being undeniably bad and demoralizing, the war office now makes the C. a regimental establishment, controlled by a committee of officers and with a canteen-sergeant as salesman. Pensioned non-commissioned officers may be appointed canteen-sergeants. The profits are applied for the benefit of the men of the corps.

In French barracks, the C. is a sort of club-room for the whole regiment. The cantineer is a non-commissioned officer, who acts merely as an agent for all, selling the liquors and commodities at prime cost.

CANTEEN, besides its application to a room or building, is a name also given to a vessel used by soldiers to contain whatever beverage may be obtainable on the inarch or in the field. It is sometimes of tin, sometimes of wood. In the British army, the C. is a wooden vessel, holding about three pints, painted blue, and inscribed with the number or designation of the regiment, battalion, and company to which the soldier belongs.

There is still another use of the word C., as a name for a leathern or wooden chest, divided into compartments, and containing the plate and table-equipage for a military officer when on active service.

CAN'TEMIR, ANTIOCHUS, or CONSTANTINE DEMETRIUS, 1704-44; the youngest son of Demetrius Cantemir. He was a member of the St. Petersburg academy; wrote satires, and assisted in fixing versification and developing Russian poetry. At the age of 30 he was sent as minister to Great Britain, and in 1736 to France. He was a successful diplomatist, and was highly esteemed both at home and abroad. Besides translating into Russian the main works of Anacreon and Horace, he wrote odes, satires, and fables, and translated important works from French and Italian.

CAN'TEMIR, DEME TRIUS, 1673–1723; a son of a Moldavian prince and heir to the throne, which, however, he never claimed, preferring to serve the Turks. In 1710, he was appointed prince to resist the expected invasion of Peter the great. Convinced that ruin would come to the Turks, C. joined the czar and shared in the unfortunate campaign on the Pruth in 1711. When peace was made, Peter refused to surrender him to the Turks, and kept him employed in Russia, where he became a great favorite. His most important work was a history of the rise and fall of the Ottoman empire.

CANTERBURY, a municipal and parliamentary borough, a co. by itself, a cathedral city, and seat of the metropolitan see of all England, in East Kent, on the Stour, 56 m. e.s.e of London, on the high-road from London to Dover. The distance from London by the South-eastern railway is 81 m.; by the London, Chatham, and Dover line, about 60. It stands on a flat between hills of moderate height. It has the aspect of an old town, many of the houses along the high street having gabled ends and projecting fronts. It has little manufacture or traffic. The chief trade is in corn, wool, and hops. Pop. '81, 21,701. Many are engaged in the hop-grounds. C. returns two members to parliament. It is noted for its brawn. Some remains of the walls (14 m. in circuit and 20 ft. high) which formerly surrounded C., and one of the gates, still exist. Near the city wall is a large artificial mound, known as the Dane John (probably Donjon), and connected with this mound is a public garden, laid out in the end of the 18th c., from the top of which is a fine view of the country around. But the great glory of C. is its magnificent

Cathedral. When St. Augustine became archbishop of Canterbury, 597 A.D., he consecrated, under the name Christ's church, a church said to have been formerly used by Roman Christians. Cuthbert, the 11th archbishop, 740 A.D., added a church to the e. of this. In the course of ages, it received numerous additions, until it assumed its present magnificent form. Among those who helped to repair, enlarge, and rebuild it, were archbishops Odo (940 A.D.), Lanfranc (1070), and Anselm (1093). In 1174, the choir was destroyed by fire, and in order to the rebuilding of it, a number of French and English artificers were summoned. Among the former was a certain William of Sens, and to him, a man of real genius, the work was intrusted. The church was rich in relics: Plegemund had brought hither the body of the martyr Blasius from Rome; there were the relics of St. Wilfred, St. Dunstan, and St. Elfege; the murder of Thomas Becket (q.v.) had recently added a still more popular name to the list of martyrs. The

The

offerings at these shrines, especially the last, contributed greatly to defray the expenses of the magnificent work. William of Sens did not, however, live to see its completion. He was succeeded by another William, an Englishman, and to him we owe the comple tion of the existing unique and beautiful choir, terminated by the corona or circular chapel called Becket's crown. Gervasius, a monk, who witnessed the fire of 1174, and has left an account of it, tells us that the parts of Lanfranc's church which remained in his time were the nave, the central and western towers, the western transepts, and their eastern chapels. In the 14th c., the nave and transepts were transformed into the per pendicular style of that period. The central tower, called the Angel steeple, was carried up (1486-1504) to about double its original height, also in the perpendicular style; it is 234 ft. high, and 35 ft. in diameter. The n.w. tower was taken down in 1834; it was 113 ft. high, and divided into five stories. The Norman plinth still remains on each side of the nave in the side aisles, and portions of Norman ashlaring may still be seen about the transepts outside the w. wall, and on the eastern piers of the great tower. indiscriminate use of the "round" or Norman," and the "pointed" or "early English" arch, is also a very striking feature in the eastern part of the building. The Lady chapel, now called the Dean's chapel, stands on the n. side of the church, and was built in 1468; the roof is a fan-vault. The n. transept is called the Martyrdom, for here took place the murder of Becket, on Tuesday, Dec. 29, 1170. Fifty years later, his remains were translated from the crypt to a shrine in the newly erected Trinity chapel, eastward of the choir. About the year 1500, the yearly offerings at this shrine amounted to £4,000; but they had then declined much in value. A curious mosaic pavement still remains in front of the place where the shrine stood, and the stone steps which lead up to it are worn by the knees of countless pilgrims; but the shrine itself was demolished in 1538, and the bones of the saint burned by order of Henry VIII. In 1643, the building was further "purified," as it was called, by order of parliament. Still very many most interesting monuments remain-such as the tombs of Stephen Langton; that which is commonly, but wrongly, supposed to be the tomb of archbishop Theobald; with those of the black prince, of Henry IV., of archbishops Maphan, Peckham, Chicheley, Courtenay, Sudbury, Stratford, Kemp, Bourchier, Warham, and of cardinal Pole. The total exterior length of the cathedral is 545 ft., by 156 in breadth at the eastern transept. The crypt is of greater extent and loftier-owing to the choir being raised by numerous steps at the east end-than any other in England.

The archbishop of C. is primate of all England, metropolitan, and first peer of the realm. He ranks next to royalty, and crowns the sovereign. His ecclesiastical province includes all England, except the six northern counties. Among his privileges, he can confer degrees in divinity, law, medicine, and music. His seats are at Lambeth and Addington park. He is patron of 149 livings, and has an income of £15,000 a year. There are 14 old churches in C., mostly of rough flint, and containing fragments of still older structures. St. Martin's church stands on the site of one of the 7th c., and is partly built of ancient Roman brick and tile. Attached to the cathedral is a grammar school, remodeled by Henry VIII. Part of St. Augustine's Benedictine abbey still remains, with its fine gateway, near the cathedral. It occupied, with its precincts, 16 acres. The old buildings have lately received large modern additions, in order to fit them for the purposes of a missionary college in connection with the church of England. Another recent institution for education is the clergy orphan school, which occupies a conspicuous position on St. Thomas's hill, about a mile out of the city. The ruins of a Norman castle, 88 by 80 ft., the third in size in England, stands near the city wall. C. stood, in Roman times, at the union of two Roman roads from Dover and Lympne, the chief seaports of the Romans. C. was the capital of Kent, and the center from which England was Christianized. St. Augustine, the apostle of England, sent by Gregory I., was the first archbishop, and baptized king Ethelbert of Kent. C. was the Saxon Caer Cant, city of Kent, and capital of the kingdom of Kent. The Danes, in the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries, often ravaged and burned the city. Henry VIII. confiscated the treasures of the cathedral, and Edward VI. levied fresh exactions from it. The cathedral suffered much in the parliamentary struggles, but it has since been repaired.

CANTERBURY, a settlement of about 13,000 sq.m., on the e. coast of South island, New Zealand, with Christchurch as its capital, and Lyttleton as its port. The district was settled in 1850 by the Canterbury association, a society of peers, bishops, and commoners interested in the colonization of New Zealand. It has à coast-line of about 200 m., and is well watered by numerous rivers. Coal (in abundance), iron-ore, fire-clays, and quartz have been discovered in the province, and several coal-mines are in operation. On the eastern side of the great range of hills are the far-famed Canterbury plains, the great sheep district of the colony-3,000,000 of acres rolling back in gentle rise 40 m., to the foot of the central highlands, watered by 20 rivers, and spreading n. and s. further than the eye can reach." The natural pastures of C. are very fine; and to this circumstance is mainly due the rapid advance in prosperity of the country. Pop. '81, 111,049. In 1876, wheat occupied 57,500 acres, estimated to yield 1,770,363 bushels; oats, 72,522 acres, estimated to yield 2,788,688 bushels; barley, 16,820 acres, estimated to yield 620,699 bushels; and the estimated yield of potatoes was 17,895 tons. The total value of exports in 1875 was £42,750; of imports, £1,302,440. Very excellent timber grows in the province.

Canticles.

CAN‍THARIS (Gr. a small beetle, plural canthar'ides), a genus of insects of the order coleoptera, section heteromera. See COLEOPTERA. It belongs to a family called trachelides, or necked beetles, the head being separated from the thorax by a distinct neck or pedicle, and forms the type of a subdivision of that family called cantharidia, many of the species of which possess blistering properties analogous to those of the common BLISTERING FLY, SPANISH FLY, or BLISTER BEETLE (Č. vesicatoria). This insect, the best known and most important of the genus, is about an inch long; has a large heartshaped head, rather broader than the thorax; thread-like antennæ three times longer than the head; a nearly quadrangular thorax; and soft elytra (wing-covers) concealing the abdomen, and of equal breadth throughout. It is of a bright glossy green color. The common blistering fly is found in the s. of Europe, and in the s. of Siberia. It is abundant in Italy, Sicily, and Spain, in the s. of France, and in some parts of Germany and Russia. It is rare in England. The larva is not well known. The perfect insect feeds on the leaves of the ash, privet, lilac, elder, and honeysuckle; and rests on them during the night, the day being its time of activity. It is therefore taken by beating the branches of the trees in the morning or evening, when it is comparatively lethargic, a cloth being spread below to receive the insects as they fall. The gathering of canthar ides takes place, in the s. of France, in the month of May. It requires great caution to prevent injury to those who engage in it, the insects emitting a volatile substance with a strong smell, which causes inflammation of the eyes and eyelids, convulsive sneezing, and irritation of the throat and bronchial tubes, nor can they be handled without danger of blistering. Those who collect them, therefore, generally wear gloves and veils. Unpleasant effects have been experienced from even sitting under trees on the leaves of which cantharides were numerous. Various methods are employed for killing cantharides when they have been taken; the cloths containing them are very generally immersed in hot vinegar and water, and they are afterwards carefully dried; sometimes they are killed by the vapor of vinegar, and sometimes by oil of turpentine. Unless kept with great care, they soon begin to lose their active properties, although, in stoppered bottles, they remain fit for use for years. They are very liable to be injured by mites, and afford a favorite food also to a kind of moth and to some other insects. They are imported into Britain from the s. of Europe, and also from St. Petersburg. See illus., BUTTERFLIES, p. 232, fig. 11.

The active principle of the blistering flies is cantharidine, which possesses such powerful blistering properties, that of a grain placed on the lip rapidly causes the rise of small blisters. Administered internally, blistering flies cause heat in the throat, stomach, intestines, respiratory organs, etc.; and if in large doses, they give rise to inflammation of a serious nature, and sufficient to cause death. Externally, they are employed as a blistering agent. There are various medicinal preparations of blistering flies, such as vinegar of cantharides, obtained by macerating blistering flies in acetic acid; tincture of cantharides, procured by digesting blistering flies in proof-spirit, etc.; but that most commonly employed is plaster of cantharides or blistering plaster, obtained by mixing equal parts of blistering flies, yellow wax, resin, and lard. See BLISTER. CANTICLES, a word which literally signifies songs, but which is specially applied to a canonical book of the Old Testament, called in Hebrew The Song of Songs-i.e., the most beautiful song. The author is commonly supposed to be Solomon, and in the rich luxurious splendor of its coloring, it admirably harmonizes with the "golden time" of that magnificent monarch. The theme which it celebrates is love; but what kind of love, whether earthly or spiritual, is a question that has perplexed Biblical critics. The oldest interpretations are allegorical, and are either political or religious. The former of these, considered C. as the symbolical expression of a deep longing for the reunion of the kingdoms of Judah and Israel; the latter, of the love of God for his chosen people, the Jews. The religious interpretation passed over from Judaism to Christianity, and assumed a new aspect in consequence. Origen found the beloved bridegroom in Christ, and the bride in the church or the believing soul. Only among the theologians of the Syrian school do we find an effort made to adhere to more intelligible principles of interpretation, but the "mystical view" obtained the upper hand, and has continued to be the predominant view of the poem amongst orthodox theologians. For a while an attempt was made to distinguish between a primary and a secondary sense, both more or less directly present to the mind of the author; but modern scholarship in the main contents itself with endeavoring to fix the primary or literal meaning. Nor is this an easy task. Some commentators hold, for example, that C. is an anthology of detached idyls; others argue that it is a dramatic unity composed of connected parts. Ewald has done much to establish the latter view. Ewald's followers hold that the poem was written about the middle of the 10th c. B.C. in the northern kingdom of Israel, and conceived in a spirit of hostility against the luxurious court of Zion. Solomon, the type of a sensual monarch, has carried off to his harem a northern shepherd maiden, who in the poem appears surrounded by the ladies of his court. The king fails even by the proffer of honorable espousals to overcome the maiden's fervent attachment to her shepherd lover

in the north country, and wholly abashed, ceases to press his suit. Finally, true and chaste love triumphs in the union of the peasant lovers.

CANTIRE, OF KINTYRE (Gaelic, headland), a long narrow peninsula of Argyleshire, running n. and s. between Arran isle and the Atlantic, and united at the n. end with the mainland of Scotland, by the isthmus of Tarbet, a mile broad between e. loch Tarbet, a small loch or bay of loch Fyne, and w. loch Tarbet. It is 40 m. long, and, on an average, 6 broad. The surface is much diversified by low, undulating, moorish hills, with many lochs. The highest point is Bennear, 1515 feet. It contains much cultivated land. The n. four fifths of C., and the s. w. corner round the Mull, or promontory, of Kintyre, consist chiefly of mica slate. Old red sandstone occurs on the s.e. shore. Coal is found between Campbelton and the w. coast. A light-house, 297 ft. above the sea, stands on the Mull of Kintyre. C. includes 10 parishes. Pop. about 18,000. Campbelton (q.v.) is the chief seat of population. C. was in ancient times peopled by Picts and Celts more densely than the rest of Scotland. The Scots from Ireland subdued it in 210 A.D., were expelled from it in 446, but returned in 503 under Fergus, the first Scottish king, who fixed his seat at Campbelton. Kenneth II. (MacAlpine), on defeating the Picts in 843, removed to Forteviot. From the 8th to the 12th c., C. was occupied by Northmen from Scandinavia, and afterwards by the Macdonalds of the isles, and more lately by the Campbells. Many burying-grounds and small ruined chapels or monasteries in C., show its former populousness. Near these chapels, and in the villages, are many high, upright slate crosses, with rude figures and inscriptions on them. C. contains many ancient watch or ward forts often vitrified.

CANTILEVER BRIDGE. See page 888.

CANTIUM, a Roman district in ancient Britain, covering nearly the same territory as the modern co. of Kent. Cæsar speaks of the inhabitants as the most civilized people of the island.

CANTO FERMO, in church music, means plain song, or choral song in unison, and in notes all of equal length. Its introduction into the Christian church is attributed to pope Gregory the great, before the invention of the modern notation. See also GREGORIAN TONES.

CAN'TON. In heraldry, the C. occupies a corner of the shield, either dexter or sinister, and in size is the third of the chief. It is one of the nine honorable ordinaries, "and of great esteem."

CANTON (from the Fr. canton, a corner, a district; Ger. kante, a point, corner, border; allied to Eng. cantle) signifies in geography a division of territory, constituting a separate government or state, as in Switzerland. In France, C. is a subdivison of an arrondissement.

CANTON, a city in Fulton co., Ill., on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Toledo. Peoria and Western railroads; 210 m. from Chicago, and 28 m. from Quincy; pop. '80, 3,762. Manufacturing and coal mining are the main industries.

CANTON, a t. in Lewis co., Mo., on the Mississippi river and the Mississippi Valley and Western railroad, 200 m. above St. Louis, and 22 m. below Keokuk; pop. '80, 2,632. It is a prominent shipping place, has a number of manufactories, and is the seat of Canton university, an educational institution under the charge of the Christian denomination.

CANTON, Mass. See page 889.

CANTON, a t. in St. Lawrence co., N. Y., on Grass river and the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg railroad; 60 m. n.e. of Watertown; pop. '80, 6,275. It is the co. seat, and has a court-house, almshouse, St. Lawrence university, and several churches. There is abundant water-power, used in the manufacture of lumber, flour, etc.

CANTON, a t. in Stark co., O., on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, 100 m. n.e. of Columbus. There is abundance of water-power, and considerable manufacturing is carried on. Coal and limestone are found, and the surrounding country is a fine wheat-growing district. Pop. '80, 12,258.

CANTON, a large commercial city and port in the s. of China, and capital of the province of Kwang-tung (of which the name C. is merely a corruption). It is situated in lat. 23° 7' 10" n., and long. 113° 14' 30" e., on the n. side of the Chookeang, or Pearl river, in a rich alluvial plain, 32 m. from the sea. The river (the entrance to which is known by the name of the Boca Tigris, a Portuguese translation of the Chinese Hu-mun ("Tiger's Mouth"), is very picturesque. The city is surrounded by a brick rampart 6 m. in circumference, and entered by 12 gates, to each of which a guard-house is attached. It forms an irregular square, and is divided by a wall into the n. and s., or old and new city. The former is inhabited by the Tartar population, the latter by Chinese; and between the two, communication is maintained by four gates in the separat ing wall. The suburbs are very extensive, and if one of these, facing the river, stood the European factories or hongs. Most of the streets of C. are crooked and labyrinthine beyond description, but there are a small number of straight thoroughfares which make it easy enough for a stranger to find his way. As a rule, a tolerably straight street leads from the water-side to each gate of the city on the southern front, and is more or less prolonged through the interior. Many of the streets are devoted to distinct trades; thus, there is Carpenter" street, “Apothecary" street, etc. The Joss-houses, chiefly