BUTCHERS' BROOM, Ruscus, a genus of plants of the natural order liliacea, with male and female flowers on separate plants, a perianth of six leaves, filaments united, one style, and the fruit a berry. The common butchers'-broom (R. aculeatus) is a shrubby or almost shrubby evergreen plant, with a biennial stem, 1 to 3 ft. high, sending out many short branches and ovate alternate sharp-pointed false leaves of the same substance as the branches, the flowers minute and arising from the disk of the false leaves, solitary; the berries red, almost as large as wild-cherries, and of a sweetish taste. It is common in many parts of the s. of Europe, and in the s. of England in woods and hedges. The English name is derived from the use made of the plant by butchers, to sweep their blocks. It grows well under trees or shrubs, and can often be advantageously introduced for ornamental purposes. The root was formerly much used in medicine. It is aperient and diuretic.-R. hypophyllum, a native of Italy, had once a considerable reputation as a stimulant of the uterus.

BUTE, an island in the firth of Clyde, Scotland, separated from the coast of Argyle by a narrow winding strait, called the kyles of Bute, mostly under a mile wide, about 6 m. distant from the w. coast of Ayrshire, and 8 m. n. of Arran. It is about 16 m. long, of irregular breadth, and with an area of 60 sq. miles. The surface to the n. is high, rugged, and barren; in the center and s., it is low and undulating, and comparatively fertile. The highest point rises 875 feet. The coast is rocky and has some bays. The island has several small lakes. The climate is milder than in any other part of Scotland, and, though moist, less so than on the w. coast generally; hence, it is much resorted to by invalids. In the s. the soil is sandy; towards the n. clay predominates. Most of the arable land is under tillage, and agriculture is in a good state. The chief crops are oats, turnips, and potatoes. Pop. 81, 10,998. The principal town is Rothesay. Most of the island belongs to the marquis of Bute, whose beautiful seat, Mount Stuart, is about 4 m. s. from Rothesay. Among the antiquities of B. are Rothesay castle, Kames castle, Kilmorie castle, St. Blaine's chapel, Dungyle, a remarkable vitrified fort on a high crag on the s. w. coast, and the Devil's caldron, a circular erection, the original purpose of which is not well known. B. and the neighboring isles were for many centuries subject to the Norwegians.

BUTESHIRE, a county in the s. w. of Scotland, comprising the isles of Bute (q. v.) and Arran (q. v.), and the Cumbraes, Holy isle, Pladda, Inchmarnoch, and other smaller islands. The area of the whole, according to the ordnance survey, is 225 sq.m., or 143,977 statute acres. The pop. in 1881 was 17,657. B. returns one member to parliament. The county town is Rothesay, in the island of Bute.

BUTE, JOHN PATRICK CRICHTON STUART, third marquis, and reputed hero of Disraeli's Lothair. He joined the Roman Catholic church in 1868, and took great interest in furthering religious education, in pursuance of which he, among other enterprises, purchased land, and established near Jerusalem an asylum for pilgrims.

BUTE, JOHN STUART, third earl of, was b. in 1713, and d. in 1792. About 1737, he attracted the favorable notice of Frederick, prince of Wales, who made him one of his lords of the bedchamber. After the death of the prince, he became groom of the stole to his son, afterwards George III., over whose mind he obtained a strong influence. In Mar., 1761, he was appointed one of the principal secretaries of state; and from the 29th May, 1762, to the 8th April, 1763, he was prime minister. His government is memorable only as one of the most unpopular that ever held office in Britain, its fundamental principle being the supremacy of the royal prerogative, of which the executive government were merely the humble servants. Lord Bute was given to scientific pursuits, especially botany, and showed himself a liberal patron of literature and art. He married the only daughter of lady Mary Wortley Montagu.

BU'TEA, a genus of plants of the natural order leguminosa, suborder papilionacea, remarkable for the great length of the standard of the flower, and having a compressed, one-seeded pod, membranaceous at the apex. The best known species are B. frondosa and B. superba, natives of India; and the former very widely diffused throughout that country, generally appearing as a sort of shrub in the neighborhood of villages, but in the jungles growing into a small tree. These trees present a gorgeous sight when covered with racemes of large deep scarlet flowers. They have trifoliate leaves, with roundish leaflets, velvety beneath. They yield a resinous exudation, which occurs in the form of lurid red tears, often covering the twigs, and is one of the kinds of lac (q. v.) brought to the market in India. The juice of the tree is not red, and the lac is supposed to be elaborated by insects, but of what species is unknown. B. frondosa is called the dhak tree in India. The bark and roots are very fibrous, and the fiber is used for calking boats. The flowers, called teesoo or keesoo, yield a beautiful yellow or orange dye.

BUTERA, a t. of Sicily, in the province of Caltanisetta, and 8 m. n.n.w. from Terranova. It stands on a height on the left bank of the Manfria. Ruins of great antiquity exist in the neighborhood, but the ancient name is unknown. In 853, B. was besieged for five months by the Saracens, who raised the siege on the surrender of 6000 persons as slaves. B. was almost the last town in Sicily taken by the Normans, having

held out against count Roger till 1089. The present castle is of Norman erection, and contains a number of medieval antiquities. Pop. 5350.

BUTIN, ULYSSE LOUIS AUGUSTE. See page 885.

BUTLER, a co. in s. Alabama; 875 sq.m.; pop. '80, 19,685-8983 colored; hilly, and mostly covered with pine woods; produces corn, cotton, etc. The Mobile and Montgomery railroad passes through. Co. seat, Greenville.

BUTLER, a co. in n.e. Iowa, on Cedar river and the Dubuque and Sioux City railroad; 576 sq.m.; pop. '80, 14,293; an agricultural region, mostly prairie. Co. seat, Butler Centre.

BUTLER, a co. in s. Kansas, on the White and Walnut rivers; 1519 sq.m.; pop. '80, 18,587. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, El Dorado.

BUTLER, a co. in s. w. Kentucky, on Green river; 500 sq.m.; pop. '80, 12,181-820 colored. Surface uneven, with moderately fertile soil; agriculture the main business. Co. seat, Morgantown.

BUTLER, a co. in s.e. Missouri, on the Arkansas border, w. of St. Francis river; 560 sq.m.; pop. '80, 6011-140 colored. It has a level surface and fruitful soil, producing corn, tobacco, etc. Co. seat, Poplar Bluff.

BUTLER, a co. in e. Nebraska, s. of Platte river; 576 sq.m.; pop. '76, 4730; in '80, 9194; productions agricultural. Co. seat, David city.

BUTLER, a co. in s. w. Ohio, on the Indiana border, intersected by Miami river, the Miami canal, and three railroads; 455 sq.m.; pop. '80, 42,580. Productions agricul tural. Co. seat, Hamilton. There are in the co. many interesting monuments of aboriginal inhabitants.

BUTLER, a co. in w. Pennsylvania, near the Alleghany river, drained by the waters of the Beaver; 800 sq.m.; pop. '80, 52,536. The surface is diversified, and the soil sandy but tolerably good, producing the usual crops. Coal, iron, and limestone are plentiful. Co. seat, Butler.

BUTLER, ALBAN; an English hagiologist, 1710-73. He was educated at the Douay Roman Catholic college, where he was professor of philosophy, and afterwards of divinity. He traveled on the continent, was chaplain to the duke of Norfolk, and president of the English college at St. Omer's, where he died. The Lives of the Saints was his great work. It has passed through many editions.

BUTLER, ANDREW PICKENS, 1796-1857; a graduate of South Carolina college, and lawyer of South Carolina. He was in the legislature in 1824, and in 1833 was appointed. judge of sessions and afterwards of the supreme court. In 1846, he was chosen U. S. senator. It was Mr. Sumner's reply to B.'s last speech in the senate that led to the assault upon the Massachusetts senator by Preston S. Brooks.

BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1795-1858; a native of New York, and law partner of Martin Van Buren. He served in the legislature, and was a member of the commission to revise the statutes. In Jackson's cabinet he was attorney-general, 1831-34, and acting secretary of war, 1836-37. He was afterwards professor of law in the university of New York. He was a leading member of the Democratic party up to the time of the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, after which he acted with the other party.

BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, general of volunteers, U. S. army, was b. at Deerfield, N. H., Nov. 5, 1818. He graduated at Waterville college, Maine, in 1838, studied law at Lowell, Mass., where he was admitted to the bar in 1841, and became distinguished as a criminal lawyer and Democratic politician. He was a member of the state legislature in 1853, of the state senate in 1859-60, and a delegate to the Democratic national conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, where he supported the nomination of Jefferson Davis and John C. Breckenridge, and was nominated as the Democratic candidate for governor of Massachusetts. B. had risen to the rank of brig.gen, of militia; and at the outbreak of the war of secession, April 16, 1861, he marched with the 8th Massachusetts brigade, and after a check at Great Bethel, was appointed to the command of Baltimore, and subsequently of eastern Virginia, with his head-quarters at fortress Monroe. In Feb., 1862, he commanded the military forces sent from Boston to Ship island, near the mouth of the Mississippi; and after New Orleans had surrendered to the naval forces under commander Farragut, he held military possession of the city, and by his severity, and especially by an, at least apparently, atrocious order respecting the treatment of women, brought upon himself the intense detestation of the southern people, and a very general feeling of reprobation. Relieved of his command, he returned to fortress Monroe, acted under gen. Grant in his operations against Petersburg and Richmond, and, June 13, 1885, by his refusal to co-oper ate with the naval forces, caused the failure of the first attempt to take fort Fisher, the chief defense of Wilmington. Returning to Massachusetts at the end of the war, he took an active part in politics as an extreme radical. aiding in the impeachment of president Johnson; in 1866, he was elected member of the house of representatives, and was repeatedly elected until 1878.

Butler.

*BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (ante), b. N. H., 1818; a graduate of Waterville (Me.) college; admitted to the bar in Massachusetts, and acquired a large practice in Lowell and other cities. He was early in politics as a member of the Democratic party, and by them was chosen to the legislature in 1853. In the same year he was a member of the constitutional convention, and in 1859 was elected to the state senate. On the first call for troops in the secession conflict (April 15, 1861), B., who was a brig.gen. of militia, called out his brigade. On the next day, the 6th regiment left Boston; and on the 18th, B. at the head of the 8th regiment started for Washington by way of Baltimore. Two regiments of his brigade had in the mean time sailed for fortress Monroe, of which they took possession. The burning of railroad bridges prevented B. from reaching Washington directly, and he took possession of Annapolis and repaired the railroad from that city to Washington so speedily, that the 7th New York and the 8th Massachusetts regiments reached the capital in season to prevent any attempt at seizure. In May, he took possession of Baltimore without opposition, and the same month was appointed maj. gen. and given command of fortress Monroe. Here he made the declaration, when requested to return runaway negroes, that the slaves were "contraband of war"-a doctrine that greatly discouraged the secessionists and correspondingly elated the union side, for up to that period there had been no hesitation on the part of the civil or military authorities in doing their utmost to arrest and return fugitive slaves. In the spring of 1862, he commanded the land force of 18,000 men designed to co-operate with Farragut in command of the fleet to operate in the lower Mississippi, and on the 1st of May he took possession of New Orleans, where he remained until relieved by gen. Banks in December. His administration in New Orleans was violently denounced: but he kept order; forced the people to keep reasonably clean streets and so avoided the yellow-fever for one season; compelled the rich secessionists to contribute to the support of those whom the conflict had reduced to want; and enforced due respect for the flag of the nation. Near the close of 1863, he was put in command of the department of Virginia and North Carolina, and in May, 1864, occupied City Point and Bermuda Hundred in support of Grant's movement upon Petersburg. In October he was sent to New York to assure peace during the election, there being danger of serious trouble. In 1864, he was sent against fort Fisher, but the enterprise failed, in consequence of a storm, and he returned, contrary to orders, for which he was relieved from command. In 1866, he was chosen member of congress from the Boston district, and in 1868, was one of the managers in the impeachment of president Johnson. From the breaking out of the rebellion until 1876–77, Butler acted with the Republican party; but when the greenback and labor movement began to take shape he favored it, and in 1878 was the candidate of those parties, and of a large portion of the Democratic party, for governor of Massachusetts, receiving 109,435 votes to 134,725 for the successful Republican candidate. He was again a candidate of ". "greenbackers," labor men, and Democrats, in 1879, but was again unsuccessful. See Supp., page 885.

BUTLER, CHARLES, 1750-1832; a prolific English writer, nephew of Alban. He was educated at Douay, and entered at Lincoln inn in 1775, coming to the bar in 1791. His literary activity was enormous. Among his works were Reminiscences; Hora Biblica; Hora Juridica Subseciva; Book of the Roman Catholic Church; and lives of Erasmus, Grotius, and others. He also edited his uncle's Lives of the Saints, and completed an edition of Coke upon Littleton.

BUTLER CLEMENT M., D.D., b. N. Y., 1810; a Protestant Episcopal minister in Georgetown, D. C., Boston, and Washington; rector of Grace church, Rome, Italy, 1862-64; professor of ecclesiastical history in the divinity school of the Protestant Episcopal church in West Philadelphia. He has published The Book of Common Prayer. Interpreted by its History; Old Truths and New Errors; St. Paul in Rome; Inner Rome; Manual of Ecclesiastical History from the 1st to the 18th Century; Sermons, etc.

BUTLER, ELIZABETH SOUTHERDEN. See THOMPSON, ELIZABETH.

BUTLER, JOHN, a native of Conn.; d. Canada, 1794; a tory leader in the revolution, commanding a regiment of militia. In 1776, he organized a band of guerillas disguised as Indians, who committed many outrages. He also commanded the men who destroyed Wyoming, Penn., in 1778. After peace he settled in Canada, where he was agent for Indian affairs.

BUTLER, JOSEPH, one of the most eminent of English divines, was b. in 1692 at Wantage, in Berkshire, where his father kept a shop. With a view to the ministry of the Presbyterian church, he attended a dissenting academy at Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire. At the age of 22, he gave proof of high metaphysical ability in a letter to Dr. Samuel Clarke, usually appended to that celebrated writer's a-priori demonstration, to which it offers some objections. About this time, he made up his mind to join the church of England, and in Mar., 1714, entered Oriel college, Oxford. Soon after, he took orders. In 1718, he was appointed preacher at the Rolls chapel, where he preached those remarkable sermons which he published in 1726. The first three, On Human Nature, constitute one of the most important contributions ever made to moral science. The scope of the reasoning is briefly, that virtue is consonant with, and vice a violation of, man's nature. In 1725, B. was presented to the rich benefice of Stanhope, in the co. of Durham, to which he removed in the following year. Here he resided in great retirement till 1733. His friend Secker, the archbishop, desired to see him pro

moted to some more important position, and mentioned his name once to queen Caroline. The queen thought he had been dead, and asked archbishop Blackburne if it were not so. “No, madam,” said the archbishop; “but he is buried.' In 1733, B. became chaplain to his friend lord chancellor Talbot, and at the same time a prebendary of Rochester. In 1736, he published the great work of which the germs were contained in his three sermons, and which has entitled him, in the eyes of his eloquent disciple Chalmers, to be called "the Bacon of theology." The leading aim of the Analogy is to show, that all the objections to revealed religion are equally applicable to the whole constitution of nature, and that the general analogy between the principles of divine gov ernment, as revealed in the Scriptures, and those manifested in the course of nature, warrants the conclusion that they have one Author. Soon after the publication of this work, B. was appointed clerk of the closet to the queen, who greatly prized his conversation. In 1738, he was made bishop of Bristol; in 1740, dean of St. Paul's; and in 1750, he was translated to the see of Durham. He lived only to make one visitation of his diocese. His charge" on the occasion, in which he pointed out, with characteristic depth of insight, the importance of a due maintenance of the externals of religion, as a means of keeping alive the thought of it in the minds of the people, subjected him to much censure as betraying a tendency to Roman Catholicism-a charge unworthy now of serious notice. B.'s private character was such as became a Christian prelate: grave and judicious, he was at the same time meek and generous. His intercourse with his clergy and people was frank and humane; his episcopal treasures were wisely and munificently distributed, as not his own; and no anxious legatee looked with hope to his death. That event took place at Bath, June 16, 1752, and the good bishop's remains were buried in Bristol cathedral. His works, notwithstanding a dry and uninteresting style, have gone through numerous editions. The best is that edited, with a life, etc., by Fitzgerald.

BUTLER, MATTHEW CALVIN. See page 885.

BUTLER, SAMUEL, poet, was b. at Strensham, Worcestershire, in 1612. His father was a farmer in that place, and said to be a person of some education. Young B., after acquiring the rudiments of his education at home, was placed at the college school at Worcester. His progress there was rapid, and on leaving it he proceeded to one of the universities. After finishing his education, he was appointed clerk to T. Jeffreys, esq., justice of the peace, and in his leisure hours devoted himself to the study of music and poetry. He afterwards entered the household of the countess of Kent, which he left, and went to live with sir Samuel Luke, who resided in the same county. After the king's restoration, he was made secretary to the earl of Carberry, which office he held till 1661. About this time, B. married a Mrs. Herbert, a lady of good family and some property, which, however, was afterwards lost by being invested in bad securities. He published the first part of Hudibras in 1663, and its reception at court was immediate and triumphant. It received all the favor Charles could spare from his spaniels and his mistresses, and he deigned even to garnish his royal conversation with its wit. The courtiers took up the fashion, the coffee-houses and taverns followed suit, and finally the mob went into raptures, in imitation of its betters. Hudibras was pirated within four weeks of its publication. The king had wit enough to see the merit of the work, but he lacked generosity to relieve the necessities of the writer. There seems to be no good reason to believe that B.'s palm ever tingled to the touch of royal pension or gratuity. Poverty is almost the only thing in B.'s life that one is certain of. In 1664, he published the second part of his book, and a third part appeared in 1678. He died in Rose street, Covent garden, in 1680; and while some say that he starved from pride, all agree that at his death he was very poor.

Hudibras is a kind of metrical Don Quixote; and if the work of Cervantes stands at the head of its class in the literature of Spain, Hudibras occupies the same place in the literature of England. The Puritans are the subjects of B.'s derision, and king Charles must have felt that the poet avenged for him the battle of Worcester. The weight, compression, and plenteousness of the wit is wonderful. Hudibras is like a mass of crystals, every point flashes. It is, beyond any other book, of wit "all compact. B. thinks in witty couplets, he argues in them, he spears his foes with a jest, he routs and chases them into oblivion with unextinguishable laughter. His best things have become proverbs. His mass of wit has been grated down into common speech, and particles of it may be found any day glittering in the talk of English plowmen and artisans.

BUTLER, WILLIAM ALLEN, LL.D.; b. N. Y., 1825; a graduate of the university of New York, studied law with his father (Benjamin F. of New York), and traveled extensively abroad before commencing practice. He is the author of several popular satirical poems, among which are Nothing to Wear; Barnum's Parnassus; and Tico Millions. has also published Lawyer and Client, and a biographical sketch of Martin Van Buren.

He

BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER, a religious and philosophical writer of singularly high promise, was born in 1814, at Annerville, near Clonmel, Ireland. He was originally a Roman Catholic, but subsequently became a Protestant, and studied at Trinity college, Dublin, where he was appointed professor of moral philosophy in 1837. He died in 1848. The principal work on which his reputation is based, is the Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy, edited with notes by W. Hepworth Thomson (Cambridge, 1856, 2

Butter.

vols.). These lectures are remarkable for their great learning, eloquence, and depth of judgment. Besides his lectures, there have appeared, Sermons, with a memoir by the Rev. Thomas Woodward (Dublin, 1849); Letters on the Development of Christian Doctrine (Dublin, 1850); Letters on Romanism (Lond. 1854).

BUTLER, WILLIAM ORLANDO, 1793-1880; b. Ky.; served in the Indian battles of 1812, and under Jackson at New Orleans, and after the war practiced law in Kentucky. He was a member of congress, 1839–43, and next year democratic candidate for governor; in 1848 the democratic nominee for vice-president, but not successful. He served as maj. gen. of volunteers in the war with Mexico, and was wounded at Monterey. He was a member of the peace congress of 1861.

BUTLERAGE OF WINE, as described by Blackstone and Stephen, is a very ancient hereditary duty belonging to the crown, and is otherwise called the prisage of wines. This duty is taken notice of in the great roll of the exchequer, 8 Richard I., still extant. Under the right to levy it, the crown could take two tuns of wine from every ship (English or foreign) importing into England 20 tuns or more, one before and one behind the mast; which, by charter of Edward I., was exchanged into a duty of two shillings for every tun imported by merchant strangers, and called butlerage, because paid to the king's butler.

BUTO, an Egyptian goddess, deity of the town Buto in northern Egypt. She personified lower Egypt; and, it was believed, presided over fire, and resided in the sun. B. was considered to represent the Greek Latona, and to be the regent of certain districts and cities in Egypt and Arabia.

BU'TOMUS, a genus of aquatic plants, of which one species, B. umbellatus, is frequent in ditches and ponds in England, Ireland, and many parts of Europe, but is very rare in Scotland. It is popularly called flowering rush, and is one of the plants to which the praise has been assigned of being the most beautiful in the British flora. The leaves are all radical, 2 to 3 ft. long, linear, triangular, their sharp edges sometimes cutting the mouths of cattle, whence the generic name (Gr. or cutting). The scape, or flowering stem, is longer than the leaves, terminating in a large umbel of rose-colored flowers, readily distinguished from those of all other British plants by having nine stamens, six in an outer, and three in an inner row.

BUTT, ISAAC, b. 1813; graduate of Trinity college, Dublin, and a member of the Irish bar. He was one of the counsel for Smith O'Brien and others tried in 1848 for treason, and also for the Fenians tried in 1865. In 1852, he was chosen to parliament from Youghal as a liberal conservative; and in 1871 he was returned from Limerick as ahonie ruler," and was for many years the chief leader and support of the idea which that name involves. He was one of the projectors, and for a time the editor, of the Dublin University Magazine. He also published Literature of Political Economy; History of the Kingdom of Italy, and works on the relations of landlord and tenant.

d. in 1879.

He

BUTTE, a small hill or knoll, or rising ground; in some places applied to mountains, as the Downieville Buttes in California, which are nearly 9000 ft. high.

BUTTE, a co. in. n. California, on the Sacramento and Feather rivers; 1458 sq.m.; pop. '80, 18,721. The surface is rough and well wooded, and the soil fertile. The co. is rich in gold, silver, platinum, cinnabar, lead, and iron. The Marysville branch of the Pacific railroad crosses the w. portion. Wheat, barley, wine, and wool are the chief agricultural productions. Co. seat, Oroville.

BUTTE, seat of justice of Silver Bow co., Mont., on the s. slope of the Big Butte range of the Rocky mts., about 65 m. s. by w. of Helena, and reached by the Utah and Northern, Northern Pacific and Montana Central railroads. The site was laid out in 1864, but the prosperity of the city dates from the successful operations in quartz mining in 1875. It is situated at an altitude of 5000 ft., is handsomely laid out, has water-works, cable and motor street-cars, a fire department, excellent schools, 5 newspapers, a pub. library, 12 churches, and in 1888 the mineral output was $22,987,266. Pop. 1880, 3363; 1889 (est.), 30,000.

BUTTER (Ger. butter; Fr. beurre; Lat. butyrum) is the fatty substance present in the milk of the mammalia, and capable of being extracted from it. In ancient times the Hebrews seem to have made copious use of butter as food; but the Greeks and the Romans used it only as an ointment in their baths, and it is probable that the Greeks obtained their knowledge of the substance from the Scythians, Thracians, and Phrygians, Whilst the Romans obtained it from Germany. In southern Europe, at the present time, B. is very sparingly used; and in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and southern France, it is sold by apothecaries as a medicinal agent for external application. The amount of B. in cows' milk (q.v.) is about 4 per cent, though the kind of pasture, quantity of milk, and general condition, influence the relative quantity of the several ingredients of milk. In the extraction of B., the milk is allowed to cool, and the cream which rises to the surface is skimmed off, and put into a large, deep, earthenware vessel, where it lies for several days till enough has been collected for a churning. Any difference in the exact mode of treatment of the milk yields a B. with some peculiarity or other.