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most powerful assistant in their attacks upon the government. B. succeeded in carrying the repeal of the obnoxious orders in council shortly before the general election of 1812, and then ventured to contest, along with another whig, the membership for Liverpool against Canning and another tory. He was defeated, and remained without a seat in parliament till 1816, when he was returned for Winchelsea, and again became an active member of the opposition. By this time he had also established some reputation in the courts of law. He never, indeed, acquired a very large practice, but he repeatedly distinguished himself by speeches of great vigor and ability in the defense of persons prosecuted for libel by the crown. His most famous appearance as an advocate, however, was in defense of queen Caroline, when, along with Denman, he defended the injured queen with unequaled courage and disinterestedness, at the cost, as both well knew, of exclusion, for years to come, from all professional advancement. But his eloquence and boldness, though they forfeited for him the favor of the crown, gained him that of the people, and for the ten years between 1820 and 1830, B. was the popular idol. He made no bad use of his power. In 1822, he used it, though in vain, in support of a scheme of national education; and to his activity is owing, in great measure, the establishment of the London university, of the first mechanics' institute, and of the society for the diffusion of useful knowledge. In 1830, B. delivered a most powerful speech against slavery, and in consequence of it-as he himself believed-was invited to stand, and returned, as member for the great popular constituency of the co. of York. The aristocratically disposed whigs would-had they dared-have excluded B. from the reform ministry; but, in addition to having enormous popularity, he was virtually their leader in debate in the commons, and was thus, in spite of his unmanage ableness, indispensable. After various intrigues, B. was offered, and was persuaded, against both his interests and his inclinations, to accept a peerage and the chancellorship. He took his seat in the lords in Nov., 1830, and assisted very materially in carrying through that house the great measures then proposed by the liberal ministers. He shared in the general unpopularity which afterwards attached to them, and when they were dismissed by William IV. in 1834, B. left office, never to return to it. After that time, he held in the upper house a position as nearly analogous as may be to that formerly held by him in the commons, criticising freely the conduct of successive administrations, and steadily forwarding every measure for social progress.

It will be as a law-reformer that B. will be best remembered. He took up Romilly's uncompleted task of carrying into practice the ameliorations suggested by Bentham. His efforts in this direction began as early as 1816, when he introduced into parliament a bill to remove various defects in the law of libel. In 1827, in a memorable speech which occupied six hours in delivery, B. enumerated the defects in nearly every branch of English law, and made proposals for dealing with law-reform on a proper scale. These, as might have been expected, met with little encouragement. It has been the fortune of many of his measures to be carried afterwards, in a mutilated form, by other hands. After he left office, B. also succeeded in carrying various reforms in the law, among which may be noted some very extensive changes in the law of evidence. Among the measures proposed by B., but left for future law-reformers to carry, were bills for the codification of the criminal law, for the establishment in England of a system of public prosecutors, and for the giving of compensation to parties acquitted. Lord B.'s acts and bills, as well those regarding the slave-trade, education, and other public questions, as those touching on law-reform, have been collected and published by sir J. E. Eardly Wilmot (Lond., Longman, 1857). The large well-filled volume which they form is the most fitting monument that could be preserved of the activity, perseverance, and public spirit of the man.

As an orator, more especially as a debater in parliament, B. was, among the men of his time, inferior only to Canning. He was wont, however, to indulge in his speeches in too large an admixture of exciting elements argument was mingled with fiery declamation; ridicule, sarcasm, invective, were freely used; and these he dealt out with a vehemence and energy that at times carried him far beyond bounds. The power of ready, rapid, and forcible diction was eminently his. In many other fields besides oratory, B. has won a high reputation. He cultivated mathematical and physical science with success, and ventured upon the domain of metaphysics, and even of theology. His miscellaneous writings are of great extent, and upon an almost incredible variety of subjects. They were, however, intended more to serve purposes of the moment, than as permanent additions to our literature; and though they display great powers of rapid comprehension and nervous clear exposition, it cannot be said that we are indebted to their author for any new truths in politics or morals, or any original discoveries in science. The honors due to men of letters B. did not fail to acquire, having successively been made lord rector of Glasgow university, president of university college, London, member of the institute of France, chancellor of the university of Edinburgh, and lastly, D.C.L. of Oxford.

Lord B. took a warm interest in legal and social reform. While not engaged in parliament, he resided chiefly at Cannes, in the s. of France, where he died May 7th, 1868. His lordship married, in 1819, Mary Anne Eden, the granddaughter of a baronet in the co. of Durham. The issue of this marriage was two daughters, who both died before reaching womanhood. The patent of the title to the peerage was extended to make it

descend to the family of his brother. B. left a memoir of his life and times, which was published in 3 vols. (1871).

BROUGHAM, JOHN, b. Ireland, 1810, d. N. Y., 1880; studied surgery for a considerable time, but was obliged to leave school on account of adversity, and went to London, where he proposed to enter the East India service; but an old man gave him a guinea, and urged him to seek some fitter employment. Happening to meet an old acquaintance, he got an engagement in the prince of Wales theater, and there in July, 1830, he acted six parts in the old play Tom and Jerry. In 1830, he was a member of the company organized by Madame Vestris. About this time he wrote his first play, a burlesque, prepared for William E. Burton, then acting in London. In 1840, he was a member of the Lyceum, for which theater he wrote a number of plays. He came to the United States in 1842, and appeared in the old Park theater in New York city. Soon after he joined Burton's company in Chambers street; and here also he wrote a number of plays, among which were Vanity Fair, All is Fair in Love, Dombey and Son, and the Irish Emigrant. Afterwards he managed Niblo's Garden, and in Dec., 1850, he opened Brougham's Lyceum on Broadway, where he produced David Copperfield, and a new version of the Actress of Padua, the latter written for Charlotte Cushman. He then connected himself with Wallack's company, in which he remained until 1860; then managed the Bowery theater, reviving King John with superb scenery. Meanwhile he was writing plays, among which were the Game of Love, Bleak House, A Decided Case, Game of Life, Playing with Fire, Pocahontas, Love and Murder, Romance and Reality, After several seasons at Wallack's, he rejoined Burton and produced his burlesque of Columbus, and other plays. In 1860, he went to England, where he remained five years, and there too he was writing and adapting plays, among them the Duke's Motto, for Mr. Fechter. He reappeared in New York in Oct., 1865, and not long after again joined Wallack's company, with which he remained until the close of his life. Among his later plays are John Garth, and The Lily of France.

etc.

BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, Lord, 1786-1869; an English statesman. At his death the peerage became extinct, as he left no male issue. In his school days at Cambridge he was the intimate friend of Byron, and the two made a tour of southern Europe at a later period. He was a radical, and, in 1816, wrote a book to correct certain current misrepresentations of the events of the Hundred Days in Paris. The work gave great offense both in England and France. The translator and printer in Paris were sentenced to fine and imprisonment for an "atrocious libel," and in London he was confined in Newgate nearly three months. As a martyr to toryism, he tried for parliament in the borough of Westminster, but was defeated, though chosen by a large majority only two years later. For 12 years he was an ardent and courageous advocate of liberal measures, among them the repeal of the test and corporation acts, and Roman Catholic emancipation. In 1831, he became a baron, and in the same year was secretary of war in the Grey ministry. Subsequently he was chief commissioner of woods and forests, and president of the board of control. In 1851, he became a peer, and ceased to partici pate in public life. Lord B. published Imitations and Translations from the Classics; Journey through Albania with Lord Byron; and Historical Illustrations of the Fourth Canto of Childe Harold.

BROUGHTY-FERRY, a t. of Forfarshire, on the firth of Tay, 4 m. e. of Dundee. Pop. '81, 7923. It is connected with Ferry-Port-on-Craig, in Fifeshire, by a railwayferry over the firth, here a mile broad, which, before the opening of the Tay bridge, formed the chief connection between Edinburgh and Fife with Dundee. It has cod and other white fisheries. Many Dundee merchants occupy fine villas at Broughty-Ferry. On the shore stands an ancient castle, lately repaired as a defense for the Tay.

BROUS SA, or BOUR'SA, the ancient Prusa, where the kings of Bithynia usually resided, situated in lat. 27° n., long. 40° e., at the foot of Mt. Olympus, in Asia Minor. Prusa is said to have been built by Prusias, king of Bithynia, who waged war with Croesus or Cyrus. Seifeddulat, of the race of Hamadan, took it in 336 of the Hegira, but it was retaken by the Greek emperor in 947 A.D. In 1856, Orcan, son of Othman, the second emperor of Turkey, captured it, and made it the capital of his empire, and it continued so until the taking of Constantinople by Mohammed II.

in 1453.

B. is most pleasantly situated, facing a beautiful and luxuriant plain, covered for many miles with plantations of mulberry-trees. The city and suburbs are about 6 m. in circumference. The town is divided from the eastern suburb by a deep channel or vale, over which there are several bridges, one of them-with shops on each side-being 90 paces long and 16 broad. The streets are remarkably clean, and the bazaars very good, being supplied with European goods from Constantinople. The pop. of B. amounts to 73,000 souls, of whom about 11,000 are Armenians. It contains a great number of mosques, some of which are very fine buildings. The silks of B. are much esteemed in the European markets, and great quantities are exported every year to France, Constantinople, and Smyrna, The inhabitants manufacture a kind of silk, like satin, mostly striped, which is used for the under-garment of the oriental dress; also a material from silk and flax used chiefly for shirts; and a sort of gauze, called "brunjuke," which is much worn by the Turkish ladies for under-garments. A great quan

Brown.

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tity of British manufactured goods, such as Manchester " "twists," gray calicoes," 'prints," "zebras," etc., are imported into B., the goods being landed at Constantinople, and thence conveyed overland to Broussa. It is the official residence of a Turkish pasha, and the seat of a Turkish tribunal. B. is subject to frequent earthquakes. In ancient times, it was famous for its thermal baths, or "royal waters," as they were called, which still exist.

BROUSSAIS, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH VICTOR, the founder of the school of medicine, was b. at St. Malo, Dec. 17, 1772, and in early life, after studying at Dinon, served for a time first in the navy, and then in the army. In 1820, he was appointed first professor at the military hospital of Val-de-Grace. In 1832, he became professor of general pathology and therapeutics in the faculty of medicine in Paris, and afterwards was made a member of the institute. He died at his country residence at Vitry, Nov. 17, 1838. In 1841, a statue was erected to his memory in the court of Val-de-Grace. B.'s peculiar views are ably explained in his chief works-the Histoire des Phlegmasies ou Inflammations Chroniques (1808), and Examen de la Doctrine Médicale généralement adoptée (1816), which assert the following principles: that life is sustained only by excitation; that this excitation may be either too strong (surexcitation) or too weak (adynamie), the latter case, however, being far less frequent than the former. These abnormal conditions of surexcitation and adynamie at first manifest themselves in a specific organ of the body; but afterwards, by sympathy, are extended to other organs; that is, all diseases are originally local, and become general only by sympathy of the several organs. The organs most subject to disease are the stomach and bowels, and therefore gastro-enteritis (inflammation of the stomach and the intestines) is the basis of pathology; consequently, B. resorted to local phlebotomy-especially the application of numerous leeches to the region of the abdomen—as a remedy in fevers and various diseases. His theory and practice gained many adherents in France, who took the name of the "physiological school." But a more exact knowledge of physiology has demonstrated that the views of B. were onesided and exaggerated. Yet they have not been without use in pathology, as they have led to a more careful study of pathological anatomy and physiological sympathies, and to a more exact observation of the so-called specific morbid processes of which the existence was denied by B. and his followers. Montègre, Notice Historique sur la Vie, les Travaux, et les Opinions de Broussais.-His son, CASIMIR B., born 1803, professor at Valde-Grace (1833), was a zealous adherent of the Broussais system, and is the writer of a work, Hygiène-Morale, based on phrenology.

BROUSSON, CLAUDE, 1647-98; a French Protestant, an advocate and legal defender of the Huguenots. His house was the rendezvous of certain leaders of an outbreak, and he was compelled to fly from the city (Toulouse), barely escaping into Switzerland. He ventured into France twice afterwards, at great peril; but in 1698 he was caught, after many escapes, and sentenced to be broken on the wheel on the charge of treasonable conspiracy with the duke of Schomberg to invade France. He was executed accordingly, Nov. 4, 1698. He left a number of works on the subjects of the period.

BROUSSONET, PIERRE MARIE AUGUSTE, 1761-1807; a French naturalist educated in medicine, and a professor at the age of 18. He labored zealously to establish the Linnæan system of botany in France, and visited England, where he was admitted to the royal society, publishing in London Ichthyologiæ Decas I. In Paris he was perpetual secretary of the society of agriculture, and a member of the electoral college of the city. Subsequently he visited Madrid and Lisbon, and went as physician to an embassy which the United States sent to the emperor of Morocco. Still later he was French consul at Teneriffe; in 1797 a member of the institute, and in charge of the botanical garden at Montpellier. He died of apoplexy soon after his election to the national legislative body. France is indebted to him for the introduction of the Merino sheep and the Angora goat.

BROUSSONE TIA. See MULBERRY.

BROUWER, ADRIAN, 1608-40; a Dutch painter. He was apprenticed to Frank Hals, who treated him with great severity, and drove him to dissipation and the low life so well depicted in his works. The best collection of his pictures is in the Munich gallery.

BROWN: co. Dak. See page 880.

BROWN, a co. in Illinois, on the Illinois river: 320 sq.m.; pop. '80, 13,044. In part prairie and in part wooded, with fertile and well-cultivated soil. It is intersected by the Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroad. Agriculture is the main business. Co. seat, Mount Sterling.

BROWN, a co. in s. Indiana; 320 sq.m.; pop. '80, 10,264; well wooded, and with tolerably productive soil. Agriculture is the chief occupation. Co. seat, Nashville.

BROWN, a co. in n.e. Kansas on the Nebraska border; 576 sq.in.; pop. '78, 10,446; in '80, 12, 819. The co. is crossed by the St. Joseph and Denver City railroad. Productions, grain, hay, butter, and cattle. Co. seat, Hiawatha.

BROWN, a co. in s. Minnesota, on the Big and Little Cottonwood; 450 sq.m.; pop. '80, 12,018. Chief business, agriculture. Co. seat, New Ulm.

BROWN, a co. in s. w. Ohio, on the Ohio river; 502 sq.m.; pop. '70, 30,802; in '80, 32,726. Hilly near the river, but level inland; fertile and well cultivated. Produces grain, butter, sorghum molasses, and some wine. Co. seat, Georgetown.

BROWN, a co. in w. Texas, on Colorado river; 1050 sq.m.; pop. '80, 8415. Hilly and prairie surface, with rich soil. Chief business, stock raising. Co. seat, Brownwood.

BROWN, a co. in e. Wisconsin at the head of Green bay; 525 sq.m.; pop. '80, 34,090. Uneven surface; productions agricultural. The Wisconsin division of the Chicago and Northwestern railroad passes through. Co. seat, Green Bay.

BROWN, BENJAMIN GRATZ, b. Ky, 1826; graduate of Yale; made his home in St. Louis, and in 1852 was a member of the legislature. In 1854, he started the Missouri Democrat. In the civil war he fought for the union, commanding a brigade. In 1863, he was a United States senator from Missouri, and in 1872 was the democratic candidate for vice-president. He d. 1885.

BROWN, CHAD, d. 1665; he left Massachusetts in 1636 because of differences with the leaders of the colony, and settled in Rhode Island, where he became an elder in a Baptist church, and the progenitor of many prominent citizens.

BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN, a celebrated American novelist, was b. at Philadelphia, Jan. 17, 1771. His early education was carried on under the care of Mr. Robert Proud, author of the History of Pennsylvania. Afterwards he studied for the law, but the license which he had already given to his imagination induced an unconquerable aversion to legal pursuits, and he consequently betook himself to literature. The French revolution exercised on him, as on many other ardent spirits, a considerable influence; several of his writings at this period being penetrated with the new thoughts and sentiments which sprung out of that great convulsion. In 1798, he published Wieland, the first of his remarkable fictions; and in 1799, Ormond, or the Secret Witness. His next production was Arthur Mervyn, or Memoirs of the Year 1793-the fatal year of yellowfever in Philadelphia. In 1801, appeared Edgar Huntly, or the Adventures of a SleepWalker, "a romance presenting a greater variety of wild and picturesque adventure, with more copious delineations of natural scenery, than is to be found in his other works."-Prescott. This was followed in the same year by Clara Howard, and in 1804 by Jane Talbot, first printed in England. He died of consumption in 1810.

Besides the writings which have been enumerated, B. composed a number of political pamphlets, contributed to various literary magazines, and founded three or four periodicals himself. The author who exercised the greatest influence on the development of his genius was Godwin, whom he occasionally imitated, while Godwin himself, on the other hand, acknowledged his obligations to B., and warmly admired him. The most striking quality of his mind is its ingenuity, both imaginative and psychological. He invents incidents and analyzes feelings with remarkable subtlety, but his success is somewhat marred by his extravagant departure from the realities of every-day life. BROWN, FORD-MADOX. See page 880.

BROWN, FRANCIS, D.D., 1784-1820; a native of New Hampshire, and graduate of Dartmouth college, of which he became president in 1815. Some of his sermons and pamphlets have been published.

At

BROWN, Sir GEORGE, a distinguished British gen., b. at Linkwood, near Elgin, Scotland, in Aug., 1790; entered the army in 1806, became lieut. in 1807, and was present in the latter year at the capture of Copenhagen. He served in the peninsular war the battle of Talavera he was severely wounded, and at the storming of Badajoz was one of the forlorn-hope. He was appointed maj., May 26, and lieut.col., Sept. 29, 1814, in which year he embarked in maj.gen. Ross's expedition against the United States of America, and was wounded at the battle of Bladensburg. From Feb. 6, 1824, to 1842, he commanded a battalion of the rifle brigade. He was made adj.gen. of the forces, April, 1850, and lieut. gen., 1851. In the Crimean war, 1854-55, B. commanded the light division. At the battle of Inkerman, Nov. 5, 1854, he was severely wounded, and obliged to retire for a short time to Malta. In 1855, he was created a knight commander of the bath. In the expedition to the sea of Azof, he commanded the British troops; and in the first unsuccessful attack on the Redan of Sebastopol, he had the chief command of the storming-party. He was gazetted, April 3, 1856, "gen. in the army for distinguished service in the field." He was a knight of Hanover, received the Turkish order of the Medjidie of first class in 1855; and the grand cross of the legion of honor, 1856. In 1860, he became commander-in-chief in Ireland, and in 1862 a privy-councilor. He died in 1865.

BROWN, GEORGE L., b. 1814 in Boston; an American painter, of whose productions the more notable are "The Crown of New England" (the White mountains), and "The Harbor of New York." He d. 1889.

BROWN, GOOLD, 1791-1857; a grammarian; b. in Rhode Island; for 20 years a teacher in New York, and author of several elementary and progressive works on English grammar, the most important of which is his Grammar of English Grammars. BROWN, HENRY ARMITT. See page 880.

BROWN, HENRY KIRKE, b. Mass., 1814; an American sculptor, well known for works in bronze. He studied portrait-painting in Boston, and after spending some years in Italy.

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settled in Brooklyn, N. Y. He made the first bronze cast achieved in the United States. Some of his figures are "Hope,' "The Pleiades,' The Four Seasons," and statues of De Witt Clinton, Washington, Nathaniel Greene, Lincoln, and gen. Scott. He d. 1886. BROWN, HUGH STOWELL, b. 1823; an English clergyman who left the established church and joined the Baptists; was settled over a church in Liverpool; and was very popular with the working classes. He d. 1886.

BROWN, JACOB, 1775-1828; an American general commanding on the Canadian frontier in the war of 1812; he showed skill and courage in the defense of Sackett's Harbor, and in the battles of Chippewa and Niagara Falls. In 1821, he was chief in command of the United States army.

BROWN, J. APPLETON. See page 880.

BROWN, JAMES BALDWIN, D.D. See page 880.

BROWN, JOHN, D.D., b. 1715-66; an English divine and author; educated at Cambridge; served with distinction as a volunteer in 1745, and was about that time appointed chaplain. He is best known by his writings, such as Honor, and Essay on Satire (poems); the tragedy of Barbarossa, produced by Garrick, followed by "Athelstone, a satire on the manners and principles of the time; a Dissertation on the Rise, Union, and Power, etc., of Poetry and Music. He was affected with deep melancholy at times, and in the last of these afflictions committed suicide.

BROWN, JOHN, of Haddington, once the most popular, and still among the most revered, theological writers in Scotland, was b. in 1722, at Carpow, near Abernethy, in Perthshire. Deprived of both his parents when only 11 years of age, he became assistant to a venerable and pious shepherd, named John Ogilvie, who tended his flock among the neighboring hills, and nursed the religious ardor of the boy's heart. B., however, aspired to be wise as well as good. His thirst for learning was insatiable, and the most romantic yet well-accredited stories illustrative of this are related by his biographers. While still a friendless "herd laddie," he had made great progress in a self-acquired knowledge of Greek and Latin. The extent of his acquisitions, even at this early time, may be estimated from the fact, that the country people round about believed he was in league with the devil, and that he had pledged his soul for unhallowed lore. At a later period of his life, "he knew nine or ten languages, classical, oriental, and modern, and had amassed vast stores of Puritan, Scottish, and Dutch divinity." After a brief career as a peddler-an employment which English readers will understand from Wordsworth's Excursion was neither mean nor degrading-B. became a volunteer in a regiment of militia raised in Fifeshire during the rebellion of 1745, and in 1747, schoolmaster in the neighborhood of Kinross. During the vacations of his school, he studied philosophy and divinity under the inspection of the Associate Synod, and the superintendence of the rev. Ebenezer Erskine and James Fisher. In 1750, he was ordained pastor of the Secession church at Haddington. Perhaps a more faithful, industrious, and holy minister never labored in Scotland. David Hume was once prevailed upon to go and hear him, and the criticism of the great skeptic was: "That old man preaches as if Christ were at his elbow." Although self-educated, he had little of the narrowness which culture so obtained generally brings along with it; he corresponded on friendly terms with Episcopalians, and often expressed a warm affection for all true Christians. Although himself a sound Presbyterian, and a tolerably strict Calvinist, "the love of the Lord" was his real and ultimate test of a man's orthodoxy. In 1758, B. first appeared as an author. His work was entitled A Help for the Ignorant, etc. In 1765, he published his famous Chris tian Journal, in which the common events of life are richly but quaintly, and perhaps somewhat artificially, spiritualized. In 1768, he was appointed professor of divinity under the Associate Synod, and in the same year issued his valuable Dictionary of the Holy Bible. In 1771, appeared his History of the Church from the Birth of the Saviour-a work good enough for cottage-reading, but possessing no merit otherwise; and in 1778, The Self-interpreting Bible. This last is B.'s magnum opus, and has been amazingly popular in Scotland; even high dignitaries of the English church have praised and recommended it. Besides these works, B. published a great variety of sermons, tracts, etc., which had an extensive popularity. He died on 19th June, 1787.

BROWN, JOHN, M.D., founder of the Brunonian system of medicine, the son of a day-laborer, and himself first intended for a weaver, b. in 1735, in Bunkle parish, Berwickshire, was educated at the grammar-school of Dunse, in which he was subsequently an usher. After studying medicine at the Edinburgh university, he became tutor to the children of the celebrated Dr. Cullen, and assistant in his university lectures. Conceiving himself slighted by Cullen, he commenced giving lectures himself upon a new system of medicine, according to which all diseases are divided into the sthenic, or those depending on an excess of excitement, and the asthenic, those resulting from a deficiency of it; the former to be removed by debilitating medicines, as opium, and the latter by stimulants, such as wine and brandy. His system gave rise to much opposition, but his partisans were numerous; for a time his opinions had some influence. In 1779, B. took the degree of M.D. at the university of St. Andrews, and in 1780 published his Elementa Medicinia. He was also author of Observations on the Old System of Physic. In 1786, being overwhelmed with debt, he removed to London, where he died of apoplexy in 1788. His works, with a memoir by his son, Dr. William Cullen Brown, appeared in 1804 (3 vols. 8vo).

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