J. Fr. Fischeri.-Clavis reliquiarum verss. græcarum V. T. Aquilæ, Symmachi, Theodot. quinta, sexta et septimæ specimen. particula I. in Velthus. Kuin. et Rup. Commentatt. theoll. IV, p. 195. ss. (Primum edita L. 1758. 8.)

Add. Mori Acroases II. p. 80-148. I. Th. Mayer Obss. ad ep. Jacobi e. vers. Alex, Velthus. Comm. theoll. 1V. p. 289.

In using the ancient versions of the O. T. for the illustration of the New, we must be careful—

a. That the reading of the LXX, or of the fragments of the other versions be correct, and that we accurately examime the version, lest we suppose that the Greek words or phrases answer to certain words and phrases in the Hebrew, when they really do not. It is to be remembered, that the reading of the LXX, sometimes differs from the Hebrew: sometimes the translation is literal, sometimes paraphrastical, and sometimes it is very incorrect.

In correcting the Alexandrian version, the following writers have of late distinguished themselves; J. F. Semler, Griesbach, Strothius, Doederlin, Spohn, Scharfenberg, Hornemann, J. F. Schleusner, and especially Robt. Holmes, who commenced a new critical edition of the LXX. See, Eichhorn Bibl. VII. p. 798. Rosenmueller Handb. der bibl. Lit. II. p. 318. Bauer Crttica Sacra.

In collecting the fragments of the other Greek versions, the most distinguished writers are, Doederlin, Schafenberg, and Schleusner, who had been preceded in this department by Morinus, Flaminius, Druseus, &c. add. J. G. Trendelenburg, Chrestomathia Hexaplaris. Lub. et L. 1794. The value of a new Greek version, edited by Villoison and Ammon, from a Venetian MS., is very small. See, C. F. Ammon comm. de versionis V. T. Venetæ usu, indole et aetate, Tom. III.

b. The interpretations of the same Heb. words and phrases, given by the different Greek translators should be carefully compared. In this way, both the significa

tion and sense of many words may be best understood, and what is spoken according to the Heb., and what according to the Greek idiom be most clearly distinguished.

c. Care should be taken, that new and unusual significations of words and phrases should not be rashly transferred from these versions to the N. T. See,

C. F. Loesneri Observatt. ad voces quasdam verss. grr. vett. interpretum Proverbb. Solomon.-in Velthusen. Künol et Ruperti Commentt. theoil. T. III.

d. It should be observed, whether there appear any traces of the later philososophy of the Jews, in these translations.

There is need that caution should be observed in the use of Concordances, which are frequently erroneous.

Conr. Kircheri de Concordantium Biblicarum-vario ac multiplici usu— diarugis, Viteb. 1622. 4.

Concordantiæ V. Test. græcæ; Ebræis vocibus respondentes, Toλúxznótor

-authore Com. Kirchero 1607.

Abr. Trommii Concordantiæ græce versionis vulgo dicte LXX. Interp. Leguntur hic præterea voces græcæ pro Hebr. redditæ ab antiquis omnibus V. T. interpretibus, quorum nonnisi fragmenta exstant, Aquila etc., Amst. 1718, II, f.

Jo. Gagnier Vindiciae Kirchianæ, s. Animadversiones in novas Trommü concordantias-Oxon. 1718 et Abr. Trommii Epist. apologetica ad Gagnerium-qua se suasque concordd. gr. modeste tuetur., Amst. 1718. 4.

Frid. Lankisch Concordantia Bibliorum germanico-hebraico-græcæ3. ed. Erf. 1696.

J. H. Meisneri Nova vet. Test. clavis, addita est significatio verborum hebr. e vers. Alex. L. 1800. II, 2.

IV. The use of the spurious and apocryphal writing of the Jews and early Christians, in illustrating the language and contents of the N. T.

These are, 1. The apocryphal books of the O. T., commonly bound with the canonical books, which were either written originally in Hebrew, and translated into Greek, or written in Greek at first.

J. G. Eichhorn Einleitung in die apocryphischen Schriften des Alt. Test, L. 1795. 8.

Ben. Bendtson Specimen exercc. critt. in V. T. libros apocryphos; Gött. 1789. 8.

are, the Book of Sirach Textum ad fidem codd.

Of these, the most important (Sententiæ Jesu Siracidæ, græce. et verss. emendavit illustravit J. Gu. Linde. Gedani 1795. Glaubens-und Sittenlehre Jesu, des Sohns Sirach. Neu Uebersetzt. mit erläut. Anmerk. von J. W. Linde—Zweite umgearb. Aufl. 1795. 8.The book of Tobias (Die Geschicte Tobi's-übers. und mit Anmerk.-auch einer Einleitung, Versehen von C. D. Ilgen, Jen. 1800. 8.) -The Book of Wisdom (Das Buch der Weisheit, als Gegenstück der Koheleth, und als Vorbereitung zum Studium des N. T., bearbeitet von J. C. C. Nachtigal, Hal.

1799. 8.

G. J. Henke diss. de usu librorum apocryphorum V. T. in N. Test., Hal. 1711. 4.

T.G. Ienichen d. præs. Reinhardto def. de petenda rerum, quas libri N. T. continent, e libris V. T. apocryphis illustratione, Vit. 1787. 8.

C. Th. Kuinoel Observationes ad N. Test. ex libris apocryphus V. Test. L. 1798. 8. (in verbis et formulis magis, quam sententiis et decretis illustrandis versatæ.)

Beiträge zur historischen interpretation des N. Test. aus den damals herschenden Zeitbegriffen, von Otmar dem zweiten, in Henke Neuen Mag III. 201. ss. IV. 123. sɛ.

2. Apocryphal books of the Old Testament.

Von den Apocryphis und Pseudepigraphis der Juden, in Beiträgen zur Beförd. des vernünft. Denk. in der Rel. IV. p. 192. ss. add. J. S. Sem ler von den Pseudepigraphis in s. Theolog. Briefen, 1. Sammlung.

Codex Pseudepigraphus N. Test. collectus, castigatus-lastratus a J... Fabricio, Hamb. 1713. 8. Codicis volumen alterum, acc. Josephi vet. Christ. scriptoris Hypomnesticon-cum vers. et not. J. A. Fabricii, Hamb

1723. 8.

3. Apocryphal books of the New Testament.

J. Fr. Kleuker über die Apokryphen des N. T., in Vergleichung mit denjenigen Urkunden des Christ. deren Apostol. Ursprung und Zweek aus innern und aussern Gründen erweislich ist., Hamb. 1798. 8.

Codex apocryphus N. Test. collectus, castigatus, testimoniisque censu

ris et animadverss. illustratus a J. A. Fabricio. Editio secunda, emendatior, et tertio tomo aucta. Hamb. 1719. III. 8.

Guil. Lud. Brunn. disqu. hist. crit. de indole ætate, et usu libri apocryphi, vulgo inscripti Evangelium Nicodemi. Berl. 1794. 8. (add. Berlin. Monatsschr. 1802. Nov. p. 888.

To these books may be added some of the writings of the Apostolic Fathers-Clement, Barnabas, Hermas. On these writings, see,

J. E. C. Schmidius Handbuch der Kirchengesch. I, p. 437. J. G. Ronsenmueller Historia interpret. SS. Litt. in eccl. T. I. Cotelerius Opera Patrum qui App. temporibus floruerunt rec. Clericus, Amst. 1724.

These apocryphal and spurious writings are of value, a. To illustrate the language of the N. T., especially those words and phrases which are peculiar to it; and also proverbial expressions, parables, &c.

b. As exhibiting the manner of narration, teaching and arguing.

c. As explaining, some moral precepts, rules, opinions, rites, and other things of similar character.

Care however must be taken,

a. To ascertain the age and character of each book, lest things which pertain to a later period, should be applied to the N. T.

B. That we do not suppose that a mere slight similarity of expression, is sufficient to prove them apt illustrations of the N. T.

7. That we be not injudicious in carrying the use of these books to an extreme.

V. The works of the Jews, either in Greek, or in Hebrew, written in the New Testament period, or at a later date, may be advantageously applied, not only to explain the language, but also the subjects of the Sacred Writings, and the mode in which these subjects are treated.

I. Writings of the ancient Jews in Greek.

a Of Philo, whose works are principally useful as exhibiting the allegorical interpretations, and religious philosophy of the Jews.

The best edition of his works is that by Mangey, Lond. 1742. II. f.

Chrestomatia Philoniana S. Loci illustres ex Philone Alex. et cum animadverss. editi a J. C. Gu. Dahl Hamb. 1800. 8. Pars altera s. Philonis libelli adv. Flaccum et de leg. ad Caium cum animadverss. Dahlii, Hamb.

1802. 8.

E. H. Stahl Versuch eines system. Entwurfs des Lehrbegriff's Philo's von Alex. in Eichhorn Bibl. d. bibl. Litt. IV. p. 769. Staeudlin. Gesch. der Litt. Jesu I. p. 490.

J. B. Carpzovii Sacræ Exercitationes in Pauli Ep. ad Hebr. ex Philone Alex. Præfixa sunt Philoniana Prolegomena, in quibus de non adeo contemnenda Philonis eruditione Hebr., de convenientia stili Philonis cum illo D. Pauli in Ep. ad Hebr. et de aliis nonullis varii argumenti exponitur, Helmst. 1750. 8.

J. B. Carpzovii Stricturæ in epist. Pauli ad Romanos, adspersi subinde sunt flores ex Philone Alex. Helmst. 1756. 8.

C. Fr. Loesneri Observatt. ad N. Test. e. Philone Alex. L. 1777. 8. A. F. Kuhnii Spicilegium Loesneri Observatt. ad. N. Test, e Phil. Alex. Pforten. 1785. 8.

b. Of Flavius Josephus, whose writings also illustrate the history of the age, in which the books of the New Testament were written.

His works were edited by Sig. Havercampus, at Utrecht in 1726, and by Fr. Oberthuer, at Leipsic, in 1782.

Chrestomathia Flaviana s. loci illustres ex Flavio Josepho delecti et animadverss. illustrati a J. G. Fredelenburgh, L. 1789. 8.

J. A. Ernesti Exercitationes Flavianæ, in Opp. phil. crit. p. 359. ss. ad. Oberthuer in Fabric. B. gr. V. p. I. ss. 14. s.

J. B. Otii Spicilegium s. Excerpta ex Flavio Josepho ad N. T. illustrationem, in T. H. ed. Jos. Havercamp. p. 38. ss.

J. T. Krebsii Obervationes in N. Test. e Flavio Josepho. L. 1755. 8.

The authority of both Philo and Josephus has been disputed. We must distinguish with respect to both, what is delivered as merely their opinion, and what is stated as the popular notion, or the sentiment of their learned men. We must also consider what influence the