grand result of propaedeutical, theoretical, and practical lectures, on all the various departments of theology. The order in which these lectures are to be attended, has hitherto been left entirely to the discretion of the pupil; the necessity of attending them at all lies not in any requisition of the university, but in the circumstance that such an attendance is demanded by the government in order for admission to a future examination. For this end, each student is required to have his Anmeldungsbogen, or sheet on which the different courses that he attends are entered and signed by the different professors, with a note also of the degree of attendance. In regard to the order of study too, some arrangements have of late been introduced, especially at the university of Berlin, by which it is in some degree regulated, and the students prevented from commencing, as was sometimes done, with the practical part of theology, before they had paid any attention to the preparatory and theoretical parts. In Halle, there is also something of the same kind; but it exists there only in the shape of a recommendation from the theological faculty. As a general rule, encyclopaedia is every where the first course; as to the other courses there can be no definite arrangement, inasmuch as the times at which they are read are irregular, and depend solely on the convenience of the professor.

Further than the obligations which necessarily spring out of the requisitions hitherto enumerated, the universities have, or appear to have, no direct control over the time of the students, nor over the apportionment of that time, nor over their conduct and

ler.-Ethnography and Geography of Asia, C. Ritter.-Geography of ancient Latium, C. Ritter.

In Philology are the following among many others. History of Greek Literature, Böckh.—Elements of Latin and Greek, Bekker. -Hebrew and Arabic Grammar, Benary.-Elements of Arabic Grammar, Hengstenberg.-Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit Greek, Latin, and Gothic Languages, Bopp.-Antigone and Oedipus Colon. of Sophocles, Böckh.-Isocrates, Bekker.-Satires of Horace, Zumpt.-Ardshuna's Journey, and Hidimba's Death, Episodes of the Mahâ-Bhârata, Bopp.

In Berlin the royal theological Seminarium has only the divisions of Exegesis under Hengstenberg, and of the History of the Church and of Doctrines under Neander and Marheinecke.-That the Seminarium at Halle is more frequented, arises probably chiefly from the fact, that there are usually twice as many theological students at Halle, as at Berlin.

actions, so long as they commit no gross violations of law or public decorum. This is true in general, in regard to students of every class. The only further requisition made in Prussia on students of theology, as such, has reference to their future employment as teachers and ministers of God's word, and is simply this, that they shall attend public worship, and go to the communion a certain number of times every year. This is a new regulation; and it may be regarded as an indication of the state of feeling among the great body of theological students, that this requisition was generally viewed by them as an arbitrary infringement on their liberty of action, and as imposing upon them an additional burden grievous to be borne.' As a proof of the improving state of morals and discipline among the theological students of Halle, it is mentioned in a recent public report on the state of that university, that the theologians are more regular in their attendance on the public religious services. In this neglect of public worship, however, the students do but follow out the example of most of the professors, as well those of theology as others, who, generally speaking, are rarely seen within the walls of a church. And it is no wonder, when these, the teachers and the future preachers of the word, thus fail in the performance of the public duties of religion, that the practice of frequenting the house of God should have fallen into desuetude among the people at large. But to this topic we shall probably return, at a future opportunity.

These remarks refer, of course, to the great body of theological students; and more particularly to those of Halle, which after all is the great theological school of Germany. There are however many exceptions, and many persons to whom remarks like the foregoing cannot apply. There are not unfrequently pious and gifted individuals among the students, who pursue the course of theological studies with the purest ardour, in order to become faithful and able and devoted ministers of the word of God. Their object is not, as in most cases, merely to study a profession with a view to future subsistence; but they take every opportunity to improve themselves in all that may the better qualify them to fill the sacred office. It is this class of students mostly, who make use of the privilege of preaching, which is permitted to regular theological students at the university. This however can take place only with the special license of the Superintendent of the place, on each and every occasion; and the sermon to be delivered must also have been examined and ap

proved by him. The preaching of the students is usually, of course, confined to the neighbouring villages, or to the less frequented services in the city churches, as in the afternoon of Sunday, or the early service of that day at 6 o'clock in the morning.

In regard to the intercourse between the students of theology and the professors, the same evil exists that was alluded to in p. 47 of the preceding number, in respect to all students. The professors, generally speaking, know nothing of their pupils except in the lecture room; they take no personal interest in their general character, or deportment, or progress in their studies, nor in their mental and moral developement. Whether they improve their time or waste it; whether they are pious men, or dissipated; whether they are likely to prove burning and shining lights in the church,' or to become 'wolves in sheep's clothing,' and vex and desolate the community of Christians; are all questions of entire indifference in the eyes, or at least in the practice, of most theological professors. A few in Berlin and Halle, and in other universities, have adopted a different course; and the result has hitherto been auspicious. This however is no official duty; and indeed, so far as this is concerned, the moral and religious cultivation of the students is left wholly unprovided for. They unite sometimes, indeed, for this purpose among themselves; but these unions are for the most part regarded with an evil eye by those in authority; and even those professors who draw around them a little cluster of students for the purpose of religious improvement, and especially of private devotion, have not always escaped notice and censure. sion has already been made to a case of this sort, in the account formerly given of Göttingen. It is to the honour of the Prussian government, that it rather encourages this course of proceeding in the university of Berlin; though its example has not been sufficient to restrain the magistracy of some other cities, from wishing to adopt an opposite policy.

An allu

There remains nothing further to remark in reference to the residence of theological students at the universities, but that in Prussia they have been required for some years past to attend lectures also on Pädagogik, or the science of education and instruction; inasmuch as the superintendence of the common schools is connected with the exercise of the pastoral office. For this object there exists also a pedagogical Seminarium in

each of the Prussian universities; in which appropriate exercises are practised by the students.

The required term of residence at a university for ordinary students of theology, is three years. One of these, however, may be spent at the university of any other German state; the requisite testimonials being produced of regular attendance and of good conduct. But in Prussia it is not uncommon for the students of other universities, whose means will afford it, to prefer spending a year at Berlin. Indeed, other things being equal, this would be matter of preference with students of all classes; since it seems to be generally understood, that the choice of Berlin is rather viewed with favour by the government, and a residence there gives a young man a greater chance of being noticed by those in authority, and thus affords him a better prospect of future employment.*

Thus far our attention has been occupied with the course

* In Würtemburg there is a certain class of theological students who are required to reside five years at the university. This however arises from a peculiar institution in that kingdom, which takes the pupils at the age of about 12 years, and educates them throughout at the expense of the government. The boys of the greatest promise in the gymnasia are selected, and have the offer of being thus supported, if they will adopt the clerical profession. They are then sent to the primary theological schools; of which there are four in the kingdom, three protestant and one catholic. Here they remain four years, and go through a regular and fixed course of study. They are then transferred to the university of Tübingen, where they remain five years more; two of which, however, it is believed, are mostly devoted to a preparatory course, as in the university of Copenhagen. This seminary, as it is called, provides for one hundred protestants, and as many catholics: The government furnishes them with board and lodging; and thus gives them their whole support and instruction for nine years in all; but in return for this the pupils yield their personal liberty and wishes, and become entirely subservient to the will of the government, and must do all its bidding, whatever their own tastes or circumstances may be. In 1829, out of 222 protestant theological students at Tübingen, 97 were in the seminary and lived in commons, and 125 in the city. Of catholics there were 117 in commons, and 54 in the city; in all 171. The whole annual expense of these institutions is between 90,000 and 100,000 florins, or more than $38,000.

of studies pursued by theological students during their residence at a university. It is a course fully and completely professional; as entirely so as the course at any of our theological seminaries; and these therefore, and not our colleges, are the institutions of our own country, between which and the German universities a comparison can in any way be instituted. The object of both is the same, viz. professional study. The subjects of study are more or less the same; the great difference in this respect being only in the mode and extent of instruction. But in another respect the difference is deep and fundamental. There, to use the common distinction, the whole system of obligation and discipline regards only the head; here it refers also to the heart. There, if a student avoid open immoralities, he may become by mere study a distinguished theologian; here, in order to be regarded as a theologian, he must, as yet, be also regarded as a sincere Christian; as one who considers his profession not as a means of subsistence, but has embraced it from high and holy motives of duty towards God and towards his fellow men. This is an association of ideas so utterly unknown in Germany, that when it was at several times mentioned to pious and distinguished men there, that in this country the term theologian had hitherto always implied the exhibition of personal religion and vital piety, they expressed the utmost surprise and delight at a state of things so congenial to their feelings, and yet so different from any thing in their own country, or, as they had supposed, in any other part of the world. May God preserve our churches and our schools from such a state of things, as shall ever give occasion for a separation of these ideas, either in language or in practice!

ART. II. THE CREED OF ARMINIUS,

WITH A BRIEF SKETCH OF HIS LIFE AND TIMES.*

By M. Stuart, Prof. of Sac. Lit. in the Theol. Sem. at Andover.

The sentiments of any particular man excite but little curiosity, and create but a slight interest, unless something definite and

* When I began the study of the subjects comprised in the following article, it was my intention and expectation to bring the exhibition of them within the compass of 35 or 40 pages. Subse