supported by the government itself, belongs to the general Council of elementary instruction, the organization of which we have described elsewhere. The ROYAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, however, is directed by a special council of administration, under the immediate direction of the minister. In regard to the others, they are under special administrations, over which the government retains a right of control and inspection.

In connection with the public technical or special schools we may glance at a number of provident and reformatory institutions which, though they do not belong strictly to the system of public instruction, contribute largely to the education and general improvement of the capital.

ROYAL HOUSE of Virtue, (R. Albergo di Virtu,) founded in 1587, in which 120 poor boys are gratuitously lodged and supported, instructed and trained to some art, such as the manufacture of silk and woolen goods, ribbons, laces, stockings, or to some mechanical trade.

COLLEGE OF YOUNG ARTISANS, (Collegio degli Artigianelli,) recently founded by private benevolence for the purpose of sheltering, educating and training poor and abandoned boys to some mechanical or agricultural pursuit.

ROYAL MENDICANT ASYLUM, (R. Ricovero di Mendicita,) founded in 1840, for persons found begging in the streets, who are provided for, and set to work-they enjoy a part of the proceeds of their labor.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PROVIDENCE accommodates 140 respectable young ladies, and gives them instruction in every kind of feminine employment.

HOUSES OF REFUGE, (Il Soccorso e il Deposito,) where the daughters of respectable impoverished families have a home, and are educated and trajned to different kinds of work.

ASYLUM OF THE ROSINE, (Il Ritiro delle Rosine,) where 330 poor girls are boarded and lodged, and provided with instruction and employment.

ASYLUM OF THE SAPELLINE, founded in 1822, as a home for young girls who are morally endangered, where they are instructed and trained to feminine occupations.

HOME FOR ORPHAN GIRLS, (Monasterio delle Povere Orfane,) founded in 1550.

ROYAL ASYLUM for daughters of military officers. This institution accommodates about seventy inmates, with a home education.

INSTITUTION FOR VAGRANTS, founded in 1776. It gives employment and instruction to the extreme poor and their children, and bestows a small dowry on the girls when they marry. The instruction is given by volunteers, gentlemen and ladies of high social standing.

THE LITTLE HOME OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE, (Piccola Casa della Divina Providenza,) founded in 1829, as a home for infirm, sick, and poor people of every age. It has accommodations for 1200 inmates, who are classified according to their condition in the Orphan Asylum, the Infant Schools, (of which there are five,) School for the Deaf-mutes, the Hospital, &c. The workshops are well appointed and managed. The carpets, laces, and wool-tissues manufactured here are in great

άemanů, and have twice received the golden medal at the national industrial exhibition. There is also a School for Music, in which pupils are trained for the Royal Chapel.

ROYAL NORMAL SCHOOL FOR DEAF-MUTES, founded in 1834. It receives pupils of both sexes between the age of 10 and 16 years, who pay a small sum for their board and lodging. After they have received a sufficient instruction, the boys are trained to the practice of some trade in some workshops of the city, and board in the establishment during the five or six years of their apprenticeship,-the girls are instructed in all kinds of feminine occcupation. Day pupils are also admitted to the school of the institution, without any charges. The city of Turin supports at its own expense some pupils in the institution. Other provinces follow this example. This institution trains teachers for similar schools in other parts of the kingdom.

Other cities of the kingdom abound in similar institutions. Many of them are under the care of religious sisterhoods and voluntary associa tions, and are supported by endowments and annual contributions.

Among the technical or special schools may be mentioned the Correctional and Reformatory School for young detenues, two miles out of Turin. It is organized and managed substantially after the plan of Parkhurst Prison in England, and the State Reform School at Westborough, Mass. There are over 300 inmates, divided into four sections, mostly employed in gar. dening and in mechanical trades closely associated with agriculture and common life, such as carpentering, tailoring, &c. The construction and internal management of this Reformatory has led to the improvement of the prisons and prison discipline of the kingdom generally. There is also at Turin a HOUSE OF CORRECTION, which is both a Prison and a Hospital, supported by the government for criminal and abandoned women; a House of Charitable Refuge, supported by private benevolence for the same class of women desirous of entering on a better life. Associated with these institutions there is a Patronage Society, to assist discharged inmates of the reformatory school in finding employment.

From this survey of institutions of secondary including special instruction, it is evident that the government of Sardinia is behind no European State in assisting the development of the industrial resources of the country, while it at the same time provides for universal elementary instruction, and the demands of higher learning and science. Quite recently the government has divided the technical or special schools into two classes: the first having a course of three, and the second of two years; the last having two sections, one commercial and the other industrial, so as to meet the wants of different pupils, and different localities. The government also distributes an annual subsidy of seventy thousand francs among these schools, for the special benefit of the teachers.

The examination, which leads the pupils from the secondary schools to the university, is called the examination of Magistero, and constitutes the first degree on which the university bestows a diploma.

The diploma is given under the control and direction of the faculties

of letters and philosophy, and of physical and mathematical sciences; which are represented by special committees, each of which consists of three members, of whom one at least must be an ordinary professor of the faculty. The other members are annually appointed by the minister of public instruction, selected from the doctors of the same faculties. These committees in the university of Turin can not be less than three for each subject of examination. The examination consists of three different subjects; two scientific and one literary, which embrace all the subjects of the secondary instruction of the State colleges. The first scientific examination embraces questions in logic, metaphysics, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry; the second, questions in ethics, and physical science, which are drawn by lot from the prescribed programmes, and answered orally. The literary examination is written and oral. The written consists of a Latin and an Italian composition, on two themes drawn by lot from six, which have been proposed by the president of the faculty. For each of these compositions three hours are allowed to the pupils, and in this time they must write their exercises under the inspection of an assistant, and without aid of any books, except the dictionaries. The oral examination lasts one hour, and is on the compositions and on questions suggested by them, on the interpretation of Latin and Italian writers, and on questions on history, according to the programme. The oral examinations are made with open doors, and the public can attend them. These examinations take place twice during the year; viz.: forty days before the closing of the university, and in the day after its opening, for the succeeding twenty days. The programmes of the examinations are in their substance the same as of the instruction, but are so arranged as to embrace it in twenty-five numbers, each of which comprehends many questions. These programmes are upon the following subjects: 1, logic and metaphysics; 2, ethics; 3, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry; 4, physical science; 5, ancient history; 6, modern history; 7, geography.

The Latin authors studied in the Secondary Schools, and on which an examination is held for the degree of Magistero are,—

1. Cato-De Re Rustica. 2. Cicero-Orationes Selectæ. 3. Cicero-Quæstiones Academicæ et Tusculana. 4. Cicero-De Natura Deorum. 5. Cicero-De Legibus et de Republica. 6. Sallustius-Bellum Catilinarium. 7. Sallustius-Bellum Jugurthinum. 8. Livius-Historiarum, lib. 1, No. 3. 9. Livius-Ex aliis Historiarum libris. 10. Tacitus-Annales, lib. 1. Historia, lib. 1. 11. Tacitus-Agricola. Germania. 12. Plinius Secundus-Epistolae. 13. Plautus-Trinummus,lib. 2. 14. Terentius-Excerpta. 15. Lucretius-De Rerum Natura. 16. Catullus-Excerpta. 17. Tibullus, et Propertius-Excerpta. 18. Virgilius-Bucolica-Georgica. 19. Virgilius-Eneidos, 6-12. 20. Virgilius-Eneidos, I-6. 21. Horatius-Carmina. 22. Horatius-Epodon-Satira. 23. Horatius--Epistola de Arte Poetica. 24. Ovidius-Metamorphoson, 1-3. 25. Ovidius-Excerpta, Heroidum-Fastorum-Tristium ex Ponto.

The Italian writers are:

1. Dino Compagni-Cronaca Fiorentina. 2. G. Boccaccio-Decamerone, Vita di Dante, Fiammetta, and Filocopo. 3. A. Pandolfini-Del buon governo della famiglia. 4. N. Machiavelli-Storie Fiorentine, Discorsi sulla prima Deca. 5. P. Bembo-Lettere, Storie Veneziane. 6. F. Guicciardini-Storia d'Italia. 7. A. Firenzuola-Narrazioni tratte dalle sue opere. 8. A. Caro. Lettere. 9. Della Casa. 10. G. Galilei-Opere. 11. F. Redi-Lettre. 12. P. Segneri-Descrizioni e Narrazioni. 13, 14, 15. Dante Alighieri-Divina Commedia. 16. F. Petrarca-Sonetti, Canzoni Trionfo della Morte. 17. A. Poliziano-Poesie Liriche, Orfeo, Stanze. 18. L. Ariosto-Orlando Furioso. 19. F. Berni-Orlando Innamorato. 20. F. Tasso-Gerusalemme iberata. 21. G

Chiabrera-Canzoni; A. Guidi-La Fortuna. 22. G. Gozzi-Sermoni; G. PariniLiriche, Giorni. 23. V. Alfieri-Saul, Polinice, Oreste. 24. U. Foscolo-I Sepolcri. 25. V Monti-La bellezza dell' Universo. Liriche.

III. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

UNIVERSITIES.—There are in the Kingdom four universities; in Turin, Genoa, Cagliari and Sassari, the two latter in the island of Sardinia. We shall speak only of the university of Turin, that being the most complete in its organization, the highest in scope of instruction, the most important institution of the country, and the model of all the others. Indeed the university of Turin may claim a prominent place among the institutions of Europe, and in Italy takes rank with those of Pavia, Padua, Pisa, and Bologna.

The university of Turin was founded in 1405 by Louis of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont. In 1412 it obtained its rights and privileges from the Emperor Sigismond, and in 1424 Amedeus VIII. organized a Council of direction of the university, composed of the governor-general, and three other members, who were called Reformers, (Riformatori.) Some years after it was transferred to Chieri, on account of the wars of that time; then again, from Chieri to Savigliano, and in 1436 restored to Turin. Emmanuel Philibert in 1516 gave new life to the institution, reformed the council of direction, and established separate faculties. Still further improvements were made by Victor Amedeus II. to whom Piedmont owes in no small degree its present welfare and strength. He built the magnificent palace of the university, called to it the illustrious professors from other parts of Italy, from France and other countries, founded the college of the provinces for the support and education of poor and talented pupils, and established the botanic garden. Charles Emmanuel III. was not less eager in promoting the prosperity of the institution, promulgating a code of academic laws, which, for its time, was the most complete in Europe; and which was modified and improved by Charles Albert, who created many chairs, built the magnificent new anatomic theater, enriched the botanic garden and museums, and founded a new era of national independence, freedom, and of scientific glory in the annals of public instruction in Sardinia. His son, the present king Victor Emmanuel II. has shown himself a worthy successor of the founder of the free institutions of the country, by placing Sardinia at the head of the national party of Italy, sustaining before European diplomacy the rights and the independence of the nation, emancipating the country from the relics of ancient despotism, and maintaining with religious affection the political constitution of the country, and improving in every way the material as well as the educational condition of the people; and especially in increasing the splendor and raising the standing of the university of the capital of his kingdom.

Many celebrated scholars have from the beginning given honor to its name, among whom we may mention CARA, who lived in the 15th century, a lawyer, as well as a Latin scholar of great celebrity, who attracted to his lectures distinguished audiences, not only from every part of

Italy, but even from France, Spain, and Germany. In the 16th century CUJACIUS, that miracle of legal erudition, left Toulouse, his native country, and repaired to this university. In the same century and in the same institution, Argentieri taught medical science, and Benedetti mathematical astronomy. THESAURO in the 17th century was celebrated among Latin scholars; in the 18th, the university could boast of a GERDIL in moral philosophy, of ALCASIO and BoNo in jurisprudence, of CIGNA in anatomy and physiology, of BERTRANDI, BRUGNONE and PENCHIENATI in Sur. gery, of DONATI, the botanist, who by his extensive travels in Asia, enriched the garden of the university with many precious treasures; of ALLIONI, who proposed a new classification of the vegetable kingdom, of MICHELLOTTI, celebrated in hydraulics, and of BECCARIA who divided with Franklin the laurels of the discoveries of electricity. In the present century, BARDI acquired an European fame for his high attainments in Hebrew literature and in sacred history; ALARDI, GRIDIS, and BESSONE were celebrated in jurisprudence; GIULIO discovered muscles in plants; RoLANDO developed a new theory of the structure of the brain; BALBI followed with devoted zeal the study of botany; VASSALLI EANDI showed himself a worthy pupil of Beccaria; BONELLI and BORSON enriched the zoologic and mineralogic museums; BONVICINO and GIOBERT acquired great reputation in chemistry, and BIDONE in mathematics; finally the names of LAGRANGE, ALFIERI, BERARDI, CHARLES BOTTA, GIOBERTI, CESAR BALBO, SCIOLLA, TARDITI, BOUCHERON, &c., who either received their scientific education at the university, or presided over some branches of its instruction, would be sufficient to raise that institution to an equal standing with the most celebrated universities of Europe. We do not speak of the living professors, among whom are many names of great repute, in theology, jurisprudence, medical and surgical science, philosophy and letters, physics and mathematics.

The palace of the university built in 1714, according to the design of RICCA, stands on the widest and most beautiful thoroughfare of the city, the great street of the Po, which is adorned on both sides with wide and lofty arcades, ending at each extremity with a wide square, looking on one side toward the old castle, which stands alone in the middle of its square, and on the other to the picturesque hills, which overlook the city. The palace has within a court surrounded by arcades, divided by columns which support above another gallery of the same style, as the arcades below. In the walls of these are many Roman inscriptions, statues, and bas-reliefs, discovered in Piedmont, and which have been describèd by Scipione Maffei and other celebrated antiquaries. On the arcades above are a marble group representing fame chaining timo, and four urns representing the seasons, which were presented to the university by Victor Emmanuel I. The imposing staircase is adorned with marble vases, and ornamented with sculpturing. All the interior of the University is grand and magnificent, and admirably fitted for its objects.

The University consists of five faculties,-THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICINE AND SURGERY, BELLES-LETTRES AND PHILOSOPHY, PHYSICAL AND