SAXONY.

REAL SCHOOLS.-In Saxony there are but 3 or 4 real schools; although, in Plauen and Zittau, there are parallel* real classes joined to the gymnasium, (classes. II. III. and IV.)-in which

Latin is taught in 3 to 4 hours.

French taught in 4 hours.

English taught in 3 hours.

Mathematics taught in 4 hours.

Arithmetic taught in 1 to 2 hours.

Natural Philosophy in II. and III. in 2 hours.

Chemistry in II. in 2 hours.

Natural History in 1 to 2 hours.

Drawing in 4, (in II., i. e., the highest optional.)

Geometrical Drawing in 2 to 5, (in II. and III.)

German in 3 to 4 hours.

History in 6 hours.

Geography in 2 hours.

Religion in 2 hours.

PUBLIC EXAMINATION AT DRESDEN, (Oct. 27th, 1856,) OF TEACHERS APPOINTED TO ANOTHER PLACE.—The Committee consisted of a Counselor of the Consistory, as Chairman, the Principal of a Teachers' Seminary, and of a Burgher School in Dresden.

1. WRITTEN EXAMINATION.-8-12 O'CLOCK.

a. Pedagogical Composition: what shall we think of giving particular laws to be obeyed by the children in school, and with regard to school?

b. 4 Arithmetical Problems: 1. 1 cwt. were lost of 7 cwt. 31 lbs. 13 ounces, 29 drams; if the loss amounts to 311⁄2 thalers, what was the whole worth? 2. To fill the space of a cubic mile, (1 mile, 24,000 feet,) with bricks, each 1 f. long and foot broad, 1000 laborers want 6,400 years, if they work 300 days a year, 12 hours a day, and if each laborer lays one brick in a second; how thick is such a brick? 3. A man had to pay for several ducats bought, 9agio, 32 thalers; what was the value of a ducat, when he afterward gave them away for 33 thalers, 22 ngr. (30 ngr. equals 1 thaler.) 4. A. had to pay B. 300 thalers, after 3 months, and 1,500 thalers, later; the whole, however, was paid after 10 months, without loss for either party, what time were the 1,500 thalers to be paid?

2. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION.-3-4.

The (4) examiners, one after the other, catechised on Psalm 143, 2; Ps. 143, 5; Ps. 143, 6; Ps. 143, 10.

3. ORAL EXAMINATION.

1. Dogmatic. How the narrative of Moses' birth is to be treated in school, and what precepts, according to the different ages of the children, can be drawn from it?

The "Hohere Burgerschule" is not satisfied with such parallel classes in gymnasia, but requires independent schools, on an entirely separate plan.

The following is the plan of lessons in languages as required by Mager the late editor of the "Pedagogical Revue," for a real gymnasia:

2. The written compositions and the catechisations are criticised.

3. Psychology. What is the soul? Whence does it appear that the soul has faculties? Tell the chief faculties of the soul, and their formations, (representations,) ideas, desires, sentiments, etc.

4. Geography. Africa.-Its situation with regard to the other parts of the globe, to the zones, and its boundaries? Countries of Africa?

5. History. What has happened in Africa? More particularly with regard to Egypt, Carthage,—the Punic wars, etc.?

6. Criticism of the arithmetical papers.

SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES.-The Modern Gymnasium, (private,) at Leipzig, was conducted by its late director, Hauschild, (now Superintendent of the evangelical schools of Brunn,) on the following principles of instruction:

1. The easier languages first. (Genetical method.)

2. Each language, at commencing it, pursued in a measure by itself; or at least, with from ten to twelve hours a week, of instruction. (Concentrating method.)

3. Progress according to the pupil's ability. (Calculating method.)

4. Intuitive instruction. (Pestalozzian method.)

5. Associating geography and history. (Vogel's method.)

According to these principles, the boy passes from the elementary into the German school, (because he is a German boy.) When ten years old, he advances to the English school, and in his twelfth year, to the French.* When fourteen years old, he enters the gymnasium, or real school.

THE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE, at Tharand, near Dresden, contains, (1857,) in the former department, 26 Saxon and 27 foreign pupils; in the latter, 18 Saxon and 42 foreign. Among these foreigners are 3 Hungarians, 1 Transylvanian, 2 Servians, 1 Galician, 1 Spaniard, 2 Swiss, 4 Norwegians, 2 Russians, and 2 Americans.

TEACHERS' MUTUAL AID SOCIETY.-The Association of Saxon Teachers, for mutual help in sickness, embracing 1,575 members, report for 1855, that 130 members had been assisted during the year out of the funds of the Association, which is made up by a small annual rate on each member, according to his salary.

GYMNASTICS.-In the burgher schools of Leipzig, the pupils receive systematic instruction in gymnastics.

COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS.-The Commercial School in Dresden, founded in 1854, by the Merchants' Association, has 185 pupils, divided into two sections; one for the mercantile apprentices, who are obliged to attend for two years, and has 7 teachers. There is a similar school at Leipzig, and another in Nuremberg, with 329 pupils.

THE PESTALOZZIAN ASSOCIATION in Saxony has 2,486 members, and gave assistance last year to 244 orphan children of teachers, in 117 families.

PLAN OF STUDIES IN THE ROYAL INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, (Gewerbschule,) AT CHEMNITZ, SAXONY.

This Industrial School ranks higher than any other school of that name, and is very nearly a Polytechnic Institute. We have heard but one complaint, viz.: that

* In Gutbier's private school in Munich the boys pass from German into Italian, then into the French, and finally into the English school.

the pupils, from 14 years of age upward, had too much work; they have to take notes in their many lessons, and have to work them all out neatly and accurately. The following plan is taken from the programme of 1857, preceded, as usual, in the schools of a higher grade, by a treatise-this time on German orthography.

SECTION A Comprises those pupils who are preparing for a trade in which machines of complicated construction are used, and who pass through a course of four years. A a, comprises such as are preparing for a mechanical branch, e. g., construction of machines, spinning establishments etc.; A b, such as prepare for a chemical branch, e. g., manufacturing sugar, porcelain, etc.

SECTION B Comprises pupils who prepare for a trade chiefly chemical, and without complicated machinery; and who, therefore, do not receive the instruction in mechanics and machine building; and who remain but three years; e. g., future dyers, soap-boilers, tanners, etc.

SECTION C comprises such as prepare for agriculture; and who also stay three years.

CLASS IV.

1. Arithmetic: 6 lessons a week, with Tellkamp's Vorschule der mathematik. Special Arithmetic: formation of numbers, numeral systems, whole numbers, fractions, geometrical proportions, reduction. The four rules, application of geometrical proportions, rule of three, etc. etc. General Arithmetic: the four rules with letters, involution and evolution, algebraics, fractions, simple equations, problems.

2. Geometry: 4 hours; lines, angles, triangles, rectangles, polygons, sequents, tangents, circles, similarity of triangles, of polygons, lines in and on the circles, area of regular polygons and of circles, equality and proportion of surfaces, contents of figures.

3. Natural Philosophy: 4 hours, with Müller's text-book. General introduction, outlines of astronomy, physical geography, climatology, doctrine of heat, magnetism and electricity.

4. Natural History: 4 hours; in summer, botany with particular regard to such plants as are important for common use; outlines of the physiology of plants. In winter, zoology with outlines of anatomy and animal physiology.

5. Drawing: 6 hours; from geometrical bodies, plaster models, etc., after Dupuis' method; with pencil or chalk, chiefly in colors.

6. Geometrical Drawing: 4 hours; plane drawing, on a given scale, of bodies between two planes of projection in different position, single or combined; construction of screws,-always connected with exercises in painting with Indian ink.

7. German Language: 4 hours; with Götsinger's grammar. In IV., b, 2 lessons for orthographical and stylistical exercises, 1 for oral exercises, and 1 for grammar. In IV., a, where the admitted pupils are better prepared in this respect, 2 lessons in grammar, 1 oral and 1 for composition.

CLASS III.

a. Studies common to all pupils of this class.

8. Arithmetic: 4 hours; equations with several unknown quantities, diophantine problems, equations of the second degree, logarithms, logarithmic equations, arithmetrical and geometrical progression, interest on interest, &c.

9. Geometry: 4 hours; stereometry, plain trigonometry, application of algebra to geometry.

10. Mercantile Arithmetic: 2 hours for denomination C. of pupils, only in winter.

11. Natural Philosophy: 3 hours; acoustics, optics; solid, liquid and aerial bodies.

12. General Chemistry: 5 hours; inorganic chemistry, chemical elements, etc. Organic chemistry; the more important vegetable and animal matter, as fibre, starch, sugar, organic acids and bases, oils, colors, bones, flesh, blood, milk, etc., and their products of decomposition, (fermentation, distillation, etc.,) their

⚫ Chemnitz has a population of about 50,000 inhabitants, and is the chief manufacturing town of Saxony.

qualities, production and use; their relation to living vegetables and animal bodies.

13. Architecture: 2 hours; the fundamental rules for all classes of architecture; principal combinations; chief parts of buildings, their laying out and proportion; construction of ovens, tile-kilns, lime-kilns, malt-kilns, etc.

14. German: 4 hours; two hours in grammar, two in oral and written exercises, alternating with reading of dramatical pieces. The less advanced pupils have two more lessons in spelling and reading.

b. For Section A.

15. Doctrine of Projection: 5 hours; Projection of simple lines, planes and bodies, etc., etc.

16. Practical Geometry and

17. Drawing of Plans, (planzeichnen :) in summer, one afternoon, practical exercises in surveying; in winter, two lessons in practical geometry, and two in drawing plans.

18. Drawing: 4 hours, as in class IV., but with the addition of light and shade. Besides, A b, has four lessons in No. 21, with the omission or diminution of No. 18.

c. For Section B.

19. Mechanical Technology: 2 hours; with Karmarsch's text-book.

20. Mineralogy and Geognosy: 2 hours; the former in summer; the latter in winter, both with especial regard to agriculture and trade.

21. Practical Exercises in Chemistry: 8 hours, in winter.

The pupils of this section also attend, in summer, No. 18. Nos. 16 and 17 are optional for them.

d. For Section C.

22. Cattle Breeding: 2 hours; General portion, anatomical and physiological introduction, hygiene, breeding and feeding.

23. Nursing of Plants: 2 hours, in summer; General portion; influence of climate and soil on the development of cultivated plants; raising, propagating and diseases of plants; means of cultivating, sowing, nursing, gathering and preserving.

Besides, the pupils of this section have in summer two lessons in No. 18, the excursions No. 40, Nos. 16, 17, 20, and, if sufficiently prepared, No. 21 for two hours in winter.

CLASS II.
a. In common.

24. German: 4 hours; two lessons in German literature; two oral and written exercises, reporting, etc.

25. Architectural Drawing: 2 hours; for sections B and C only in one half year. Drawing of architectural details, copying and sketching of plans.

b. For section A.

26. Analysis: 4 hours; for A b, only in summer. Figured numbers, higher arithmetical series, equations of the third degree, combination, quadration of functions (?); binomial, exponential, logarithmetrical, goniometrical, and cyclometrical series, Taylor's series, value of 0-0, greatest and least value of the functions, methods of the least squares.

27. Spherical Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry of the places: 3 hours; only for A a.

28. Mechanics: 5 hours.

29. Drawing of Machines: in summer 6, in winter 4 hours

30. Descriptive Geometry: 3 hours; only for A a.

31. Drawing: 4 hours; partly from plaster models, partly from copies. Besides, A attends 19, and Ab also 20. Moreover, A a partakes in 2 weekly lessons, A C in 6 of technical chemistry, (No. 32,) A C, with diminution of No. 29, and possible omission of No. 31, attends the exercises of No. 33.

c. For Section B..

32. Technical Chemistry: 6 hours; review of all chemistry. It is chiefly intended to fix and enlarge the chemical knowledge and judgment in all directions; at the same time every thing important for application is prominently considered,

and a representation given of the important chemical manufactures, and of those trades which are based on chemical principles-this being included in the exposition of the reflective elements, e. g., the manufacturing of clay ware, in speaking of clay, etc. Moreover the principal merchandises and products are here spoken of as fuel, coloring matter, food, etc.

33. Practical Exercises in Chemistry: 8-12 hours, as in III. Besides, the pupils of this section attend 19, and optional 29 and 31; and also, if it appears advantageous for them, 12 and 20.

d. For Section C.

34. Doctrine of soil and manure: 2 hours; the various circumstances that influence the soil, classification of soil according to the Saxon mode of valuation, natural and artificial sorts of manure, their effect and application.

35. Nursing of plants: in summer 3, in winter 2 hours. Especial part: culture of useful plants, including meadows, vines and orchards, with a short sketch of forestry.

36. Cattle Breeding: 2 hours; especial part: cattle, horse, sheep breeding, and with less details, that of goats, fowls, fish, silk-worms and bees.

37. Agricultural Machines: 2 hours.

38. Farming: 3 hours; in general; requisites of farming, organization and management of a farm, Agricultural book-keeping, Agricultural valuation.

39. Agricultural Architecture: 1 hour, in winter, regarding the buildings, barns, stables, etc.

40. Agricultural excursions, in company of a teacher, and experiments of cultivation in the fields and gardens of the establishment. Time not fixed.

41. Knowledge of Machines and Technology: 4 hours; in summer, description of the chief motors and parts of machines, and of the manufacturing of wood and iron. 42. Agricultural Chemistry: 4 hours; in winter.

Besides, the pupils of this section attend 29 two hours a week; especially for drawing agricultural utensils and machines; No. 16 and optionally 17; No. 33 in summer four times, in winter 4-8 times, and No. 32 for three hours.

I. CLASS SECTION A.

43. Knowledge of Machines: 8 hours.

44. Drawing of Machines: 8 hours for A a, 4 for A b.

45. Mathematics: 3 hours only for A a. Theory of higher equations, analytical geometry of space.

46. Perspective: 2 hours only for A a. Perspective representation of points, lines, plains and bodies, with the shade of the sun and of lamps, etc.

Mineralogy and Geognosy, (No 20,) only for A a.

Technical Chemistry, (32,) A a; 2 hours in summer. The pupils of A b, have finished it in the second class.

47. Analytical and Theoretical Chemistry: 3 hours; only for A b. The qualitative analysis reviewed and completed, the quantitative analysis of weight and volume treated more accurately, weight of atoms, their relations to crystal forms, to volume and specific weight, etc.

Practical exercises in chemistry, (33,) A b, in 12 hours; A a, 2-4 hours in summer, 4 hours in winter.

The pupils of this class attend German, (24,) 2 hours, 19, 25, (in summer,) and 31, (in general only A a, 2 hours,) and optionally, No. 16.

Besides, all the pupils of the school have opportunity to learn,

48-51. French, in four classes, 3 hours a week. The pupils are admitted to that class for which each of them is fit.

52-54. English: in three classes; 3 hours.

55. Commercial Book-keeping and correspondence: 3 hours.

56. Embossing in clay, one afternoon in every week.

57. History and Geography: in IV., 4 hours, which all pupils not sufficiently advanced in those branches must attend.

58-59. Manufacturing Drawing, (fabrikzeichnen,) neat, destined for such as work at Chemnitz in manufacturing establishments, but which may be attended also by proper pupils of the Gewerbschule, 4 hours in the evening, in two sections. In the lower, (11 pupils with three of the middle school,) drawing in general is taught; in the upper, (41 p.,) the pupils are practiced in drawing or sketching of ornaments concerning their particular trade, etc.