⚫ full biography of Whitefield, and The Oxford Methodists-the associates of Wesley and Whitefield there (1 vol., 1873). Overton, The Evangel. Revival in the 18th Century: in the Epochs of Ch. History series.

For the American Colonies, and the religious systems planted by them, Bancroft is an authority, and, also, the histories of the American Colonies by Doyle, an English writer. Winsor's History of the United States is invaluable. It includes much documentary matter. Palfrey's History of New England is the product of thorough investigation, by a very able writer, favorable to the Puritans. Bacon's Genesis of the New England Churches (1 vol.) is an admirable account of the Pilgrim Church, and of the rise of the English Independents. Sprague's Annals of the American Pulpit (9 vols.) contains biographies of noted ministers of all denominations. Tracy's "Great Awakening" is a history of the revivals under Edwards and Whitefield. On the history of "New England Theology:" S. E. Dwight's Life of J. Edwards; Park's Life of Hopkins; Park's Life of Emmons; Fisher's Discussions in History and Theology; Scattered Articles in the Bib. Sacra (Index). The different religious bodies have been described in special works. A good list of books on this subject is in the Theological Encyclopædia of Crooks and Hurst, Appendix, page 569. Among works of this class are Histories of Presbyterianism in America, by Gillett and by Briggs; Histories of Congregationalism, by Dexter, J. B. Felt, and by Geo. Punchard; of the Episcopal Church, by Bishop White (3d ed., 1880) and by W. Stevens Perry; of the Baptists, by Backus and (more recently) by Armitage; of Lutheranism, by Schmucker and in Mann's Life of H. M. Mühlenberg; of Methodism, by Stevens (a special history of American Methodism); of the Reformed Church (Dutch), in "Centennial Discourses" (1876); of the Reformed (German) Church, by Mayer; of the Quakers, by Janny; for the United Brethren, Drury's Life of Otterbein (1885), etc.; for the Unitas Fratrum, De Schweinitz's History. On the Huguenots: C. W. Baird, The H. Emigration to America (2 vols., 1885). The rise of Unitarianism may be studied in the biographies of Buckminster, father and son -described in one work (by Mrs. Lee), of W. E. Channing (3 vols.), of E. S. Gannett, of Theodore Parker, etc., and in G. E. Ellis (Unitarian), Half-Century of the Unitarian Controversy (1857): reviewed by N. Porter, in The New Englander, vol. xvi. For the history of the "Transcendental" movement, Frothingham's Transcendentalism in New England and his Life of George Ripley, but especially the Life of Margaret Fuller, and Cabot's Life of Emerson, may be examined.

The Roman Catholic Church in America: J. G. Shea (Roman Catholic), The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, etc. (1886); History of Catholic Missions among the Indian Tribes of the United States (1529-1854); The Jesuits, Recollets, and the Indians (in Winsor's History of the United States, IV., c. vi.). G. E. Ellis, Las Casas, and the Relation of the Spaniards to the Indians (in Winsor, II., c. v.). Parkman's Jesuits in North America and Pioneers of France in the New World. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico.

Third Plenary Council of Baltimore: Memorial volume (1885).

The Roman Catholic Church in Europe: On the Jansenists-SainteBeuve, Port-Royal (5 t., 1860); Reuchlin, Port-Royal (2 vols., 1839-44). Bouvier, Étude crit. (1864). Biographies of Pascal, by Reuchlin, by Vinet,

by Dreydorff. Schimmelpennick, Select Memoirs of Port Royal (5th ed., 1858, 3 vols.): popular and interesting. Ricard, Les Premiers Jansenistes (1883) -an anti-Jansenist work.

Quietism in the Roman Catholic Church: Heppe, Gesch. der quietist. Mystik in d. Kath. Kirche (1875). Lives of Molinos, by Scharling (1855), by Bige low (1882). Lives of Madame Guyon, by Hermes (1845), by Guerrier (1881), by Upham.

France: On the Huguenots—E. Hugues, Les Synodes du Désert (1885–86). Biographies of Voltaire, by Parton, by Morley. Life of Rousseau, by Morley. W. H. Jervis, The Gallican Church and the Revolution (1882).

On the Church in the 19th Century: Zahn, Abriss d. Gesch. d. evangel. K. im 19tn. Jahrh. (1 vol., 1886); confined to the continent. Koffmane, Abriss, etc. (1 vol., 1887); a supplement to Herzog's Kirchengesch. Hagenbach's History of the Church in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries-translated by Bishop Hurst-is an attractive and just account of the literary and religious events and changes of the period, especially in Germany.

GERMANY.-Dorner's History of Protestant Theology is full on the recent period. Tholuck's works-Das kirchlich. Leben d. 17tn. Jahrhts. (2 vols.), Der Geist der luth. Theoll. Wittenbergs im 17. Jhdl., and Gesch. d. Rationalismus (I., 1865). On Zinzendorf: Spangenberg's Leben Z. (3 vols., 1773-1775). The best of the recent works on Z. is Becker's (1886). Histories of Pietism, by Schmid, by A. Ritschl, by E. Sächsse (to Spener's death), Schleiermacher's Leben in Briefen (4 vols., 1858-63), Life of Niebuhr, Life of Perthes, Dilthy's Leben Schleiermachers (I., 1870). Life of Baroness Bunsen by A. J. C. Hare (1879). Life of Rothe, L. Witte's Life of Tholuck, Briefwechsel zwischen Martensen u. Dorner, 1839-1881 (2 vols., 1888).

England in the 19th century: General Histories by H. Martineau, by Walpole; by Justin McCarthy-History of our own Times. G. G. Perry (Episcopalian), Hist. of the Church of England in the 19th Century (3 vols.).

The Tractarian Controversy: Tracts for the Times (1833-1841). Newman's Tract No. 90., and the excitement about it, led to the discontinuance of the series. H. Froude, Remains (1838-39). Perceval, A Collection of Papers (1842). An elaborate Art-Tractarianismus-by Schrell, Herzog's Realencycl. (ed. 1.) Newman's Apologia pro vita sua (1865), Life of Keble, Life of Pusey, Mozley's Reminiscences (2 vols.), Views of Anti-tractarians, in T. Arnold's Miscellaneous Writings, in his Life and Correspondence, by Stanley (2 vols.), Life of Abp. Whately, Lit. and Theol. Remains of Bp. Thirlwall (3 vols., 1875-76). Life of Bp. Wilberforce, Life of Shaftesbury (lay leader in the Low Church party).

Brandl's Life of Coleridge (1886). Irving's Collected Writings (5 vols., 1865). Oliphant's Life of Edward Irving (2 vols., 1862). For other notices of Irving: Carlyle's Reminiscences (Froude), and Froude's Life of Carlyle (2 vols., 1882). Hutton, Essays on some of the Guides of Modern Thought in Matters of Faith Carlyle, J. H. Newman, Matthew Arnold, George Eliot, F. D. Mau. rice (1 vol., 1887).

The Vatican Decrees, with a Hist. of the Council, etc., by P. Schaff (1 vol.. 1875). Friedrich (Old Catholic) Gesch. d. vatikan. Koncils, etc. (3 vols.). The Pope and the Council, by Janus (1870), a series of learned discussions ascribed to Döllinger and Friedrich, and antagonistic to the Vatican Council and its

decrees. Anti-Janus is a learned ultramontane reply, by Hergenröther. Frommann, Gesch. u. Kritik d. vatic. Conc. (1 vol., 1872). Letters from Rome on the [Vatic.] Council, by Quirinus; Engl. transl., 1870. These are letters from Rome, by Friedrich and others, giving an account of the proceedings (from the Old Catholic point of view).

On the Old Catholics: Von Schulte, Der Altkatholicismus (1887).

CHRISTIAN MISSIONS.-History of Protestant Missions, by Dr. Gustav Warneck (transl. by Thomas Smith, D.D., Edinburgh, 1884; an excellent, short history). In the course of the narrative full bibliographies of the different topics are given. Newcomb, Cyclopædia of Missions. The old work of Blumhardt (1828-1837) contains rich materials and is still useful; Versuch. einer allgemein. Missionsgesch. (3 vols., 1828). Modern Missions: Their Trials and Triumphs, by Robert Young (1884.) Light in Lands of Darkness, by Robert Young (1883). These books supplement each other, and together cover in a satisfactory way the history of Protestant missions. Short History of Christian Missions, by George Smith, (Edinburgh); a brief account of the history of missions from the earliest times to the present day. Protestant Foreign Missions, by Theodore Christlieb. Transl. fr. fourth German edition, by D. A. Reed (Boston, 1880). Medical Missions: Their Place and Power, by John Lowe (London, 1886). Warneck, Modern Missions and Culture (transl. by Smith, 1883).

Christian Missions: Their Agents, and Their Results, by T. W. M. Marshall, London (1863): partisan, Roman Catholic. For Catholic Missions in America, see the writings of J. G. Shea (p. 670y).

Hist. of the Sandwich Islands Mission, by Rufus Anderson, Boston (1870). Hist. of the Missions of the A.B.C.F.M. in India, by Anderson (1874). Hist. of the Missions of the A.B.C.F.M. to the Oriental Churches, by Anderson, 1872.

Lives of Robert and Mary Moffat, by John S. Moffat, N. Y. (1886). Life of John Coleridge Patteson, by Charlotte Mary Yonge. Fifth edition (somewhat abridged), London (1884). Life of Alexander Duff, by George Smith, N. Y. (1880). Life of Adoniram Judson, by Edward Judson, N. Y., 1883. Life and Letters of David Coit Scudder, by Horace E. Scudder, N. Y. (1864) Life of David Livingstone, by W. G. Blaikie, N. Y., 1881.

INDEX.

ABBREVIATIONS.-K.-king; Q= queen; Emp. emperor; Bp.- bishop; Abr
archbishop; H. R. E. Holy Roman Empire.

Abyssinia, spread of Christianity to, 98; Alexander of Hales, his career, 215; on