In 1880 a course of study leading to the degree of bachelor of philosophy was offered to students of the college. This course was substantially the course in arts, with a substitution of physics and chemistry for the required Greek of the latter, and with a tendency toward scientific studies during the later years of the course.

For admission to these courses a high standard of requirement has always been maintained, as may be seen from the following statement copied from a published circular of information:

I. FOR THE COURSE IN ARTS.

1. Elements of English.-Neat and readable handwriting, spelling, punct nation, use of capitals, proper construction of sentences, clearness and conciseness of expression.

2. Arithmetic, including the metric system of weights and measures.

3. Algebra, including equations of the second degree.

4. Elementary, plane, and solid geometry. --Wentworth's Geometry or its equivalent.

5. Latin.-Grammar, 4 books of Cæsar, 7 orations of Cicero, and 6 books of the Eneid of Virgil.

6. Greek.--Goodwin's Grammar and Reader; or grammar, 4 books of the Anabasis, and 3 books of the Iliad.

7. Modern language.-Either French or German, at the option of the candidate; such facility in reading prose and such knowledge of the grammar as can be acquired in one year of careful study in the preparatory school.

8. History.-Of the United States and of England, such as is found in any general history intended for the use of high schools; of Greece and Rome, such as is found in Pennell's or Smith's small histories.

II. FOR THE COURSE IN PHILOSOPHY.

The requirements for this course are the same as for the course in arts, except that in the place of Greek, the candidate is to be examined in elementary physics. The old-fashioned classification into seniors, juniors, sophomores, and freshmen is employed. Much of the work is required, but certain election of studies is possi ble, with the advice and consent of the faculty. The opportunities offered in the various branches of study will be made clear in the following quotations from a recent report of the dean. In referring to the two courses the numerals I and II are used, respectively, for the courses in arts and philosophy.

Latin. The study of Latin is required in both courses during the freshman and sophomore years. Portions of Livy and the odes of Horace occupy the freshman year; Cicero and selections from Juvenal, Plautus, and Terence, the sophomore year, each class reciting four times a week. Latin may, however, be pursued as an elective study during the remaining years of the course, and for several years juniors and seniors have formed classes for more advanced work in that study. Greek.-Greek is required in Course I during three terms, or until the middle of the sophomore year. It is then an elective study, but a large majority in every class continue the study of Greek until the end of the year, often taking the alternative study as an extra; and a portion of every junior and senior class has, of late years, taken Greek with much apparent interest and profit. The Greek his torians, Homer, Sophocles, Æschylus, and the great prose writers, Isocrates and Demosthenes are studied during the years when this work is required, the course being varied somewhat year by year as may seem best.

Modern languages.-Sufficient knowledge of either German or French to read ordinary prose with the aid of a dictionary is required of all candidates for admission to the freshman class. Three exercises a week in French are given during

the freshman year to those who presented German for admission, and the same in German to those who were prepared in French. All take up German again at the beginning of the sophomore year and continue its study through the junior year, with three exercises a week. The reading of French authors is also continued with two recitations a week from the beginning of the sophomore year until the end of the course in connection with the work in history. Lectures on German and French literature are given during the second term of junior year, upon which students are examined in writing. The aim in the work in modern languages is (1) to enable students at graduation to read easily at sight any ordinary German or French work; (2) to instruct them in the history of the rise and development of the literature of those languages, and (3) to make easy the acquisition of a speaking knowledge of them if desired. We think it safe to say that in general the results are entirely satisfactory.

English.-Six lectures on the elements of ethics are given to the freshmen in the first term, of which they are required to make careful abstracts as a part of their work in English composition. During the remainder of the freshman year the class writes once in two weeks a composition on some subject suggested by a course of outline lectures on English literature. Writing compositions is a part of the required work of the first term sophomore year, and in the second term abstracts are required of lectures on French literature. These abstracts are criticised as exercises in English composition. This work is required of both college and polytechnic classes through the first two years of the course. The college Juniors pursue the study of rhetoric and early English three times a week during the first term, and write during the year themes upon subjects assigned by the professor in charge. The senior class has three exercises a week in English literature throughout the year. Much of this work consists of studies of authors and preparing and reading before the class critiques upon such writers or periods as may be studied. This written work takes the place of the usual theme or forensic writing. The freshman and sophomore classes are required to take lessons in elocution weekly during the year. The exercise consists of declamation and reading from standard English authors.

History. Some historical work is done by every class as a part of the required work of the year. A study of the Constitution of the United States is the work of the first term of the freshman year, preceded by a short course of lectures upon the circumstances attending its adoption. The second half of the year is devoted to the study of some period in the history of England. The sophomore year is given to the earlier history of France, with both English and French text-books and with lectures. The second term a careful study is made of that period of French history from the death of Louis XIV to the fall of Napoleon. Constant reference is made to original authorities so far as the means at hand will allow. Bryce's Holy Roman Empire is the book upon which the historical study of the first term junior year is based. Other books upon this subject, especially handbooks of German history, are constantly in use, and selections from Mme. De Staël's De l'Allemagne are read in the original twice a week. The second term is occupied with a course of sixteen lectures upon the literature of France, with frequent written examinations, followed by a course of ten lectures on Eastern Europe. The seniors study the first term the English constitution, and also, after the comparative method, the constitutions and governments of the chief nations of Europe. Twelve lectures on the elements of international law and a review of general European history follow. The work of this year is carried on with both recitations and lectures. The topical plan is used as much as possible in all the college work in history. The interest and profit of the historical work is much assisted by the constant use of photographic slides, of which there are now in use about 3,000, consisting of views of places of historical interest, and several hundred fine portraits of historical characters. These are used freely at all stages of

the historical work, and have been found of real and permanent value without in the least lowering the dignity of the work.

Philosophy.-Under this head may be included the required logic of the second term junior year and the required metaphysics and ethics of the first term senior year with recitations and lectures. The study of metaphysics is based upon the treatise of ex-President Noah Porter, but other writers are discussed and the modern philosophical systems explained. The instruction is in the form of lectures and recitations and discussions, in which all in the class participate. Ethics is taught in a course of about twenty lectures of which notes are taken and upon which written examinations are held. The interest in this work manifested by our seniors, year by year, is most gratifying.

Political economy, as a required study, is also taught, with four exercises a week the second term senior year. In this work a text-book is used for the sake of convenience, but all systems are fully and freely discussed upon their merits. Constant reference is made to the work of such writers as Rogers, Mill, Carey, Perry, Walker, and others of different shades of opinion in regard to the leading principles discussed. In short, the attempt is made to give a practical turn to this work, which will make it of real use to the students in after life, as well as a method of mental discipline while in college.

Physiology and anatomy.-A course of eighteen lectures is given to the senior class during the second term. Charts, the human skeleton, and subjects from the dissecting room are studied carefully, and a practical bearing given to the whole work. Written examinations are held several times during the course.

Mathematics.-Solid geometry, higher algebra, trigonometry and analytical geometry are required studies in both courses, covering two years' work. Integral and differential calculus and applied mechanics may be studied during the junior and senior years, and there are always some who go on with this work. In all the work in pure mathematics no distinction is made between the college and the polytechnic classes, both receiving their instruction from the same teachers and usually in the same classes. Mechanics is an elective study in both courses. Astronomy is required during the senior year, first term, in both courses. In this study the professor in charge makes use of the observatory of the university and of the astronomical instruments now available, and also, for purposes of illustration, of a complete set of photographic reproductions, some 300 in number, the property of a member of the faculty, to be used with the lantern, and made in London expressly for this purpose.

Physics.-The study of physics is required for one term only in course I, viz, the second term sophomore year; but the opportunity is given of carrying on this work as an elective study during the two remaining years of the course. Nearly all students take at least one term's work after that which is required is finished, and there are always some who go on farther still. In course II physics is a required study during the freshman year and the first term sophomore year, running parallel with the Greek in course I, for which it is a substitute. Its study may be continued, however, as an elective throughout the course.

Chemistry is required the first term junior year in course I and the whole of the sophomore year in course II. It may also be pursued as an elective after the required work is finished. As a matter of fact, seldom does any student who has had one term's work in theoretical chemistry fail to take, either as an elective or an extra study, at least one more terin for laboratory practice.

Mineralogy and geology.-Lectures and recitations on this subject belong to the work of the second term junior year in course I and to the second term sophomore year in course II, these classes being united for this purpose with the sophomores of the polytechnic school. The large and valuable collections of the department of mining and metallurgy are at the disposal of the class in this work. An opportunity is also given for the study of botany and zoology to such as desire to pursue

these branches. Largely increased facilities for prosecution of these studies have resulted from the recent establishment of the Henry Shaw School of Botany. Examinations.—Written examinations are held in all departments of study, usually as often as once a month, and written work is of almost daily occurrence. Examinations in writing are required upon all courses of lectures when this method of instruction is employed, at various stages of each course and at its completion. Thoroughness and quality, not quantity, are insisted upon by all the members of the corps of instruction as the essential things.

Summary.-A careful consideration of the above statement, which aims to tell not what it is desirable to do, but what is really done in the various directions of the work, will show how broad is the plan and how varied are the opportunities given to every student in the college. To sum up briefly:

1. He may study Latin, Greek, and mathematics-by many persons, even now, supposed to be the only branches studied in a college-throughout the required period, say two years, and then drop one or all of these and turn his attention to physics, chemistry, and other so-called practical studies, or to literary work.

2. He may continue his classical studies throughout the four years' course, taking mathematics or not, as he pleases, and continuing the study of French and German also through the senior year.

3. Whichever of the above courses he may choose to pursue, it will always include the study of modern languages, history, modern literature, and some work in physics, chemistry, mechanics, and astronomy.

4. He is able when graduated to read easily and with pleasure German and French; he has laid such a foundation in history, general literature, and the practical sciences, that he is prepared after graduation to select intelligently his future line of work or study, and to pursue it with a degree of satisfaction and a prospect of success which could hardly be possible without such preparation.

From the above statements it will appear that the faculty of the college regard the work of that department as necessarily preparatory in character; that the pursuit of certain studies is, in their judgment, essential in order that a young man may be truly liberally educated; that such studies are, nevertheless, not exclusive. and that a well-arranged curriculum will admit of a judicious choice of other studies within certain carefully defined limits; in short, that the work of the college is not that of a professional school, nor of a training school for specialists; its aim is to lay a broad and generous foundation upon which such professional and special work may be based. This, we are sure, is a correct statement of the views which the faculty of the college of the university have held upon this subject for years, and in accordance with which the work has been carried on.

Such is the work which the college of Washington University tries to do. Those who know best its character and who can compare it honestly and fairly with work of like character done elsewhere do not hesitate to say that comparisons need not be feared. The testimony of those who have fitted themselves here for professional or other work in active life will sustain this assertion.

COEDUCATION.

Students are admitted to the college, and to the polytechnic school if they so desire, without distinction of sex. Including those gradu ́ated in 1876, the first year when college degrees were granted to women, 9 women have received the degree of A. B. and 3 that of B. Ph. There are now, October, 1890, 14 young women in the 4 college classes. The law school, it may be said in passing, is also open to both sexes alike, 1 woman having taken the degree of LL. B. in the class of 1871. No evils have come from this policy. The most of the

students live in their own homes, and there are no dormitories, so that any influences that can be ascribed to the presence of women in the classes are good ones.

(2) THE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL.

From the very beginning the plan of Washington University included courses in pure and applied science. As has been stated already, the name "polytechnic building" was given to the structure erected in 1858–59, and the branch of the university to be established there was to be called the O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute, in honor of John O'Fallon, one of the earliest and strongest friends of the institution. Special classes for scientific instruction were organized from time to time, but no systematic plan was adopted until 1869, when professional courses in civil and mechanical engineering and in chemistry were organized.

This was followed in 1870 by an extension of the courses from three to four years before the granting of professional degrees. Then came, in 1871, the establishment of the course in mining and metallurgy, and in 1886 the complete separation of the civil and mechanical engineering courses, the name of the latter being at the same time changed to dynamic engineering. In 1885 the time needed to complete professional courses and obtain professional degrees was extended to five years, although until 1889 the degrees of bachelor of engineering and bachelor of chemistry were granted at the end of the fourth year. This was done in justice to those who had begun professional courses with the expectation of a diploma at the end of a four years' course. No professional degree is now granted until the course of five years has been completed in a satisfactory manner. The requirements for admission are high and are rigidly insisted upon. The following statement will show their general character: Elements of English.-Neat and readable handwriting, spelling, punctuation, use of capitals, proper construction of sentences, clearness and conciseness of expression.

Arithmetic, including the metric system of weights and measures. Algebra, including equations of the second degree.

Elementary plane and solid geometry.-Wentworth's Geometry or its equivalent.

Languages. Two of these 3 languages, as may be preferred: (1) Latin grammar and 3 books of Cæsar; (2) French grammar and reader; (3) German grammar and reader.

History. Of the United States and of England, such as is found in any general history intended for the use of high schools.

Physical geography.

Elementary physics.-Gage's Physics or some similar work. Drawing.-(a) The ability to make a free-hand sketch in outline of simple objects; (b) A knowledge of the use of mechanical drawing instruments and of the elements of geometrical drawing.