sugarhouses in this vicinity during each grinding season, and their practical operations are observed and studied as minutely as the time will permit.

The remainder of the senior year is devoted principally to the analysis of fertilizers, feedstuffs, soils, ores, etc., and such agricultural products as are deemed of sufficient economic importance.

MINERALOGY.

All students are required to pursue the study of mineralogy during the last half of the senior year. The course embraces instruction in both theoretical and determinative mineralogy, the very comprehensive collection of minerals in the cabinets of the university being a most valuable adjunct to the practical study of this subject.

NATURAL HISTORY.

(A. T. Prescott, professor.)

The following is the scope of work done in the department of natural history: All sophomore students and the junior students of the classical course study general zoology during the first term. It is the aim of the instructor to make this work as practical as possible. The sophomore agricultural and mechanical students and the junior classical students are given a course in physiological and systematic botany during the second term.

With the aid of our botanical garden, which is being equipped as rapidly as possible, this course can be made thoroughly practical. The instructor desires to give a sufficient course in cryptogamic botany as soon as the necessary time and facilities can be obtained.

The institution possesses three herbaria.

One containing about 3,000 specimens was purchased some years ago from Dr. Nevins, a noted botanist of Alabama.

The second is the Featherman collection, made by authority of the legislature during the years 1869-1872, and contains about two-thirds of the flora of the State. In addition to these the institution lately purchased from Dr. J. F. Joor, of Texas, his collection of about 12,000 specimens.

All senior students are given a course in geology during the first term. Le Conte's Compend of Geology has been adopted as a text, and the work is made as thorough in the elementary principles of the science as it can be with the limited time and facilities at our disposal. In addition to our regular work the instructor in natural history gives the students of the subfreshman class a course in physiology and hygiene, including the effects of narcotics and alcoholic stimulants on the body.

HORTICULTURE AND ENTOMOLOGY.

(H. A. Morgan, professor.)

Horticulture. This subject is taught in the junior and senior years. The work is of such a nature that no text-book is assigned, but lectures are prepared, embracing the scientific principles upon which horticulture depends, also the manner of propagating plants by grafting, budding, layering, cuttings, etc., as well as the preparation and use of fertilizers found best for the different species of fruits and vegetables.

Particular stress is laid upon the planting, pruning and future care of fruit trees. In the senior year the work embraces the identification and special cultivation of all vegetables and fruits, together with the study of diseases of horticultural plants and remedies for such diseases.

The student may acquire much information from the work being done by the horticultural department of the Experiment Station.

Entomology. This subject is also taught in junior and senior years, comprising lectures on the following: Insect nomenclature and anatomy; the preparation of instruments for catching and handling insects; and the preparation and preservation of insects for the cabinet.

In the senior class the lectures embrace the life histories, preventives, and remedies of all injurious insects, with particular attention to those so destructive to the crops, etc., of this State.

Specimens are being collected by class and others which aid materially in this study.

AGRICULTURE.

(William C. Stubbs, professor; D. N. Barrow, assistant professor.)

The freshman and sophomore classes spend much of their time in the prosecution of the sciences which underlie agriculture. When the junior class reaches agriculture, it is well drilled in physics, botany, chemistry, and zoology, and is therefore ready to comprehend the applications so frequently required of these sciences to the elucidation of agricultural facts. There are two classes which pursue the study and practice of agriculture, viz: Junior and senior. The following subjects are taught in the junior year:

First term.-Origin and classification of soils, physical and chemical properties; relation of air and water to soils; physical amendments to soils; drainage, tillage, green manuring, rotation of crops, etc.; chemical additions; manures, homemade, commercial, and other fertilizers; valuable ingredients, and proper use of each; relation of plants to the soil and air; classification of plants; farm crops-study of composition, cultivation, and requirements of each; nitrification, and how accomplished, etc.

Second term.-Stock raising; origin and characteristics of different breeds of cattle, special points of each; theory of breeding; milch cows, beef cow, general utility cow; essentials for successful breeding; proper care of stock; creameries, cheese factories, etc. Sheep husbandry-origin and characteristics of different breeds; care of a flock; objects of sheep raising, etc. Hogs--variety, with characteristics; rapidity of multiplication; how to quickly fatten; value of the hog. Horses-varieties, with origin and characteristics; utility and value. Mules and other domestic animals.

Text and reference books.

Johnson's How Crops Grow; Johnson's How Crops Feed; Storer's Agriculture; Randall's Sheep Husbandry; Allen's American Cattle; Allen's Farm Book; Miles's Stock Breeding; The Professor's Notes and Bulletins.

SENIOR YEAR.

First term.-First study: The principles of cattle feeding; giving the composition of the perfect ration for all domestic animals under the conditions of rest, work, fat, milk, wool, etc., and compounding this ration out of the available foods, grains, grasses, straws, meals, etc.

Second study: Truck growing; showing the soils, manures, cultivation, and kind best adapted to success; also, the management under cold frames and in hot beds, with the necessary preparation for market.

Second term.-First study: Fruit culture; giving full instruction how to propagate plants, including grafting and budding; how to plant, train, and prune; how

to plant a garden, a nursery, or a farm in fruit; manuring, cultivating, and management of each; how to market fruits, kinds, with varieties best adapted to the South; insects injurious to fruit.

Second study: Landscape gardening and rural architecture; how to build a home with necessary outhouses-how to beautify and adorn it.

Text and reference books.

Armsby's Manual of Cattle Feeding; Oemler's Truck Farming at the South; Henderson's Gardening for Profit; Barry's Fruit Culture; Thomas's American Fruit Culturist; Kemp's Landscape Gardening; Allen's Rural Agriculturist.

The students of agriculture have the full benefit of the State experiment station, located on the college grounds, where are found experiments in fertilizing requirements and varieties in the leading crops; tests of the adaptability of different crops to our soil; plats of grasses and clovers; different methods of preserving foragedry, as hay and fodder, and ensilaging in silos. This station has varieties of different kinds of domestic animals, a nursery, an orchard, and a vineyard. All of these are freely used to impart instruction to the students of agriculture.

While no system of compulsory labor prevails, the students of each year have voluntarily spent one day of each week in the practical operations of the farmplowing, hoeing, planting, and manuring—thus acquiring practical information in the art of farming. This will be continued, and, together with the required labor of grafting, budding, pruning, etc., will, it is hoped, give additional value to the instruction in the lecture room.

During the grinding season the senior class will be permitted to take part in the practical work of sugar making at the sugar experiment station.

An agricultural reading room, containing the best and latest works on agriculture, together with the best of agricultural papers and reviews (foreign and domestic), is daily open for the benefit of the students.

A museum, containing nearly 1,000 specimens of all kinds of agricultural products, handsomely fitted up, is used also to illustrate the lectures, and is daily open for the benefit of the students.

VETERINARY SCIENCE.

(W. H. Dalrymple, professor.)

The students who study this branch of science are members of the junior and senior classes in agriculture.

Before the juniors enter upon the study of the above science they have been well grounded on other subjects which are invaluable aids to a fuller understanding of veterinary medicine and surgery, viz: chemistry, botany, physiology, and zoology.

The subjects taught so far are veterinary anatomy; "materia medica," which embraces both mineral and vegetable medicines, their preparations, properties, actions, and doses for the domesticated animals; "toxicology," which treats of poisons, their effects, and antidotes; and "pathology," or that branch of medicine which investigates the nature of diseases, also giving their causes, symptoms, and treatment.

In addition to the theoretical and for the more practical work of this department, there is within the grounds of the university a commodious pharmacy well stocked with all the necessary remedial agents, and where the students have the great advantage of seeing, handling, and compounding medicines; an infirmary, also, where animals are brought daily from the town and surrounding neighborhood for treatment, both medical and surgical, the students assisting in the various operations.

It must be admitted by all that this department is a very important adjunct to the course in agriculture.

BOOKKEEPING.

(H. Skolfield, professor.)

This branch of the commercial course has been taught in a plain, practical way, and everything pertaining to the student's business training has been done in such manner as to develop his natural aptitude in this direction and to fit him for a business career.

The text-book adopted is J. C. Bryant's New Standard Counting House Bookkeeping, which contains a thorough exposition of the principles and practice of double and single entry, and is perfectly adapted to the use of business colleges, offices, and normal and high schools.

The course is for one year, and any student is allowed to pursue it who is sufficiently well prepared in mathematics and English. This course does not lead to a degree, but should any student pursuing it conclude to try for a degree he may, in addition to his regular commercial studies, elect such other subjects from either of the scientific courses or from the literary course as he may desire.

APPENDIX II.

LITERATURE IN LOUISIANA.*

The literature of Louisiana may be said to date only from the cession of that former French and Spanish colony to the United States. Many books were written on colonial Louisiana, but chiefly by travelers or by the employees of the two Governments of which Louisiana had successively been a distant province. They were neither to the manner nor to the manor born. These works were not composed by natives or by permanent, deep-rooted settlers. They were the productions of foreign pens wielded by men who had but a temporary and accidental connection with Louisiana. The first literary buds which we are entitled to call indigenous are due to our well-known Julien Poydras, who wrote a poem on the military exploits of Governor Galvez in 1780, and also to a distinguished French officer who * had lived half a century in the colony, and who therefore must be considered as thoroughly naturalized. His name was Leblanc de Villeneuve. He wrote in 1803 a tragedy in verse entitled "PouchaHouma," based on a historical event. An Indian, having killed another belonging to a different tribe, fled to his own territory and friends. According to the international law of those barbarians, the only atonement for the deed was the shedding of blood. Ambassadors demanded the surrender of the homicide, and threatened war if refused. The father of the offender, to save his son's life, offered himself as a substitute, and was accepted. The tragedy turned on this paternal sacrifice and on other dramatic incidents connected with it. This work was dedicated to Mme. de Laussat, the wife of the colonial prefect who had been sent by the First Consul, Bonaparte, to take possession of Louisiana-a possession which lasted only twenty days.

The literature of Louisiana has to this day remained bilingual. It speaks with two tongues. We will begin with the French language, because it chronologically precedes the other and claims the privilege of seniority. Among the most distinguished writers of that category is Etienne Bernard Alexandre Viel, born in Louisiana in 1736. He was educated in France by the Jesuits, became a very learned member of that religious order, and as a missionary resided several years in that part of the colony to which had been given the name of Attakapas, meaning men-eaters, because it was originally inhabited by

*Charles Gayarré in Belford's Magazine, August, 1890, Vol. V, No. 27.