same rank who held a royal commission, led Washington to resign. In February, 1755, General Edward Braddock, who was appointed Commander-in-Chief

An aide of
Braddock.

of all the colonial forces, arrived. He invited Washington to enter his military family as a volunteer, and soon after appointed him an aide-de-camp. A consultation was held with the Governor at Alexandria. There the plan of the campaign was formed. Braddock led his force, which consisted of two thousand one hundred and fifty effective troops, on the way to Fort Duquesne. He was a brave but headstrong soldier, somewhat reluctant to take advice, and ready to break out into vituperation against the colonies on account of hindrances and impediments that he had not expected to find. There were debates between him and Washington on these matters. The General was indebted to the exertions of Franklin for the means of transportation that were furnished him by the farmers of Pennsylvania. The advance of the army was extremely slow, but Washington's counsel was so far adopted that a body of twelve hundred men moved onward under Braddock, the Defeat of remainder following as a rear-guard. Washington was himself prostrated by a fever, and was still weak when he joined Braddock on the day preceding the battle of Monongahela. The French and Indian force at Fort Duquesne was inferior to that of the English, and if the English commander had been willing to take proper precautions against an ambuscade, the fort would have been easily captured. As it was, on July 9, 1755, he allowed himself to be surprised on the borders of a forest only seven miles from the fort, by a murderous fire from French and Indians, who were concealed behind the trees. The regular troops were thrown into a panic; their methods of warfare were totally unsuited to this exigency; their General refused to let them imi

Braddock.

The retreat.

tate the foe and make a breastwork of the trees, but sought to rally them in platoons. Braddock, as brave as he was unwise, was mortally wounded, and with difficulty carried from the field. There was a great destruction of life among the officers. In this confused and terrific combat Washington was the only aid who was not wounded. He rode up and down the field, carrying the orders of the General, unhurt, although four bullets passed through his coat, and two horses were shot under him. The young hero, then as always, calm and fearless, was only twenty-three years old. The "dastardly behavior" of the regular troops excited his indignation. On the retreat Braddock died at Great Meadows, July 13th. A patriotic discourse was delivered by the celebrated Virginia preacher, Davies, before a company of volunteers. In a note to this sermon occur the words: "As a remarkable instance of this, I may point out to the public that heroic youth, Colonel Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has hitherto preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to his country." In August, 1755, the Assembly voted £40,000 for military uses. Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces, with the liberty to select his own officers. He repaired to Winchester. He found the people in that region in a state of deston at Win- perate alarm and confusion. French and Inchester. dians were committing fiendish outrages along the frontiers. The soldiers were extremely ill-behaved, insolent, and insubordinate. He at length persuaded the Assembly to adopt rigorous military regulations. Such was the compassion that he felt for the sufferings of the people that he declared, in a letter to Dinwiddie, that he would willingly submit to be butchered by the savages if he could release them from their sorrows and fears. Captain Dagworthy, at Fort Cumberland, having a royal

Washi ng

commission, declined to obey the orders of Washington. The Governor left Shirley, the Commander-in-Chief, to decide the point. Washington made a visit to Boston

Boston.

to consult him on this subject, and on other Washingmatters relating to the war. Shirley decided ton visits the mooted point in accordance with Washington's views; and, in compliance with Dinwiddie's request, gave to Washington and his field-officers royal commissions. For a year or two, he had to defend a frontier of more than three hundred and fifty miles in length, with a force of only seven hundred men. But in 1758 he was in command of the advance-guard of the victorious troops who entered Fort Duquesne.

THE CAROLINAS FROM 1688 TO 1756

North Carolina-Conflict of Parties-Indian War-Increase of the Colony-A Royal Province-Immigrants-South CarolinaArchdale-Charleston-Indian War-War with the Yemassees -Hostility to the Proprietaries--End of the Proprietary Rule -Nicholson-The Governor and the Assembly-Indian Troubles-Revolt of Slaves-Trade and Emigration-Glen-Society in South Carolina.

Social condi

SETTLEMENT in North Carolina, except on the Virginia border, went on very slowly. There were no towns or villages. There were many Quakers in the tion. colony, but when any attention was given to religion, there was much discord. Until 1705, there was no church built, and five years later there was only one clergyman. The scattered settlers were left each to follow his own ways. Organization of every kind was difficult to be secured. Under such circumstances it was not strange that the people should be impatient of the restraints of government, and that disorder should prevail. Runaways from the well-ordered community on the North found a safe asylum. Until 1754, there was no printing-press in the colony.

1689.

Philip Ludwell succeeded Sothel. After four years, when he was made Governor of both colonies, and took up his abode at Charleston, the northern province was put under the charge of deputies. The "Fundamental Constitutions" of the English philosophers were now abandoned, and the North Carolin

Conflict of

ians were allowed to govern themselves according to the charter. In 1704, Robert Daniel, the Deputy of Governor Johnson, undertook to establish the Church of England, and procured the assent of the parties. legislature, which, also, passed an act requiring oaths to be taken by all officials. This would have the effect to shut out Quakers from holding office. The people now divided into two contending parties. Carey was appointed in Daniel's place, but was soon removed. William Glover became acting Governor, he being President of the Council. Glover was an active Churchman. Carey was the head of the opposing party, who denied the legality of his election. For four years there were two Assemblies and two Governors. When Edward Hyde was sent out by the proprietaries, Spotswood intervened in his favor. Carey, who led an insurrection against him, came into Virginia, but was sent to England to be tried. An Indian war now broke out on the borders. Hundreds of whites on the Roanoke and elsewhere were slaughtered by the savages of the Tuscarora tribe. The North Carolina militia would not obey the call of Hyde, but the Tuscaroras were defeated, and for a time reduced to quiet, by troops from South Carolina. Pollock, made President of the Council, and, as such, acting Governor, described the whole condition of the colony as ruinous in the extreme. Help was again implored from South Carolina, and Colonel James Moore, with a force from that province, inflicted such a defeat upon the Tuscaroras that the bulk of them moved northward and joined the Five Nations. Those that remained made peace. The grounds of their hostility were encroachments on their lands, alleged frauds of traders, and the killing of one of their tribe. Spotswood, the Governor of Virginia, wrote to the Lords Commissioners of Trade (May 9, 1716): "It has been the general

Indian war.

1713.