PALADIN, a knight-errant, one who wandered about the earth to give proofs of his valor and gallantry. It is doubtful whether the word has a similar origin with palace, or whether it is from palus, a wooden spear or lance.

PALATINE. See Palace.

PALEY, WM., an eminent English divine, b. 1743, d. 1805; one of the clearest reasoners on the subject of religious evidences. PALLIATE. This word is derived from the Latin pallium, a cloak, and its original meaning is to cloak, to cover; though now to "palliate" our faults is not to hide them altogether, but to seek to diminish their guilt in part. PALMYRA, a Syrian city, once called Tadmor (the city of palms), of which Palmy'ra is a Latin translation. It was situated in a valley in the midst of a beautiful palm-grove in the desert, and was adorned with magnificent palaces, of which the ruins still excite admiration. PA'LOS, a small town in Spain, from which Columbus sailed on his first voyage of discovery, and where there is a convent at which he once begged bread for his child.

PANAMA', an ancient seaport city of New Granada, S. America, on the gulf of the same name, which is an inlet of the Pacific ocean. It has been nearly Americanized, since the Californian emigration. Population, six thousand.

PANEGYRIC (pan-e-gyr'ic), an harangue in praise of some person or persons. PANORAMA (Gr. pan, all, and orama, view),1 a picture in which all the objects of nature and art that are visible from a certain point are represented on the interior surface of a round or cylindrical wall. PAPUA, an extensive island separated southward by Torres Strait from the north point of Australia.

PAR'ABLE (Gr. paraballo, I compare), a comparison; in Scripture, a short tale conveying some moral or religious truth. It differs from the fable in being taken from the province of reality.

PARADISE LOST, Extracts from, 348. See Milton.

PARADOX (Gr. para, against, doxa, opinion), any proposition contrary to received opinion, or at variance with common

sense.

PARALLELOGRAM, a plain four-sided figure, of which the opposite sides are parallel. PARAPHRASE (Gr. para, beside, or near to, phrazein, to speak), an exposition that holds the sense, but changes the words of the thing expounded; a free or altered translation.

PARASITE (Gr. para, beside, sitos, food), one who takes food with another; hence, a flatterer, a fawner. Parasitical plants are those which feed on the juices of other plants or of trees. A parasitic animal is one that lives on some other body. PAREN'THESIS, Uses of the, 49, 54. PARIAN, pertaining to Paros, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, famous for its

white marble; whence parian may mean, in poetry, white. A delicate species of white porcelain of modern manufacture is called Parian.

PARIS, the capital of France, the second city in Europe for population, and the fourth for extent.

PARK, SIR A., On Christianity, 313. PARLEY, to treat with by words; the French word parler means to speak. The proverb (p. 66), Virtue that parleys, &c., imposes upon us the danger of treating with temptation for a moment. The only safety is in instant and final resistance. PARLIAMENT (pår/le-mēnt), from the French parler, to speak. The name of the su

preme legislative assembly of Great Britain and Ireland.

PARLOR. This word is also from the French parler, to speak; and originally meant the room out of which nuns used to speak through an iron grating. PARNASSUS, in mythology, a mountain in ancient Greece, sacred to Apollo, the god of music and song, and to the Muses. From its side flowed the Castalian spring, the fancied source of inspiration to poets. PARR, THOMAS, an extraordinary instance of longevity, was born in England in 1483. He labored in the field after he was 130 years old. He died at the age of 152, through the change and dissipation attendant on going to the court of Charles I. PARTICULAR LADY, THE, 133. PASCAL, BLAISE, born in France 1623, died 1662. He was equally eminent as a geometrician, a writer, and a pious Christian.

PATRICIANS (derived from patres, fathers) were the first order or nobility of the Roman people.

PECULATION, the embezzlement of public money or goods by a public officer. PEDAGOGUE; a Greek word, from pais, boy, and agugos, leader; originally, at Athens, the slave who went with a boy from home to school and back again; in modern usage, an inferior teacher of boys. PELISSE (pe-lees'), originally a furred robe; now a silk habit for ladies. The word is from the Latin pellis, a skin. PELTING, in Shakspeare, paltry. PENAFLOR. The Spanish pronunciation of this word is Pa-nyah-flor'.

PENAL (from the same root as pain), enact ing punishment. PEND CLOUS (Lat. pendeo, I hang), hang ing, or swinging in suspense. PERPETUITY, indefinite duration. PHENOMENON, a Greek word, the past participle of the verb phainein, to appear. In Natural Philosophy, the term is usually applied to those appearances of nature of which the cause is not immediately obvi ous. Remember that the plural of this word is phenomena: do not, as many blunderers do, use this as the singular form.

PHILANTHROPY (Gr. phileo, I love, and anthropos, a man), a general term for a benevolent feeling towards the whole hu

man race.

It is opposed to misanthropy

(misos, hate).
PHILOLOGY (Gr. phileo, I love, and logos,
speech), in its restricted sense, the knowl-
edge and study of languages.
PHILOSOPHY (Gr. phileo, I love, and sophia,
wisdom), a general term, signifying the
sum total of systematic human knowledge.
The philosopher is distinguished from
the sophist; the former is a seeker of
wisdom, the latter presumptuously con-
ceives himself to be in the possession of
wisdom.

PHOTOGRAPHY (Gr. phos, photos, light,
grapho, I write, or I describe), the art
by which daguerreotypes are procured.
See p. 379.

PHRASE (Gr. phrasis, speech), a mode or
form of speech; an expression, or combi-
nation of words.
PHYSIOLOGY (Gr. phusis, nature, and lego,
I discourse), the science of things gener-
ated or alive; the doctrine of vital phe-

nomena.

PIANO-FORTE (pe-ăn'o-för-te), a well-known

musical instrument, invented by Schroe-
der, a German, and introduced into Eng-
land in 1766. The name is compounded
of two Italian words, signifying soft and
loud.

PICHEGRU (pronounced Pê-sh-gru), Charles,
a French general, born 1761; arrested in
1801 for attempting the overthrow of the
consular government, and soon afterwards
found dead by strangulation in his bed.
PILATE, PONTIUS, the Roman governor of
Judaa in the time of our Saviour. He
and his wife both endeavored to deliver
Jesus from the Jews; and when the lat-
ter persisted in claiming his life, Pilate
caused water to be brought, washed his
hands before all the people, and publicly
declared himself innocent of the blood of
that just person. Yet, at the same time,
be delivered Jesus up to the soldiers, that
they might crucify him.

PILGRIMAGE, a long journey; properly a
journey undertaken to some spot for de-
votional purposes. The Scholar's Pil-
grimage (p. 61) is a playful allegorical
description of the progress of the school-
boy, first through the small and capital
letters of the alphabet, then through spell-
ing, writing, ciphering, grammar, &c., in
the direction of the Temple of Learning.
PIL'LORY (Fr. pillier, a pillar), a wooden
engine on which offenders were formerly
exposed to public view and insult.
PISTOLE (pistole'), a gold coin of Spain,
worth about $3.60.

PIZARRO, FRANCIS, the conqueror of Peru,
was born in 1475, at Truxillo, in Spain;
was assassinated in 1541. See p. 417.
PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, pronounced plas
de la Cong-cor-d: the a as in father,
the e as in her. A public square in
Paris.

PLAINTIFF (from the Fr. plaintif, com-
plaining), one who commences a law-suit.
PLANGENT (plan'jent). The Latin word
plangens means beating, striking. It

has not yet been introduced into Eng
lish.

PLA'TO, an illustrious Grecian philosopher,
who taught the immortality of the soul.
He was born 430 B. C.; died 347 B. C.
His system of philosophy is known as the
Platonic. He was the disciple of Soc-

rates.

PLEASAUNCE, an ancient form of the word
pleasure.

PLE-BE'IAN (Lat. plebs, the common peo-
ple). The plebeians were the free citizens
of Rome, not belonging to the patrician
class.

PLOUGHMAN, THE, a poem, 265.
PLUTARCH (Plutark), a Greek biographer,
born A. D. 50, died about 120. His
"Lives of Illustrious Men," though not
scrupulously accurate, may always be
read with profit.

POEMS, MISCELLANEOUS, 358.

POETRY. The origin of the word is the
Greek poieo, I make; so that poets are
makers. Genuine poetry must ever be
in accordance with the beautiful and the
true.
It has a natural alliance with our
best affections; with our highest spiritual
aspirations; and "through the brightness
of its prophetic visions, helps faith to lay
hold on the future life."

On Reading Poetry, 52.
PoICTIERS (the French pronunciation is.
pwah-tee-a', the first a as in water; - on
p. 100, Miss Lamb would seem to mean to
have it pronounced as written). An
ancient town of France. See Edward.
POLICE (po-lees'). This word is from the
Gr. polis, a city, and means the system
for securing the health, order, &c., of a
city or town; also a body of city officers.
POPE, ALEXANDER, a celebrated Englisk
poet, born in London in 1688, died 1744.
He was deformed, and small in size. He
is at the head of what many critics call
the artificial school of poetry; but his
great merits are likely to be recognized
while the English language remains what
it is.

Extracts from, 286, 309, 411.
Epistle to Arbuthnot, 435.
PORSON, RICHARD, an eminent Greek scholar
and critic, b. in England, 1759; d. 1808.
Anecdote of, 86.

PORTICO, a projection supported by columns
placed before a building; also, a covered
walk.

POST FIX, in grammar a letter, syllable, or
word, added to the end of another word;
a suflix. The word is compounded of the
Latin post, after, and fixi, I have fixed.
See prefix.

PoST'HUMOUS (Lat. post, after, and humum,
the ground, after interment, or burial),
done, had, or published, after one's death.
Pronounced, posthumus.

P. M., the initial letters of the Latin words
půst meridiem, after noon.

P. S., the initial letters of the Latin words
post scriptum, after written. A post-
script is something added to a letter after
it is signed by the writer.

POUNDS, JOHN, Account of, 115. POVERTY, THE GODDESS of, p. 439. In this allegorical apostrophe, the author, resorting to the mythological license of the ancient poets, under which they deified the quality or attribute which they would exalt, has made Poverty a goddess, and told us how much the world has been indebted for its great deeds to the stimulus she inparts. There is much truth in the thought. Whatever may be the obstacles and privations of the poor man's son, he may be assured that they are less perilous to his successful fulfilment of the active purposes of life than the temptations to pleasure and inertness that beset on every side the youth brought up in affiu

ence.

PRACTICAL JOKES, Danger of, 77. PRAGUE (Prag), a city of Bohemia, on the river Moldau. It contains a fine Gothic cathedral, built in the middle of the fourteenth century; also a university, the oldest in Germany.

PRAIRIE (pra're), a French word; meaning, in the U. States, an extensive tract of land, mostly level, and destitute of trees, and covered with tall, coarse grass. PRAYER, EFFICACY OF, 318. PRECISIAN (pre-siz'yan), a person ceremoniously exact in the observance of rules. PREFIX, a letter, syllable, or word, put to the beginning of a word, usually to vary its signification, as un, not, in unseen, not seen; ex, out, in exclude, to shut out; mis, ill, wrong, as misconduct, ill conduct; inter, between, as interpose, to place between. The English prefix pre is from the Latinpræ, before. PREJUDICE. The original meaning is simply a judgment beforehand; but so apt are we to judge harshly and unfavorably before knowledge, that a prejudice is almost always taken to signify an unfavorable anticipation about one. PREROGATIVE (Lat. præ, before, and rogo, I ask), an exclusive, peculiar, or prior privilege.

PRESCOTT, WM. HICKLING, a distinguished

American historian, born in 1796. Pizarro in Peru, by, 417. PREVENT' (Lat. præ, before, and venio, I come), to come before, anticipate; now more generally used to signify to hinder. PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH, an eminent theologian and experimental philosopher, b. in England in 1733; died at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, in 1804. He was a friend of Dr. Franklin.

PRIMITIVE WORD, an original word; a word not derived from another. PRISONER AND RATS, THE, 59. PROBLEM (from the Gr. proballo, I throw or lay before), anything proposed; a question for solution. PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pro, before, and nuncius, a news-bearer, or announcer). The meaning of the word, in its modern use, is limited to the act and mode of uttering or articulating syllables and words. See remarks on, p. 38.

PROPERTY. The Latin root of this word is prope, near; whence property meaning a man's peculiar quality, possession, &c. PROVERB. The explanation of the word “proverb" (says Trench) I believe to lie here. One who uses it uses it pro (for) verbo (a word); he employs, for and instead of his own individual word, this more general word, which is every man's. Proverbs of all Nations, 64.

From Proverbs of Solomon, 443. PSALMIST. The word psalm is from the Greek psallo, I twang or sing. The title of "the psalmist," and "the sweet psalmist of Israel," is applied to King David. Pronounced sam'ist (the a as in father), or sal'mist.

PUFFERS, THE, by Macaulay, 162. PUNCTUATION, Derivation of, &c., 49. PURITAN, the name by which the dissenters from the Church of England, about the year 1564, began to be known. The term was assumed, as the word implies, from the superior purity of doctrine and dis cipline which they claimed.

PYRAMID. The etymology of this word is undecided. Some derive it from the Gr. pur, fire, because of the resemblance of the form to a spire of flame; others derive it from Egyptian and Greek roots combined.

PY-THAG-O-RE'AN. So the word is accented by Walker; but Webster makes it Pyth a-go're-an. The followers of Pythagoras, a Greek philosopher, born B. C. 570, were thus called. The doctrine of me tem'psychosis, or the transmigration of souls through different orders of animal existence, was held by them.

QUAINT. This word is believed to be derived

from the Lat. comptus, decked, dressed. In common use it means, odd, fanciful.

QUALITY (from the Latin qualis, of what sort?), anything pertaining or belonging to a thing; property, disposition, temper, rank. QUANTITY OF WORDS, p. 25.

QUARRY, the game which a hawk or eagle is

pursuing or has killed; thought to be derived from the Lat quæro, I scek. The word also means a mine or pit. QUAR'TAN (Lat. quartanus, the fourth), oecurring every fourth day, as a quartan QUARTERLY REVIEW, LONDON, On Educa ague or fever. On Shakspeare, 311.

tion, 184.

On Milton, 146.
Extent of the Universe, 404.

RACK. This word, as used by Shakspeare
(p. 237), is from to reek, like vapor or
smoke; hence it simply means, a vapor,
an exhalation.
RADICAL, having reference to the root of a
matter; a primitive word; an uprooting
politician.

RA'DICs, a Latin word, meaning a ray; in geometry the semi-diameter of a circle. RAFFAELLE (sometimes spelled Raphael), the most celebrated of Italian painters born 1483, died 1520.

BANDOLPH, THOMAS, an English poet, who died 1634, before his thirtieth year, 256. BAVEN, a large bird of a black color, having its name from ravenous, because of its greedy disposition. The proverb (p. 65) is directed against those who would pull out the mote from a brother's eye before heeding the beam in their own. READING, Remarks on, 13, 52, 399. RECORD. On page 320, Shakspeare places the accent of the noun on the last syllable. It should be on the first, to distinguish it from the verb. To suit the measure of the verse, however, an exception may here be made.

RECORD ER, a species of flageolet, in Shakspeare's time.

RECTILIN'E-AR, right-lined, straight. REDUNDANCE (Lat. redundans, streaming over, overflowing), superabundance. REEF, a range of rocks seeming to be reft or rift from the main land. RB-ENFORCEMENT, an increase of strength or force by something added. RELIGION. This word is believed to be from the Latin rel'igo, I bind back or fast; whence it means, an acknowledgment of our bond or obligation as created beings to God, our Creator. See pp. 279, 313. RESERVOIR (rez-er-vwor'), literally a place where anything is reserved or kept; a tank or pond in which water is collected and preserved in order to be conveyed by pipes where it is needed.

RETRIBUTION (Lat. retribuo, I give back), repayment, requital. The proverb, "the feet of retribation are shod with wool" (p. 66), indicates how silently and surely punishment must come to the transgressor. "Thy sin shall find thee out," — if not to-day, at some future time. Thou mayest have long credit, but thou must pay at length with interest.

REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, public wealth, or commonwealth), that form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people.

On the American Republic, 287. RETROSPECTIVE (Lat. retro, back, and specto, I look at), looking back on past

events.

A Retrospective Review, 127. REVOKE (Lat. revoco, I call back). In card-playing a revoke is when a party does not follow suit, though in his power to do so.

REVENGE, BEST KIND OF, 213.
RHEIMS, an ancient city of France, where

most of the French kings have been crowned. Pronounced Rangz. RHINE, a celebrated river of Europe, which, rising in Switzerland, flows into the North Sea. Its distance, following its windings, is about six hundred miles. Lines on, 359.

RICHTER (pronounced Rechk'tur), a celebrated German novelist, b. 1763, d. 1825. The Two Roads, by, 92.

RILL FROM THE TOWN PUMP, 231.
RITE, a customary ceremony or observ

ance, applied chiefly to religious ceremonies.

RIVAL (Lat. rivus, a river). Rivals, in the primary sense of the word, were dwellers on the banks of the same river, contenders for its water privileges; whence the word came to be applied to any who were on any grounds in more or less unfriendly competition with one another. ROBERTSON, WM., a celebrated historian, b. in Scotland, 1721, d. 1793.

Discovery of America, 188. Mary, Queen of Scots, 244. ROGERS, HENRY, a distinguished contributor to the Edinburgh Review in 1849-53. Vanity, &c., of Literature, 345. ROGERS, SAMUEL, a highly-esteemed English poet, b. 1760, and alive 1854.

In Rome, 307.

ROLAND (pronounced Rolang'; the a as in father), Madame, the wife of a French statesman, was born in Paris, in 1754. She was remarkable for her beauty and intellectual gifts. She was one of the victims of the French revolution. See an account of her execution, p. 291.

ROME, a city of Italy, formerly the metrop'olis of the greater part of the world known to the ancients. Its present popu lation is estimated at one hundred and eighty thousand, including about nineteen thousand foreigners, 307, 386.

RoM'ULUS, the reputed founder of the city of Rome. He is supposed to be a mythical personage.

Roor. The root of a word is the primary signification to which it can be traced. RO'SARY (Lat. rosarium, a rose-garden). A Catholic devotional practice, consisting in repeating certain prayers a certain number of times. As the computation is made by beads, the string of beads used for this purpose has acquired the popular name of a rosary.

ROUEN (pronounced Roo-ang'; the a as in father), an ancient city of France on the river Seine.

ROUTE (pronounced rout or root), the way of a journey; a course.

ROUTINE (roo-teen'), a round or course of occupation. It is from the Lat. rota, a wheel.

RUBICUND, inclining to redness. RUBY, a crystallized gem of various shades of red, found chiefly in the sand of rivers in Ceylon, Pegu, and Mysore. RUDDER. "He who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock" (p. 65). He who will not be guided by the restraints of conscience, enlightened by the monitions of religion and experience, is likely to make a wreck of his happi

ness.

RUSKIN, JOHN, an eloquent English writer, author of a work on " Modern Painters."

The Sky, 263.

RUSSELL, M., Hebrew Literature, 389.

SAG'AMORE, a name for a chief among some of the North American Indian tribes.

Storm in the Indian Ocean, 200. SAL'AMIS, an island on the eastern coast of Greece, celebrated for a naval victory gained over the Persians by the Greeks, B. C. 480. The present name of the island in Colouri.

SALT. The allusion (p. 385, line 5) is to an ancient custom. Salt, if used too abundantly, is destructive of vegetation, and causes a desert. Hence, as an emblem of their doom, destroyed cities were sown with salt, to intimate that they were devoted to perpetual desolation. There is an allusion to the practice in Judges 9:

45.

SAMARITANS, a mixed race of Israelites and Assyrian colonists, who, in the time of the Saviour, were looked on with great dislike by the Jews. The Samaritans took their name from Samaria, their capital city. The race is now dwindled down to a few families. The Saviour's parable of the "good Samaritan" (Luke 10: 30) has made the phrase proverbial.

BAY ATIVE (Lat. sano, I heal), having the power to cure or heal. SAN FRANCISCO, a city on the bay of that Lame on the west coast of North America. The growth of this city has been unprecedented in the world's history. In 1847 it was an insignificant place; through the discovery of gold in California, it is now a great city. For a description of its local and maritime advantages, see p. 290.

SAND, GEORGE, the name assumed in her published writings by Madame Dudevant, a French novelist, of great but irregular and not always well-directed talents. Extract from, p. 439.

SANIOUS (sa'nious), pertaining to sanies,

which is a thin, reddish discharge from wounds or sores.

SANSCRIT (that is, the perfect), the present dead language of the Hindoos, in which the books of their religion and laws are written. It is understood now by the Brahmins alone. The Hindoos are the people of Hindostan' in Asia. SANTILLANE (pronounced San-teel-yah-ne in Spanish; San-teel-yahn in French; the a in both as in father). Santillana is the name of a town in Spain. SARMATIA, the ancient name of Poland. SATURDAY (in Latin, Satur'ni dies, Saturn's day), so called from the planet Saturn. SATURNALIA (sat-ur-nā ́-li-a), a feast among the Romans in honor of Saturn, an old Italian divinity. The Sa-tur'nian period was the golden age, according to the poets.

SAVOYARD (pronounced in French Să-vo-ayar), a native of Savoy, a duchy bordering on France, Switzerland, and Piedmont. Many of the organ-grinders and exhibkors of shows in Paris are Savoyards.

topher Frederic von, one of the most illustrious poets of Germany, was born at Marbach, in Wirtemberg, in 1759; died 1805. The extract (p. 343) is from his celebrated historical tragedy of Wallenstein, admirably translated by Coleridge. SCHOOL. The Greek word scholi, from which this is derived, means leisure, spare time; that is, spare time for study; implying that the time must speedily come when our opportunity will be past, and the engrossing occupations of life will leave us little leisure, comparatively, for storing the mind. The word school is sometimes used by seamen as synonymous with shoal: thus we hear of a school of fishes, as on p. 400. In this seuse the word seems to be derived from the Saxon sceol, a crowd.

On our Common Schools, 185. The Schoolmaster Abroad, 269. SCHOOLMEN, the teachers of that method of philosophizing which arose in the schools and universities of what are commonly called the middle ages embracing the period from the reign of Constantine, A. D. 325, to the era of the invention of printing, 1450-1455. The Schoolmen adopted the principles of Aristotle, and spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. Their works are now little read. SCHOTTEL, The Seasons, from the German of, translated by Charles T. Brooks, 83. ScHUBERT, a German writer, from whom the extracts on Telegraphs (p. 370) and on Photography p. 379) were translated by the Rev. W. Furness. SCHWANAU, pronounced Shvar'no. SCIENCE (Lat. sciens, knowing, prescut participle of scio, I know), in its moet comprehensive sense, knowledge, or certain knowledge. The knowledge of reasons and their conclusions constitutes abstract, that of causes and effects and of the laws of nature natural science The science of God must be perfect; the science of man may be fallible. See p. 419.

SCOTT, SIR WALTER, eminent as a poet, a novelist, and a historian, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1771, and died 1832. His death was accelerated by t great mental effort made to relieve him self from pecuniary difficulties incurrid by the failure of his publishers. A few minutes before he sank into the state of unconsciousness which preceded his death, he called his son-in law and biographer, Lockhart, to his bed-side, and sid, "Lockhart, I may have but a minu to speak to you. My dear, be a good pan, -be virtuous, be religious, be a good man. Nothing else will give you any comfort when you come to lie he." Let every youth take the admonition to heart, as if it had been addressed per ~~• ally to himself by this good and gifted Scott an Early Riser, p. 226. Pibroch of Donuil Dhu, 46. Hymn of the Hebrew Maid, 164.

man.