the purpose of the Navigation Acts? [5. Imagine yourself a traveling agent sent from England to see what was the effect of the Navigation Laws; write home a letter describing colonial industry (see Osgood, History of Industry, chaps. xv, xvi).]

[6. Imagine yourself an English visitor on a Southern colonial plantation; write home to England describing your visit (see Andrews, Journal of a Lady of Quality).] 7. What broad difference was there between the North and the South? [8. Imagine yourself a visitor in the house of a great colonial merchant; write home telling how you are passing your time (see Andrews, Colonial Folkways).] 9. How did a rich man in Pennsylvania differ from a rich man in Virginia? 10. Explain the difference between the government of a Southern county and the government of a New England town.

11. What officer in each colony represented the king? What colonies elected governors? Where were the governors appointed by the lords proprietors? Where were they appointed by the king? [12. Prepare a map showing the royal colonies of 1763. Contrast with the map prepared at the close of Chapter III.] 13. How were taxes levied in each colony and how were they spent? [14. Narrate the life of Franklin (see his Autobiography and More's Benjamin Franklin).]

TROUBLES INSIDE THE EMPIRE

136. The Formation of the British Empire. In the hundred and fifty years during which the English had been colonizing America they had made settlements or conquests in every quarter of the globe. In 1763 a large part of India as well as a considerable number of trading posts in Africa were ruled by English governors. Long before Canada was conquered, an English colony was planted to the north of it on the shores of Hudson Bay. England held important colonies in the West Indies. These various countries-the British Isles, India, British Africa, the British West Indies, the American colonies-composed together the great British Empire, which had begun with the union of England and Scotland when James I succeeded Queen Elizabeth.

137. The Consolidation of the Empire. At first the different states which composed the empire were very loosely held together. By degrees, however, the parts of the empire were more closely united. This was due to three changes that took place between the time of James I and 1763:

1. The commerce of the empire became enormous, employing a multitude of ships sailing every sea, back and forth, among hundreds of ports. To protect this commerce a great navy was created. Englishmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen, Americans, all shared in the commerce and all were protected by the navy. But how was the commerce to be regulated and how was the navy to be maintained? As England was unquestionably the head of the empire, England's Parliament by common consent took charge of the whole matter of regulating the commerce and maintaining the navy.

2. The Revolution of 1688 (section 109) greatly reduced the power of the king and increased the power of Parliament. Early in the eighteenth century it became the settled custom for Parliament to express its approval or disapproval of the ministers who formed the king's cabinet and who acted in his name. The king was expected to remove ministers who were disapproved by Parliament and appoint others who were acceptable. Thus his power was reduced in England but still remained very great in the colonies.

3. The increase of trade in Great Britain put a great deal of power into the hands of a class of rich men who controlled British business. These men were the "money power" in Great Britain. Their ideas of how the empire should be managed are known as the Mercantile System. They thought that the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country, and they wanted the colonists to give their whole attention to the production of raw materials-that is, unmanufactured articles, such as grain and lumber and to buy all their manufactured articles in the British Isles. The

money power induced Parliament to pass such laws as the Navigation Acts (section 126), designed to prevent the colonists from trading outside the empire, and the Hat Act (section 126) and others, restricting colonial manufactures. These three changes may be said to have consolidated the empire. The Parliament of Great Britain had come to believe that it was entitled to rule the entire empire pretty much as it thought best.

138. The Americans and the Empire. There were people in America who denied that Parliament was entitled to all the power it claimed. They held that Englishmen in removing to America had come out from under the authority of Parliament and that in each colony the colonial assembly under the king was supreme. They were willing to leave the control of commerce in the hands of Parliament, but denied that Parliament could tax them without their consent. In 1763 the colonies were full of restless, ambitious men seeking new opportunities to increase their fortunes either through taking possession of the country beyond the mountains or through the enlargement of colonial trade. Such men would be quick to resent any new attempt of Parliament either to restrict their trade or to tax them without their consent. On the other hand, the British merchants who had such great influence in Parliament wanted to carry out the Mercantile System in all its provisions, while the king and his ministers wanted to lay what taxes they thought best on all parts of the empire. It would be very easy to provoke a quarrel between these groups of determined men-between the ambitious colonists in America and either the merchants or the politicians in Great Britain.

139. King George III. In 1760 George III became king. He was obstinate and narrow-minded. The teaching of a foolish mother, who said, "George, be a king,” had inspired him with determination to be the real ruler of the empire. But in order to get control of the empire the king had first