forty years afterwards, when Washington was about retiring from the presidency, Cornplanter made a special visit to Philadelphia to take an affectionate leave of the great benefactor of the white man and the red.

After peace was permanently established between the Indians and the U. S., Cornplanter retired from public life and devoted his labors to his own people. He deplored the evils of intemperance, and exerted himself to suppress it. The benevolent efforts of missionaries among his tribe always received his encouragement, and at one time his own heart seemed to be softened by the words of truth; yet he preserved, in his later years, many of the peculiar notions of the Indian faith.

In the war of 1812-14, when the Senecas took up the hatchet in alliance with the United States, Cornplanter appears to have taken no active part; but his son, Major Henry O'Bail, and his intimate friend and neighbor Halftown, were conspicuous in several engagements on the Niagara frontier.

Rev. Timothy Alden, then president of Allegheny College, who visited Complanter in 1816, thus describes the chief and his village:

"Jennesedaga, Cornplanter's village, is on a handsome piece of bottom land, and comprises about a dozen buildings. It was grateful to notice the agricultural habits of the place, and the numerous enclosures of buckwheat, corn, and oats. We also saw a number of oxen, cows, and horses; and many logs designed for the saw-mill and the Pittsburg market. Last year, 1815, the Western Missionary Society established a school in the village, under Mr. Samuel Oldham. Cornplanter, as soon as apprised of our arrival, came over to see us, and took charge of our horses. Though having many around him to obey his commands, yet, in the ancient patriarchal style, he chose to serve us himself, and actually went into the field, cut the oats, and fed our beasts. He appears to be about 68 years of age, and 5 feet 10 inches in height. His counte nance is strongly marked with intelligence and reflection. Contrary to the aboriginal custom, his chin is covered with a beard three or four inches in length. His house is of princely dimensions compared with most Indian huts, and has a piazza in front. He is owner of 1,300 acres of excellent land, 600 of which encircle the ground-plot of his little town. He receives an annual stipend from the United States of $250. Cornplanter's brother, lately deceased, called the prophet, was known by the high-sounding name Goskukewanna Konnediu, or Large Beautiful Lake. Kinjuquade, the name of another chief, signified the place of many fishes;—hence probably the name of Kinjua."

In 1821-22 the commissioners of Warren co. assumed the right to tax the private property of Cornplanter, and proceeded to enforce its collection. The old chief resisted it, conceiving it not only unlawful, but a personal indignity. The sheriff again appeared with a small posse of armed men. Cornplanter took the deputation to a room around which were ranged about a hundred rifles, and, with the sententious brevity of an Indian, intimated that for each rifle a warrior would appear at his call. The sheriff and his men speedily withdrew, determined, however, to call out the militia. Several prudent citizens, fearing a sanguinary collision, sent for the old chief in a friendly way to come to Warren and compromise the matter. He came, and after some persuasion, gave his note for the tax, amounting to $43.79. He addressed, however, a remonstrance to the governor of Pennsylvania, soliciting a return of his money, and an exemption from such demands against land which the state itself had presented to him. The legislature annulled the tax, and sent two commissioners to explain the affair to him. He met them at the courthouse in Warren, on which occasion he delivered the following speech, eminently characteristic of himself and his race:

"Brothers: Yesterday was appointed for us all to meet here. The talk which the governor sent us pleased us very much. I think that the Great Spirit is very much pleased that the white people have been induced so to assist the Indians as they have done, and that he is pleased also to see the great men of this state and of the United States so friendly to us. We are much pleased with what has been done."

"The Great Spirit first made the world, and next the flying animals, and found all things good and prosperous. He is immortal and everlasting. After finishing the flying animals, he came down on earth and there stood. Then he made different kinds of trees, and weeds of all sorts, and people of every kind. He made the spring and other seasons, and the weather suitable for planting. These he did make. But stills to make whiskey to be given to Indians he did not make. The Great Spirit bids me tell the white people not to give Indians this kind of liquor. When the Great Spirit had made the earth and its animals, he went into the great lakes, where he breathed as easily as anywhere else, and then made all the different kinds of fish. The Great Spirit looked back on all that he had made. The different kinds he made to be separate, and not to mix with and disturb each other. But the white people have broken his command by mixing their color with the Indians. The Indians have done better by not doing so. The Great Spirit wishes that all wars and fightings should cease."

"He next told us that there were three things for our people to attend to. First, we ought to take care of our wives and children. Secondly, the white people ought to attend to their farms and cattle. Thirdly, the Great Spirit has given the bears and deers to the Indians. He is the

cause of all things that exist, and it is very wicked to go against his will. The Great Spirit wishes me to inform the people that they should quit drinking intoxicating drink, as being the cause of disease and death. He told us not to sell any more of our lands, for he never sold lands to any one. Some of us now keep the seventh day; but I wish to quit it, for the Great Spirit made it for others, but not for the Indians, who ought every day to attend to their business. He has ordered me to quit drinking any intoxicating drink, and not to lust after any women but my own, and informs me that by doing so I should live the longer. He made known to me that it is very wicked to tell lies. Let no one suppose this I have said now is not true."

"I have now to thank the governor for what he has done. I have informed him what the Great Spirit has ordered me to cease from, and I wish the governor to inform others of what I have communicated. This is all I have at present to say."

The old chief appears after this again to have fallen into entire seclusion, taking no part even in the politics of his people. He died at his residence on the 7th March, 1836, at the age of 100 years and upwards. "Whether at the time of his death he expected to go the fair hunting-grounds of his own people or to the heaven of the Christian, is not known."

"Notwithstanding his profession of Christianity, Cornplanter was very superstitious. 'Not long since,' says Mr. Foote, of Chautauque co., ' he said the Good Spirit had told him not to have any thing to do with the white people, or even to preserve any mementoes or relics that had been given to him, from time to time, by the pale-faces,-whereupon, among other things, he burnt up his belt, and broke his elegant sword."

In reference to the personal appearance of Cornplanter at the close of his life, a writer in the Democratic Arch (Venango co.) says

"I once saw the aged and venerable chief, and had an interesting interview with him, about a year and a half before his death. I thought of many things when seated near him, beneath the wide-spreading shade of an old sycamore, on the banks of the Allegheny-many things to ask him-the scenes of the revolution, the generals that fought its battles and conquered, the Indians, his tribe, the Six Nations, and himself. He was constitutionally sedate,-was never observed to smile, much less to indulge in the luxury of a laugh.' When I saw him, he estimated his age to be over 100 years. I think 103 was about his reckoning of it. This would make him near 105 years old at the time of his decease. His person was much stooped, and his stature was far short of what it once had been-not being over 5 feet 6 inches at the time I speak of. Mr. John Struthers, of Ohio, told me, some years since, that he had seen him near 50 years ago, and at that period he was about his height-viz., 6 feet 1 inch. Time and hardship had made dreadful impressions upon that ancient form. The chest was sunken, and his shoulders were drawn forward, making the upper part of his body resemble a trough. His limbs had lost their size and become crooked. His feet, too, (for he had taken off his moccasins,) were deformed and haggard by injury. I would say that most of the fingers on one hand were useless: the sinews had been severed by a blow of the tomahawk or scalping-knife. How I longed to ask him what scene of blood and strife had thus stamped the enduring evidence of its existence upon his person! But to have done so would, in all probability, have put an end to all further conversation on any sub. ject, the information desired would certainly not have been received,—and I had to forego my curiosity. He had but one eye, and even the socket of the lost organ was hid by the overhanging brow resting upon the high cheek-bone. His remaining eye was of the brightest and blackest hue. Never have I seen one, in young or old, that equalled it in brilliancy. Perhaps it had borrowed lustre from the eternal darkness that rested on its neighboring orbit. His ears had been dressed in the Indian mode: all but the outside ring had been cut way. On the one ear this ring had been torn asunder near the top, and hung down his neck like a useless rag. He had a full head of hair, white as the 'driven snow,' which covered a head of ample dimensions and admirable shape. His face was not swarthy; but this may be accounted for from the fact, also, that he was but half Indian. He told me that he had been at Franklin more than 80 years before the period of our conversation, on his passage down the Ohio and Mississippi with the warriors of his tribe, on some expedition against the Creeks or Osages. He had long been a man of peace, and I believe his great characteristics were humanity and truth. It is said that Brant and the Cornplanter were never friends after the massacre of Cherry Valley. Some have alleged, because the Wyoming massacre was perpetrated by the Senecas, that the Cornplanter was there. Of the justice of this suspicion there are many reasons for doubt. It is certain that he was not the chief of the Senecas at that time: the name of the chief in that expedition was Ge-en-quah-toh, or He-goes-in-the-smoke. As he stood before me-the ancient chief in ruins-how forcibly was I struck with the truth of the beautiful figure of the old aboriginal chieftain, who, in describing himself, said he was like an aged hemlock, dead at the top, and whose branches alone were green.' After more than one hundred years of most varied life-of strife, of danger, of peacehe at last slumbers in deep repose, on the banks of his own beloved Allegheny." 83,

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

WASHINGTON COUNTY was the first established by the legislature after the declaration of independence. It was taken from Westmoreland by the act of 28th March, 1781. Its dimensions were reduced in 1788 and 1796, by the establishment of Allegheny and Greene counties. Length 31 miles, breadth 28; area, 888 square miles. Population in 1790, 23,866; in 1800, 28,293; in 1810, 36,289; in 1020, 40,038; in 1830, 42,860; and in 1840, 41,279.

The surface of the county is undulating, and in some parts hilly; but there are no mountains, and the hills can be cultivated to the very tops. The surface of this region was originally part of one great uniform slope, extending from the mountains to the Ohio, and has been brought to its present shape by the wearing action of the waters during countless ages. These deep indentations of the original surface have laid open and made accessible rich beds of coal and limestone. The soil is exceedingly fertile, producing abundant crops of grain and fruits. Luxuriant meadows are found along the streams, and pasturage on the hill-sides. The principal river is the Monongahela, which flows through a deep valley along the eastern boundary. The centre of the county is a summit level, from which flow, in various directions, the sources of Chartiers creek, Buffalo creek, Ten Mile creek, and several smaller streams. There are some 15 or 20 steam-mills in the county, for making flour and carding wool, and several woollen manufactories, among which, one at Washington is said to consume about 30,000 pounds of wool annually. The predominant business, however, is agriculture, and especially the departments of breeding and grazing cattle, and the raising of wool. Within the last 20 years the attention of the farmers has been directed to the latter product, until it has become the staple commodity of the county. In 1830, the estimate was made that there were in the county about 145,000 sheep; the census of 1840 shows 222,631, yielding annually from 500,000 to 700,000 pounds of wool. In the palmy days of 1836, while wool was at 50 cents per pound, the business was considered highly profitable; but at 25 cents, the price of 1842, the farmers talk of abandoning it. A writer, in 1828, remarked, in relation to this county

Our cleared land is estimated at 250,000 acres, capable of maintaining, on an average, two sheep to the acre, without rendering our population dependent on others for those agricultural products which we consume, and now produce within ourselves. According to this estimate, we can keep 500,000 sheep, yielding 1,500,000 pounds of washed wool, which will leave, after deducting the quantity necessarily consumed by a population of 50,000, a surplus for sale, of more than a million of pounds. We know from experience, that sheep (provided there be sufficient inducement) may be increased at a ratio of 20 per cent. yearly-which in six years would give this county the number we have before estimated it is capable of maintaining. No country in the world is better adapted to growing wool than the western parts of Pennsylvania, and the adjoining parts of Ohio and Virginia; and the wool from such flocks as have been judiciously managed, has been found to improve in quality and increase in quantity; indeed, much of it will bear comparison with the best Saxon wool we have seen.

The county is intersected by three excellent turnpikes; the national road, passing through the centre, the Washington and Pittsburg turnpike, and the Washington and Williamsport, or Mo ongahela city turnpike, passing on towards Somerset, and generally known as the "Glades road.'

This county can boast several excellent literary institutions, the most prominent of which are Washington College and the Female Seminary at Washington, and Jefferson College, at Canonsburg.

The county was originally settled by Scotch-Irish from Bedford and York counties, from the Kittatinny valley, from Virginia, and directly from Ireland; and although Germans and other races have since come in, the descendants of the original settlers still predominate, and their influence prevails in the manners and religious and literary institutions of the county.

After the retreat of the French from Fort Duquesne, in 1758, the country was, to some extent, free for the entrance of traders and pioneers, but their principal attention was then directed to the more prominent points on the great rivers. It is possible that a few may have ventured across the Monongahela in the immediate neighborhood of Redstone Old Fort, (Brownsville,) which was built in 1759. After Pontiac's sanguinary war, in 1763, the western settlements enjoyed peace until the spring of 1774. "During this period," says Mr. Doddridge, "the settlements increased with great rapidity along the whole extent of the western frontier. The settlements along the Monongahela commenced in the year 1772, and in the succeeding year they reached the Ohio river. The shores of the Ohio, on the Virginia side, had a considerable population as early as the year 1774."

In April of that year, Capt. Cresap, Daniel Greathouse, and others, without the least provocation, first murdered two Indians passing down the river, near Wheeling, in a canoe; they then went down to an Indian encampment at the mouth of Captina creek, and killed several there; and a few days afterwards went up with a party of 32 men and murdered, in cold blood, and under circumstances of most hypocritical treachery, another party of Indians at the mouth of Big Yellow creek, above Steubenville. These massacres were unquestionably the principal, if not the sole causes of "Lord Dunmore's war" of 1774. Although this massacre was not within the limits of Pennsylvania, yet, as it had an intimate connection with the history of Logan, the Cayuga chief, we extract the following details from Rev. Joseph Doddridge's Notes.

The ostensible object for raising the party under Greathouse, was that of defending the family of Baker, whose house was opposite to a large encampment of Indians, at the mouth of Big Yellow creek. The party were concealed in ambuscade, while their commander went over the river, under the mask of friendship, to the Indian camp, to ascertain their number; while there, an Indian woman advised him to return home speedily, saying that the Indians were drinking, and angry on account of the murder of their people down the river, and might do him some mischief. On his return to his party he reported that the Indians were too strong for an open attack. He returned to Baker's and requested him to give any Indians who might come over, in the course of the day, as much rum as they might call for, and get as many of them drunk as he possibly could. The plan succeeded. Several Indian men, with two women, came over the river to Baker's, who had previously been in the habit of selling rum to the Indians. The men drank freely and became intoxicated. In this state they were all killed by Greathouse and a few of his party. I say a few of his party, for it is but justice to state, that not more than five or six of the whole number had any participation in the slaughter at the house. The rest protested against it, as an atrocious murder. From their number, being by far the majority, they might have prevented the deed; but alas! they did not. A little Indian girl alone was saved from the slaughter, by the humanity of some one of the party, whose name is not now known. The Indians in the camps, hearing the firing at the house, sent a canoe with two men in it to inquire what had happened. These two Indians were both shot down, as soon as they landed on the beach. A second and larger canoe was then manned with a number of Indians in arms; but in attempting to reach the shore, some distance below the house, were received by a welldirected fire from the party, which killed the greater number of them, and compelled the sur

vivors to return. A great number of shots were exchanged across the river, but without damage to the white party; not one of whom was even wounded. The Indian men who were murdered were all scalped.

The woman who gave the friendly advice to the commander of the party, when in the Indian camp, was amongst the slain at Baker's house.

The massacres of the Indians at Captina and Yellow creek, comprehended the whole of the family of the famous, but unfortunate Logan, who, before these events, had been a lover of the whites, and a strenuous advocate for peace; but in the conflict which followed them, by way of revenge for the death of his people, he became a brave and sanguinary chief.

The apprehension of war was soon realized. In a short time the Indians commenced hostilities along the whole extent of our frontiers.

Lord Dunmore led his expedition beyond the Ohio, as far as the Scioto, where a treaty was made in Nov. 1774, at Camp Charlotte. Logan assented to the treaty, but, still indignant at the murder of his family, he refused to attend with the other chiefs at the camp of Dunmore. According to the Indian usage, he sent his speech, with a belt of wampum, by an interpreter, to be read at the treaty. (See page 468.)

The period of the revolution, and the ten years immediately succeeding it, was rendered memorable along the Ohio valley by a series of sanguinary wars and partisan forays, often as disastrous and as disgraceful to the whites as to the Indians. The principal scenes of these bloody transactions were beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, along the Ohio, Muskingum, and Scioto rivers; yet their inevitable consequence was the constant intrusion of small parties of hostile Indians into the settlements of Pennsylvania, whose tracks were marked with fire, devastation, and blood. McIntosh's campaign was in 1778; the Coshocton campaign against the Indian villages on the Muskingum, in 1780; the Moravian campaign in March, 1782; Crawford's disastrous, and to himself fatal, campaign, in May and June, 1782. After the peace with Great Britain, in 1783, a short interval of quiet was enjoyed until 1790, when the Indian depredations, incited, probably, by the British traders on the Lakes, had increased to such a degree, that Gen. Harmar was dispatched upon another expedition to destroy the Indian towns. This, and the subsequent campaign of Gen. St. Clair, were both alike disastrous to the whites." The more triumphant campaign of Gen. Wayne, in 1793-94, closed the frontier war with the treaty of Greenville, in Aug. 1795. The details of these campaigns, and of the astonishing feats of personal prowess, hairbreadth escapes, and murderous exploits of the Cresaps, the Wetzels, and other frontier men, belong more properly to the history of Virginia and Ohio.

During the continuance of these wars the labors of the farms along the frontier were performed with danger and difficulty. The whole population huddled together in their little forts, and left the country with the appearance of a deserted region. Every settler was also a soldier, and their work was often carried on by parties, each of whom bore his rifle and his warlike equipments. These were deposited in some central part of the field. A sentry was stationed on the fence, and on the least alarm the whole seized their arms. Among the scenes of those days the following is related by a writer in the National Intelligencer, probably Wm. Darby, Esq., the distinguished geographer.

"A child between six and seven years of age, I was removed by my parents, in Dec. 1781, to Washington co., about 5 miles west of where Washington borough now stands. Capt. Hawkins and several others were massacred within a few miles of our dwelling, (previous to the