Church, Seminary, and Sisters' House.

school for African children. Before he had finished it he sold out to Count Zinzendorf, who completed the building. It is a large antique edifice, built of limestone, with a hip-roof, and has in front between the stories a brick band with crank-shaped ends, similar to those in many ancient houses in Philadelphia. This band marks the limits of Whitfield's labor.

GNADENTHAL, SCHOENICK, and CHRISTIAN SPRING, are small Moravian settlements about a mile from Nazareth. Gnadenthal is the site of the county poorhouse.

Nazareth is situated exactly at the junction of the slate and limestone lands. A slate quarry has been opened in the neighborhood, yielding only flag-stones and roofing-slate. A medicinal spring gushes out from the slate rock about a mile from the village, in a deep shady glen-a delightful summer resort. The population of Nazareth in 1830 was 408in 1840, about 450.

Between Bethlehem and Nazareth are the villages of NEWBERG and HECTOWN. Besides the towns already mentioned, there are on the western side of the co., a few miles back from the Lehigh, BATH, HOWARTTOWN, KREIDERSVILLE, CHERRYVILLE, KERNSVILLE, and BERLINVILLE, all pleasant villages, supplying each its own circle of farmers. Near Cherryville is an ancient Lutheran church, "St. Paulus Kirck," originally founded in 1772. This place was formerly known as "Indian Land." This region on the Lehigh was originally known as Craig's settlement, and afterwards as Allen township. Bath was laid out by the Irish some years before the revolution. For the following notes on the early history of Allen township we are indebted to the diligent researches of Rev. Mr. Webster of Mauch Chunk:

"This settlement was made from the north of Ireland about the years 1728-30. That was the period at which the tide of Presbyterian emigration began to take place: at this date the Irish settlements in Londonderry, N. H., Colerain, Mass., aud Orange co., N. Y., began. Says Rev. Mr. Andrews of Philadelphia, in April 8, 1730, to a friend, Such multitudes of people coming in from Ireland of late years, our Presbyterian congregations are multiplied in the province to 15 or 16, all supplied with ministers but two or three.'

"Wm. Craig, Esq., and Thomas Craig, Esq., appear to have been the principal settlers. Their

residence was not far from where the Presbyterian church in Allen township now stands. Others-men of property, influence, and religious character-were, John Ralston, Robert Walker, John Walker, John McNair, John Hays, James King, Gabriel King, his only son, eminent for his piety, Arthur Lattimore, Hugh Wilson, Wm. Young, George Gibson, Robert Gibson, Andrew Mann, James Riddle, John Boyd, Widow Mary Dobbin, Nigel Gray, and Thomas Armstrong, who afterwards removed to Fogg's manor.

"Thomas Craig was the first justice of the peace; Hugh Wilson the next. James Craig lived to an advanced age, and though palsied, was always carried on the sabbath to the sanctuary by his sons Wm. and Robert. Dr. Franklin mentions stopping at Hays' on his way to Gnadenhutten, and being joined by Hays' company of 30 men, and Martin's from Martin's cr., Mount Bethel. The Irish settlement extended from the dry lands up to Biery's bridge. Mr. Gregg, an early settler and a valuable man, lived where the Crane iron works now stand. The most distant settlers often came in and sheltered their families in the fort. A number of families were massacred above the bridge, about the year 1755-56. Mrs. Lattimore, now living, remembers the terrors of that day. Mr. Burke, lately deceased at Easton, says that his mother fled at one time as far as Wilkesbarre.

"By the records of Philadelphia Presbytery, it appears that Rev. Eleazer Wales resigned the pastoral charge of Allentown congregation in 1734. He was probably their minister from the first. The congregation probably remained vacant till the visit of Brainerd, who often preached at the settlement near where the church now stands. Mr. Burke's grandfather built a lean-to beside his own house, for Brainerd's accommodation. Mr. Wilson's mother told him how often after he had preached Brainerd went round conversing with the people who were weeping under the trees. The earliest record I can find is inscribed "the Count Book of the Congregation of the West Branch of the Delaware on the Forks, Jan. 8-9, 1749-50." £40 per annum was the salary. The successive ministers were Rev. Daniel Lawrence, a graduate from the Log College, from 1748 to '52; Rev. John Clark, from 1759 to 1768. Rev. John Rosbrugh, who came in 1769 and preached also at Mount Bethel-an able preacher, and zealous patriot, and chaplain of the revolution; he was murdered by the Hessians at Trenton, 2d Jan. 1777. During the division which existed from 1741 to 1758, this congregation was connected with the New York Synod, or the "New side." Probably at this time, and out of this, grew up a Seceder congregation which had a meeting-house towards Biery's bridge. They had no minister, but were occasionally supplied. The congregation has long been extinct.

"The Presbyterian congregation, between 1783 and '90, erected a large stone academy on Manockasy creek, a mile from Bath, and Rev. Thomas Picton was the instructor. It is now used by the congregation for divine worship.

"Since the revolution the settlement began to decline; men grew tired of farming, or wasted their property, and sold out and moved away. The Hays family of Pittsburg, Wilsons of Buffalo township, Union co., Ralstons of Chester, and Culbertsons of the West, removed from here. The land-office was at Bath. George Palmer was surveyor-general many years; he lies buried in Allen township graveyard."

Among the murders and ravages of the Indians in 1763 were the following, related in Gordon's Hist. of Penn. :

Early in Oct., the house of John Stinton, about eight miles from Bethlehem, was assailed by the Indians, at which was Capt. Witherholt, with a party belonging to Fort Allen. The Capt., designing early in the morning to proceed for the fort, ordered a servant out to get his horse ready, who was immediately shot down by the enemy; upon which the captain going to the door was also mortally wounded, and a sergeant, who attempted to draw the captain in, was also dangerously hurt. The lieutenant then advanced, when an Indian jumping on the bodies of the two others, presented a pistol to his breast, which he, putting aside, it went off over his shoulder, whereby he got the Indian out of the house and shut the door. The Indians then went round to a window, and as Stinton was getting out of bed, shot him; but, rushing from the house, he was able to run a mile before he dropped dead. His wife and two children ran into the cellar; they were fired upon three times, but escaped uninjured. Capt. Witherholt, notwithstanding his wound, crawled to a window, whence he killed one of the Indians who were setting fire to the house; the others then ran off, bearing with them their dead companion. Capt. Witherholt died soon after.

On the 8th of Oct., a party of 15 or 20 Indians attacked the house of Capt. Nicholas Marks, of Whitehall township, [now in Lehigh co.] Marks, his wife, and an apprentice boy, made their escape, though twice fired upon by the Indians, and proceeded to the house of one Adam Fashler, where there were 20 men under arms. These immediately went in pursuit of the enemy. In their progress, they visited the farms of Jacob Meekly, where they found a boy and girl lying dead, the girl scalped; of Hance Sneider, where they discovered the owner, his wife, and three children dead, in the field, and three girls, one dead, the other two wounded, and one of them scalped. On their return to Ashler's, they found the wife of Jacob Allening, with a child, lying dead in the road, and scalped. The houses of Marks and Sneider were both burned.

Above Easton, on the high slate lands a short distance back from the Delaware, and along the road to Stroudsburg, are the following villages: MT. BETHEL, a small hamlet, the site of one of the earliest settlements in the county; RICHMOND, an ancient village inhabited chiefly by Germans; CENTREVILLE, two miles beyond, a pleasant and flourishing village recently started; and WILLIAMSBURG, about two miles from the Delaware, a small village settled some years since. This section of the county was settled at a very early date by emigrants from the north of Ireland, and was known as Hunter's settlement, and since as Mt. Bethel township. Martin's creek took its name from Col. Martin, an early settler. One mile above this creek, and about seven miles from Easton, is the site of the ancient Bethel Presbyterian church. In the old graveyard are recorded the names of a number of the early settlers, among whom Robert Lyle, who died in 1765, aged 67, appears to have been conspicuous. This was the scene of the holy and self-denying labors of Rev. David Brainerd. He also labored with eminent success among the Indians at Crossweeksung in New Jersey, and at Shamokin and Juniata island on the Susquehanna. He kept a diary and journal of his travels-but so absorbed was he in the spiritual duties of his mission, that he has recorded but few names of persons and places, and few facts of general interest that throw light upon the early history of this region:

Leaving New England, he crossed the Hudson, and went to Goshen in the Highlands; and so travelled across the woods, from the Hudson to the Delaware, about a hundred miles, through a desolate and hideous country, above New Jersey, where were very few settlements-in which journey he suffered much fatigue and hardship. He visited some Indians in the way, at a place called Minnissinks, and discoursed with them concerning Christianity. Was considerably melancholy and disconsolate, being alone in a strange wilderness. On Saturday, May 12, he came to a settlement of Irish and Dutch people, and proceeding about 12 miles further, arrived at Sakhauwotung, an Indian settlement within the Forks of the Delaware.

Lord's day, May 13.-Rose early; felt very poorly after my long journey, and after being wet and fatigued. Was very melancholy; have scarcely ever seen such a gloomy morning in my life; there appeared to be no Sabbath; the children were all at play; I, a stranger in the wil derness, and knew not where to go; and all circumstances seemed to conspire to render my af. fairs dark and discouraging. Was disappointed respecting an interpreter, and heard that the Indians were much scattered. O, I mourned after the presence of God, and seemed like a creature banished from his sight! yet he was pleased to support my sinking soul amidst all my sorrows; so that I never entertained any thought of quitting my business among the poor Indians; but was comforted to think that death would ere long set me free from these distresses. Rode about three or four miles to the Irish people, where I found some that appeared sober and concerned about religion. My heart then began to be a little encouraged: went and preached first to the Irish and then to the Indians; and in the evening was a little comforted: my soul seemed to rest on God, and take courage.-Edwards' Life of Brainerd.

He went to New Jersey to be ordained, and again returned to his labors at the Forks: but his body was too feeble for the fervent spirit that dwelt within it, and it seemed at every moment as though he would sink under the hardships of the wilderness. With the aid of a poor interpreter, he translated prayers into the language of the Delawares. He speaks of the Indians in this region as being excessively addicted to idolatryas having contracted strong prejudices against Christianity on account of the wicked lives of the whites with whom they had intercourse-and as being extremely attached to customs and fabulous notions of their fathers; one of which was, "that it was not the same God made them who made the white people, but another, who commanded them to live by hunting, &c., and not to conform to the customs of the white people;" and furthermore, they were "much awed by their powaws, who were sup

posed to have the power of enchanting or poisoning them in a very dis、tressing manner." Nevertheless, some converts were gathered in as the. reward of his labors, among whom were his interpreter, Moses Finda Fautaury, and his wife. Brainerd built himself a cabin with his own hands, not far from Bethel church; and on moving into it, having, as he says, "a happy opportunity of being retired in a house of his own," he set apart the day for secret prayer and fasting. This cabin was still standing within the memory of Mr. John Wilson. Brainerd speaks frequently of his labors among the white people in the Forks, the Irish, the " High Dutch," the "Low Dutch," &c.-of preaching to them in the wilderness on the sunny side of a hill, where he "had a considerable assembly, consisting of people who lived, at least many of them, not less than thirty miles asunder; some of them came near twenty miles." He speaks of preaching "to an assembly of Irish people nearly fifteen miles. distant from the Indians;" and at another time, after he and "dear brother Byram" had been out to Wapwallopen on the Susquehanna, on their return they came to an Irish settlement with which Brainerd was acquainted, and lodged there, and the next day they both preached to the people. This was doubtless at Craig's settlement. He spent but about three years in Pennsylvania, when his feeble frame sunk under the fatigues and exposures of the wilderness; he returned home sick from the Susquehanna, and died in New England, Oct. 9, 1747. He was employed by a missionary society in Scotland, and many interesting details may be found in his public " Journal of the Rise and Progress of a remarkable work of Grace among the Indians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania."*

About two miles south of the Delaware Water-gap is the celebrated slate-quarry of the Pennsylvania Slate Co. This company was incorporated in 1811, and at that time opened the quarry, and wrought it for some time; but for want of skill, and knowledge of the business, were obliged to cease operations. Under the auspices of Hon. James M. Porter and others the company was revived, some six or eight years since, and operations were renewed. A great number both of school and roofing slates have been made. The workmen are generally Welsh.

It was probably in this vicinity that the following incidents occurred, related by Moses Marshall, son of Edward Marshall, of the Indian walk, to John Watson, Esq.:

In 1754, his father lived about 18 miles above Easton. In the next year 200 Indians, headed by their chief or king, Teedyuscung, made an attack on the white inhabitants. They fired on a company attending a funeral, but killed none. These fled and gave the alarm, and they all got off. We went back in the year 1756, but lived till the fall of the next year on the Jersey side of the river, when we returned to the farm. Soon after, about 16 Indians attacked the house, in the absence of my father, of whom they always appeared afraid. One of them threw his matchcoat on a beehive, by the side of the garden. The bees came out and stung them, by which means five small children, that were playing in the garden, got away. They shot one of my sisters as she was running; the ball entered her right shoulder, and came out below the left breast. Yet she got away, and recovered. They took my mother, who was not in a condition to escape them, some miles, and then killed her. There were five guns in the house, all loaded, which they never touched; and took nothing away except a coat, with £3 in money in the pocket, belonging to Matthew Hughs, who boarded with us.

In 1748, the people having forted together, the Indians came and turned the creatures into the wheat-field. Five young men went out of the fort to turn them out again. The Indians wayIaid them, and shot two, one of whom was my brother.

* See Brainerd's Life, published by the Am. Tract Society; also p. 275 of this work.

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY.

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY was separated from Berks and Bedford, by the act of 21st March, 1772. At the time of its establishment, it extended to the north and west boundaries of the province; and its limits have been reduced by the successive establishment of Luzerne, Mifflin, Lycoming, Centre, Columbia, and Union counties. Area 457 sq. m. Population in 1790, 17,161; in 1800, (Lycoming off,) 27,796; in 1810, (part of Centre off,) 36,327; in 1820, (Columbia and Union off,) 15,424; in 1830, 18,133; in 1840, 20,027.

The western boundary of the county is washed by the West branch and main stream of the Susquehanna for a distance of 40 miles; the North branch flows about ten miles across the centre, joining the West branch at Northumberland. The other important streams are Warrior's run, Limestone run, and Chillisquaque cr., tributaries of the West branch; Roaring cr. and Gravel run, tributaries of the North branch; and Shamokin, Mahanoy, and Mahantango creeks, tributaries of the Susquehanna. The general surface of the county is mountainous. Above the forks, Limestone ridge and Montour's ridge cross between the North and West branches. Below the forks lie the higher ridges connected with the coal formation-the Shamokin hills, and Mahanoy, Line, and Mahantango mountains. Notwithstanding the ruggedness of these mountains, there is a great amount of fertile land dispersed through the county, along the valleys; especially on the bottoms of the Susquehanna, and in the limestone region above Montour's ridge.

The Mahanoy and Shamokin coal-basin extends from about eight miles east of the Susquehanna northeasterly, through the Mahanoy and upper Shamokin valleys, into Schuylkill co. The coal of this basin is said to be of excellent quality: the thickness of the beds varies from five to more than forty feet. Iron-ore is also found in this vicinity; and in great abundance, and of excellent quality, of the hard kind, in Montour's ridge. Limestone also exists in the hills, about ten miles from Sunbury; and a vein of lead-ore was discovered, in 1840, in this limestone, at the quarry of Messrs. Shesholtz and Bergstresser. The vein was said to be about two feet in thickness, and to yield about 70 per cent. The internal improvements of the county are the Pennsylvania canal, along both branches of the Susquehanna, uniting at Northumberland, and passing down on the right bank of the main stream, in Union co. ; the "Danville and Pottsville railroad," or rather the Sunbury and Shamokin railroad, completed about 20 miles, to the coal-mines, and intended to be completed to Pottsville; and the turnpike from Sunbury to Pottsville, with a branch to Danville. Water-power is abundant on the small streams; and a company has it in contemplation to derive an immense power from the Susquehanna, above Sunbury, passing the water through a race, emptying below the Shamokin dam. With all these great elements of wealth-rich limestone lands and river-bottoms, for agriculture; mines of iron, coal, and lead, for manufactures; mountains abounding with timber, and streams with water-power, and every facility for reaching the great markets