ington, who was frequently an inmate of his humble dwelling during his visits to this region for the purpose of locating lands and attending to public business. Col. Crawford was one of the bravest men on the frontier, and often took the lead in parties against the Indians across the Ohio. His records and papers were never preserved, and very little else than a few brief anecdotes remain to perpetuate his fame. At the commencement of the revolution, he raised a regiment by his own exertions, and held the commission of colonel in the continental army. In 1782, he accepted, with great reluctance, the command of an expedition to ravage the Wyandott and Moravian Indian towns on the Muskingum. On this expedition, at the age of 50, he was taken prisoner, and put to death by the most excruciating tortures.

PERRYOPOLIS is pleasantly situated within half a mile of the Yough'ogheny run, about 14 miles north of Uniontown. It lies in a rich agricultural country. Much of the peculiar kind of sand for the glass-works at Pittsburg is taken from this place. It was laid out at the close of the last war, by Dr. Thomas Hersey, John Shreve, and Robert (or Samuel) Burns.

BELLEVERNON is a new town on the Monongahela, 25 miles above Pittsburg, and bids fair to become a manufacturing place. Population estimated at 400.

The other villages of Fayette co. are NEW GENEVA, WOODBRIDGE, HAYDENTOWN, SMITHFIELD, MONROE, GERMANTOWN, M'CLELLANDSTOWN, NEW SALEM, MERRITSTOWN, MIDDLETOWN, and COOKSTOWN.

NEW GENEVA is situated on the right bank of the Monongahela, at the mouth of George's creek. The place contains some 60 dwellings, a church, an extensive steam flour-mill, and a manufactory of glass.

The place derives its name from Geneva, in Switzerland, the native land of Albert Gallatin. The extensive glass-works here were established many years ago, by Mr. Gallatin, in connection with Mr. Nicholson,

and the Messrs. Kramer, Germans. As this was then the only establishment of the kind in the western country, its products met a lively demand, and the concern proved very profitable. Mr. Gallatin, being en

gaged in more important affairs, sold out his interest to the younger men, the Kramers, who carried it on to advantage. Mr. Gallatin dwelt for some years in a log-cabin near the river; but after he became distinguished in public life, he caused a more splendid mansion to be erected on the high grounds about two miles above Geneva.

The place is now in possession of a French gentleman of fortune, who is either a relative or intimate friend of Mr. Gallatin; and who is extensively concerned in commercial and manufacturing enterprises at the village. The farm, though not remarkably fertile, is extensive, and well provided with buildings. A long circuitous avenue, shaded with tall cherry and forest trees, imparts an aristocratic air to the grounds.

The following particulars were derived from a highly respectable and aged gentleman, long intimate with Mr. Gallatin :

Albert Gallatin was born at Geneva, in Switzerland, on the 29th Jan. 1761. He was left an orphan in his infancy; but under the kind protection of a female relative of his mother, received a very thorough education, and graduated at the University of Geneva in 1779. His family friends were wealthy and highly respectable; and we have been told that his aged grandfather, with whom he resided, was deeply imbued with the aristocratic prejudices of the ancient regime. Young Albert, on the contrary, was an ardent republican, and made no secret of his adhesion to the revolutionary school. Without the knowledge or consent of his family, Albert, then only 19, with a comrade of the same sentiments, left the home of his father to seek glory and fortune, and freedom of thought, in the infant republic of America. He was recommended by a friend to the patronage of Dr. Franklin, then at Paris. He arrived in Boston in July, 1780, and soon after proceeded to Maine, where he purchased land, and resided till the end of 1781 at Machias and Passamaquoddy. Here he served as a volunteer under Col. John Allen, and made advances from his private purse for the support of the garrison. In the spring of 1782 he was appointed instructor in the French language at Harvard University, where he remained about a year. Going to Virginia in the fall of 1783, to attend to the claims of a European house for advances to that state, he fell in with many of the eminent men of the state, and particularly with Patrick Henry, who treated him with marked kindness and respect, and predicted his future eminence. In accordance with Mr. Henry's advice, Mr. Gallatin sought his fortune in the new and wild country then just opening on the Ohio, and purchased considerable tracts of land in Western Virginia, between 1783 and 1785. In Dec. 1785, he purchased his plantation at New Geneva, where he subsequently established the glass-works.

His talents for public life soon became extensively known, and he was honored, in 1789, with a seat in the convention to amend the constitution of Pennsylvania. In that convention he took a decided stand on the democratic side, opposing the pretensions of property as an element in political power, and advocating the extension of the right of suffrage, restricted only by length of residence. When the new federal constitution was before the country for adoption, he took ground against it; but when adopted, lent it his efficient support. He became distinguished with all par. ties in the legislature for his ready comprehension of the great questions at issue, particularly of financial subjects; and was elected to the U. S. senate in Feb. 1793, notwithstanding there existed a majority in the legislature opposed to his own party, and though he had himself expressed doubts respecting his own eligibility. When he took his seat in the senate, in Dec., the question of his citizenship was revived, and he lost his seat, after an elaborate examination and report, on the ground that he had not been nine years a legally naturalized citizen of the United States. The question was decided by a strict party vote of 14 to 12, in Feb. 1794, between the federalists and democrats. Mr. Gallatin soon after married a daughter of Com. Nicholson, a distinguished officer of our navy, and returned to Fayette co. While contesting his seat in the senate, he received, through Robert Morris, a thousand guineas from his family friends, who, it would seem, had not for some time previously been apprised of his movements in this country.

During the Whiskey insurrection of 1794, Mr. Gallatin, although sympathizing with the inargents in lawful and constitutional opposition to the law, yet boldly and openly opposed the adoption of warlike and treasonable measures. In this course he was sustained by the people of his own county; and his popularity was evidenced in Oct. of the same year by his election to congress from the Washington and Greene co. district, (although he did not reside in it,) in opposition to Hugh H. Breckenridge. Both were of the democratic party. Mr. Gallatin was not aware of his being himself a candidate until the election was announced to him. He had been at the same time elected to the legislature from Fayette co.

In congress, where he continued during three terms, he was distinguished as a leader of his party, in conjunction with Madison and Giles. He was appointed secretary of the treasury by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801-a post which he occupied for a number of years with preeminent ability.

His official reports are models of clearness and conciseness: in one of these he originated the project of the National Road.

On retiring from the cabinet, in 1813, he entered upon his diplomatic career in Europe, as one of the commissioners at Ghent, in negotiating the peace with Great Britain; and soon afterwards associated with Messrs. Adams and Clay, at London, in negotiating the commercial treaty with that power. He continued in Europe, as ambassador at Paris, until 1823, when he returned to the new mansion, which had been built during his absence, at New Geneva, and spent a few years in dignified retirement. He was again minister to England in 1826. On his return he sold his place at New Geneva, and resided for a time in Baltimore; and subsequently removed to New York, where he is still living. He has been for some years president of the "National Bank," (not the U. S. Bank,) of that city. He stands decidedly at the head of the financiers of the country, and holds high rank both as a statesman and a scholar. Notwithstanding his foreign birth, his state papers exhibit a perfect mastery of our language, and show no sign whatever of foreign idiom. His career has been alike honorable to himself, to his adopted country, that fostered and appreciated his talents, and to his native land.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.

FRANKLIN COUNTY was established on the 9th Sept. 1784, having previously been the southwestern part of Cumberland co., known as the Conococheague* settlement. Length 30 m., breadth 25; area 734 sq. m. Population in 1790, 15,655; in 1800, 19,638; in 1810, 23,173; in 1820, 31,892; in 1830, 35,037; in 1840, 37,793.

The county consists of a broad valley, generally composed of undulating slate and limestone lands, and bounded on the east by the South mountain, which rises to an elevation of from 600 to 900 feet above the middle of the valley. On the northwest rises the more rugged and elevated ridge of the Kittatinny, or North mountain, and behind it the still higher ridge of the Tuscarora, which is about 1,700 feet above the middle of the valley. The Kittatinny mountain, hitherto remarkably continuous and regular in its form, seems to terminate near the Chambersburg and Bedford turnpike, or to turn backward; while the Cove mountain, a spur of the Tuscarora, diverging immediately west of the termination of the Kittatinny, seems to supply the deficiency, and continues the chain into Virginia. Between these mountains and spurs are several very narrow and fertile valleys, called coves. Path valley and Amberson's valley are of this character. The principal waters have their sources in the mountains on both sides of the county, and nearly all unite in forming the Conococheague cr., which empties into the Potomac. The Antictam cr., also flows into Maryland, and the sources of the Conodoguinet into Cumberland co. These streams supply an immense amount of water-power, of which it has been estimated that not more than half has yet been usefully applied. The limestone lands east of the Conococheague are well watered, fertile, and in a high state of cultivation, estimated at 180,000 acres. West of the Conococheague the slate lands prevail, estimated at 160,000 acres; not quite so fertile as the limestone, but more easily cultivated, and abounding in pure streams and luxuriant meadows. There is a strip from one to two miles wide, east of the limestone, at the base of the South mountain, known as "pine-land," which is said to be equal

The old settlers pronounce this word Conny-co-jig.

for fertility and certainty of product to any in the county-estimated at 20,000 acres. It is composed of sand, mixed with clay and water-worn pebbles. The mountainous districts, on the eastern and western boundaries, contain about 110,000 acres. The staple agricultural products are wheat, rye, corn, and oats. Some attention has been paid to the cultivation of the mulberry.

Iron ore is found in a line along the base of the South mountain, near where the limestone joins the other strata. It is of the pipe and honeycomb kind, and is said, in appearance and in the quality of its iron, to resemble that from which the celebrated Juniata iron is made. There is also a stratum producing iron along the Path valley, perhaps in the same relative geological position as near the South mountain. On both these mountains are extensive forests, to supply fuel for the manufacture of iron. There is a tradition that the Indians used to get lead in the South mountain, but the whites have not found it.

White marble is found in various parts of the county. The manufactures of the county are generally those adapted to agricultural districts, flouring, fulling, and sawing; with several furnaces, forges, paper-mills, an axe factory, and one or two cotton and several woollen factories. Much has been done to facilitate the intercourse of the citizens with each other, and with those of other sections of the country. Besides the ordinary public roads, there are 63 miles of stone turnpike, and 23 large stone bridges; and 26 miles of railroad. A stone turnpike runs from Chambersburg to Pittsburg, another to Carlisle, another to Gettysburg; and one runs from Waynesburg to McConnellstown, through Mercersburg. The Cumberland Valley railroad, from Harrisburg, terminates at Chambersburg, whence the Franklin railroad continues the communication through Greencastle to Hagerstown, in Maryland. There are some 40 or 50 churches, in which religious instruction is regularly dispensed; and at Mercersburg, a college and theological seminary. A great proportion of the dwellings of the inhabitants are of stone or brick; and in the limestone districts nearly all the stables and barns are built of the same material.

The original population of the county was of the Scotch-Irish race, and many of their descendants still remain; but the German population, which has more recently come in, is fast gaining in numbers over the descendants of the original pioneers.

"It is a tradition well supported, that a great part of the best lands in the Conococheague valley were, at the first settlement of the country, what is now called in the western states prairie. The land was without timber, covered with a rich, luxuriant grass, with some scattered trees, hazel-bushes, wild plums, and crab-apples. It was then called generally 'the barrens.' The timber was to be found on or near the water-courses, and on the slate soil. This accounts for the preference given by the early Scotch-Irish settlers to the slate lands, before the limestone lands were surveyed or located. The slate had the attractions of wood, watercourses, and water-meadows, and was free from rock at the surface. Before the introduction of clover, artificial grasses, and the improved system of agriculture, the hilly limestone land had its soil washed off, was disfigured with great gullies, and was sold as unprofitable, for a trifle, by the proprietors, who sought other lands in Western Pennsylvania. It is