Instead of moving towards Sewickly, as the first detachment had done, he crossed the Alle gheny at Pittsburg, and proceeded up the river. Conjecturing that the Indians had descended that stream in canoes, till near the settlement, he was careful to examine the mouths of all creeks coming into it, particularly from the southeast. At the mouth of Big Mahoning, about six miles above Kittanning, the canoes were seen drawn up to its western bank. He instantly retreated down the river, and waited for night. As soon as it was dark, he made a raft, and crossed to the Kittanning side. He then proceeded up to the creek, and found that the Indians had, in the mean time, crossed the creck, as their canoes were now drawn to its upper or northeastern bank.

The country on both sides of Mahoning, at its mouth, is rough and mountainous; and the stream, which was then high, very rapid. Several ineffectual attempts were made to wade it, which they at length succeeded in doing, three or four miles above the canoes. Next a fire was made, their clothing dried, and arms inspected; and the party moved towards the Indian camp, which was pitched on the second bank of the river. Brady placed his men at some distance, on the lower or first bank.

The Indians had brought from Sewickly a stallion, which they had fettered and turned to pasture on the lower bank. An Indian, probably the owner, under the law of arms, came frequently down to him, and occasioned the party no little trouble. The horse, too, seemed willing to keep their company, and it required considerable circumspection to avoid all intercourse with either. Brady became so provoked that he had a strong inclination to tomahawk the Indian, but his calmer judgment repudiated the act, as likely to put to hazard a more decisive and important achievement.

At length the Indians seemed quiet, and the captain determined to pay them a closer visit. He had got quite near their fires; his pet Indian had caught him by the hair and gave it a pluck, intimating the advice to retire, which he would not venture to whisper; but finding Brady regardless of it, had crawled off-when the captain, who was scanning their numbers, and the position of their guns, observed one throw off his blanket and rise to his feet. It was altogether impracticable for Brady to move without being seen. He instantly decided to remain where he was, and risk what might happen. He drew his head slowly beneath the brow of the bank, putting his forehead to the earth for concealment. His next sensation was that of warm water poured into the hollow of his neck, as from the spout of a teapot, which, trickling down his back over the chilled skin, produced a feeling that even his iron nerves could scarce master. He felt quietly for his tomahawk, and had it been about him he probably would have used it; but he had divested himself even of that when preparing to approach the fires, lest by striking against the stones or gravel, it might give alarm. He was compelled, therefore, "nolens volens," to submit to this very unpleasant operation, until it should please his warriorship to refrain; which he soon did, and returning to his place wrapped himself up in his blanket, and composed himself for sleep as if nothing had happened.

Brady returned to and posted his men, and in the deepest silence all awaited the break of day. When it appeared, the Indians arose and stood around their fires; exulting, doubtless, in the scalps they had taken, the plunder they had acquired, and the injury they had inflicted on their enemies. Precarious joy-short-lived triumph! The avenger of blood was beside them! At a signal given, seven rifles cracked, and five Indians were dead ere they fell. Brady's well-known war-cry was heard, his party was among them, and their guns (mostly empty) were all secured. The remaining Indians instantly fled and disappeared. One was pursued by the trace of his blood, which he seems to have succeeded in stanching. The pet Indian then imitated the cry of a young wolf, which was answered by the wounded man, and the pursuit again renewed. A second time the wolf.cry was given and answered, and the pursuit continued into a windfall. Here he must have espied his pursuers, for he answered no more. Brady found his remains there three weeks afterwards, being led to the place by ravens that were preying on the carcass. The horse was unfettered, the plunder gathered, and the party commenced their return to Pittsburg, most of them descending in the Indian canoes. Three days after their return, the first detachment came in. They reported that they had followed the Indians closely, but that the latter had got into their canoes and made their escape.

Brady's affair at Brady's Bend is given under the head of Clarion co. The honor of having invented the "Independent Treasury" is generally awarded to Martin Van Buren, Amos Kendall, or some other statesman of Washington city; and yet, according to the annexed extract from the Pittsburg Daily American, of Sept. 16, 1842, the plan would seem to have been carried into successful operation in Armstrong co. long before it was ever thought of at Washington:

The Widow S********.—If not among the most extraordinary, this lady was, or we may say is, among the most original within the range of our acquaintance, excepting perhaps the more

lofty and renowned Madame Mitchell of Mackinaw, of whom we have spoken on several occa. sions. The widow S- -, at the time of our first acquaintance with that lady, owned and re. sided on one of the best farms on creek, in co., Pa. In person she was large and masculine, and being of German descent, spoke English but badly. Her farm was in the finest order; no one had better crops, or more generally had sure ones. The labor was performed prin. cipally by her sons, herself, and her daughters, with occasional assistance which she hired. But this conducting of farms is common with many other Pennsylvania widows. Some little time after our first acquaintance commenced with Mrs. S- she married [in 1825] a man named D

But notwithstanding this event, she neither took his name, nor did they reside together. Downed and lived upon a farm some few miles distant; each occupied their separate premises and farmed their own land-sold their own produce in their own name, and enjoyed their separate profits. To be sure D- would sometimes act as his wife's agent, and in making a market for his own produce would bargain at the same time for that of his wife; but always, in this case, in the name of the widow SIt was the habit of Dto visit his wife every Saturday evening, and remain at her house until Monday morning. This separation during the week was from no disagreement, but formally arranged for in their marriage settlement, which provided for this; with an addition deemed necessary by the frugal and thrifty bride, which was that D- should pay annually so many hundred weight of flour for his own board and the keeping of his horse for the one day and two nights of every week which brought him to the comfortable mansion (a large brick house with double bank barn to match) of the loving widow The parties continued in this conjugal state for several years, when D– died. Her family had now grown up-her sons and daughters had become husbands and wives; but all resided upon and worked the same farm. She was still the widow, not D- —, but Sand by this name still announced herself, and made all her contracts and kept all her accounts. About a year after the death of D- —, she repaired to her factor and confidential merchant in the county town of to take his counsel. An audience being granted, she stated to him that she had some intention to marry again, and advised with him on the subject, as an ordinary matter of business. "I should suppose that one so happily situated as you are, with every thing rich and comfortable about you, and your sons and daughters grown up, would not think of such a thing at your time of life. I would advise you by no means to entangle yourself again in any marriage alliance." "You tink not, Mr. H'Why, it is very sincerely the advice "Well, dat may be all very

S

K

I would give you, if that is what you want," said Mr. Hwell and very goot; but see here—a man I want, and a man I will have." "O, that is a very different thing altogether, and in that case I would advise you by all means to marry," said Mr. HThe ice being now broken, she stated to him that she had made up her mind to marry J. K. a substantial widower and farmer in the neighborhood-German like herself, and nearly of the same rotundity of form and feature. The same bargain was made, and the same arrangement as with D, and which exists, we believe, to this day. She still resides on her own place, enjoying undisturbed its control and its profits; and though the wife of Kretains her name of widow Smakes his appearance, with his well-known light wagon, every Saturday evening, and takes his departure every Monday morning, and knows no more of what is doing at the farm of the widow S- — during the week, than on that of any other in the neighborhood. No two in the settlement have better horses, houses, or farms, or have them in better order, than K- and the widow S- and no two enjoy more of the good things of this world; to which they both add that perfect contentment of mind arising from having all that they wish and paying all that they owe, even to the annual stipend of flour, which is regu larly put in the mill to the credit of widow S- by her affectionate and punctual spouse. It may be added, as a remarkable fact, that this happy couple have no worldly property which they regard as being owned between them in common. We believe the widow Shas had no children by either of her two last husbands. It is a singular instance of conjugal life, and without its parallel within the range of our knowledge. The facts are well known to many residing in the county of by whom the originals of this story will be readily recognised.*

The article above is copied precisely as it appeared in the paper, but in reply to our inquiries the editor has obligingly given us in full all the names left in blank above (for an obvious reason,) and has stated a number of other particulars concerning the family and characters of the parties concerned. Among other things he says: "All the particulars may be relied on as true to the letter, not having drawn upon fancy for a single fact there stated. The partics living all reside, and have done for many years, on Crooked creek, in Armstrong county; are wealthy and highly respected among their acquaintances. I certainly regarded Mrs. S- as no common woman, and her presence indicates this. She is large and her bearing lofty, bold, and confident, (though no way immodest ;) but rather as one unconscious of error, and competent to the management of her own affairs, and unconscious of any impropriety in their details. No one ever imputed ought against her honor, or fairness in dealing. She has little or no disguise, and what she wants she asks for." In a more recent letter he informs us that her last husband died this spring, (1843.) It remains to be seen whether she will marry again—and why not?

BEAVER COUNTY.

BEAVER COUNTY comprehends the region on both sides of the Ohio adjoining the mouth of Beaver. Length 34 miles, breadth 19-containing 646 square miles. The population in 1800 was 5,776, in 1820, 15,340, in 1830, 24,206, and in 1840, 29,368. The co. was separated from Allegheny and Washington by the act of 12th March, 1800. In 1803 it was fully organized for judicial purposes. The Ohio river enters the southwest corner of the co., and flows northwest of the centre, where it receives the Big Beaver, and immediately turns to its great southwestern course towards the Mississippi. Slippery Rock, a branch of Beaver, Racoon cr., and Little Beaver, small tributaries to the Ohio, are also in this Co. The southern and southeastern parts of the co. are hilly and broken, being much indented by the great streams; the soil upon the hills is of middling quality, but the region is interspersed with fine bottom lands, and level, or rolling lands, admirably adapted for grain and pasture. The mulberry and the vine have been successfully cultivated. The northern part has a gently undulating surface, with a soil well adapted for every variety of agriculture. The bituminous coal, limestone, and iron of the "great Pittsburg coal basin," are nearly everywhere accessible. A mineral spring, near Frankford, in the S. W. corner of the co., has been considerably frequented by invalids. It contains carbonic acid gas, carbonate of iron, carbonate of magnesia, muriate of soda, and sulphureted hydrogen gas.

Nothing in the co. challenges the attention of a stranger so much as its extraordinary capacity for manufacturing and commercial industry. To the south and east the Ohio opens a communication with all parts of the United States. To the north and northwest, the Sandy and Beaver canal, completed, effects a junction with the great Ohio canal; while the Erie extension canal, now nearly pierced through to the lake, opens a communication to all the markets of that vast region. An almost incalculable amount of water power is afforded by the streams, but more particularly at the lower end of the Beaver river, and at the several dams erected for supplying the canals. The Falls of the Beaver alone, within six miles of its mouth, even in dry seasons, are said to afford power sufficient to drive 168 pairs of five feet burr millstones. A small proportion only of this power is yet put into operation. Added to these facilities for manufacturing, are the rich mines of coal, itself a driving power, and of iron, contiguous to all the important streams.

The first white men who ever made a settlement in what is now Beaver co., were probably the Moravian brethren, Zeisberger and others, in the year 1770. They had been laboring some time previously among the Monseys and Senecas, at Goshgoshunk and Lawenakanuck, on the Allegheny, above French cr., (see Venango and Bradford counties,) but various discouragements had induced them to leave there, and accept an invitation tendered them from Pakanke and Glikkikan, Delaware chiefs living at Kaskaskunk, in what is now Butler co. The following account of their settlement is abridged from Loskiel's history of the Moravian

missions. The settlement appears to have been near where Darlington now is.

"April 17, 1770, the congregation of Lawenakanuck broke up, and set out in 16 canoes, passing down the river Ohio by Pittsburg to Beaver co., which they entered, and proceeded up to the Falls, where they had to unload and transport their goods and canoes by land. One of these carrying places detained them two days. The frequent repetition of this troublesome work caused them to be very thankful when they met Glikkikan, with some horses from Kaskaskunk, for their use." After a tedious journey they arrived, on 3d May, at their destination, a wellchosen spot, "with good land sufficient to supply an hundred families." They gave formal announcement of their arrival to the neighboring chiefs, with the usual interchange of speeches and Indian ceremony. Glikkikan, like Moses, relinquished the honors of his station to come and dwell among the people of God. The Indians were astonished, or rather alarmed, to see a people settle among them, so much differing in manners and customs from the heathen, and to hear a doctrine preached of which they had never before any idea. In some, this astonishment was soon changed into displeasure. Glikkikan's retirement from Kaskaskunk occasioned universal dissatisfaction, and his former friends accused him of wishing to become a sorcerer. The old chief, Pakanke, altered his friendly behavior towards the brethren, and denied his having invited them, charging Glikkikan with it. He reproached him publicly, thus, "and even you have gone over to them. I suppose you intend to get a white skin! but I tell you not even one of your feet will turn white, much less your body. Was you not a brave and honored man, sitting next to me in council, when we spread the blanket and considered the belts of wampum lying before us? Now you pretend to despise all this, and to have found something better." Glikkikan briefly replied, "It is very true I have gone over to them, and with them I will live and die.” Pakanke continued unfriendly and cool towards the settlement for some time, notwithstanding the friendly endeavors of Col. Croghan to effect a reconciliation, until after the lapse of a year or so, when he resolved to visit Friedenstadt. "He then heard the gospel with great attention, changed his sentiments, and even exhorted his children to go to the brethren, hearken to their words, and believe on Jesus."

"On the 23d July, 1770, our Indians began to build a regular settlement on the west side of Beaver cr., erecting blockhouses, and before winter they and their teachers were conveniently housed. Then the statutes of the congregation were made known to the inhabitants, and every thing regulated as at Friedenshutten. In Oct., John George Yungman and his wife arrived from Bethlehem, to take charge of this congregation, bringing a belt of wampum from Col. Croghan to Pakanke, entreating his kindness towards the missionaries. Brother Senseman, who had shared with Br. Zeisberger his toils and duties, returned to Bethlehem."

The missionaries were greatly annoyed, and their lives even endangered by the jealousies stirred up against them by the sorcerers and medicine men among the Indians of the neighbor. ing tribes, particularly those near Gekele-mukpechuenk, on the Muskingum. "This opposition arose chiefly from the insinuations of the above mentioned Indian preachers who had so strenuously recommended emetics as a sure mode of cleansing from sin, that in this town the practice was general. The missionary endeavored to convince the people that though an emetic might benefit their stomachs, yet it could never cleanse their hearts, but that the blood of Jesus Christ was alone able to change them. The work of God prevailed and increased at Friedenstadt, and in May, 1771, the foundation stone of the chapel was laid.

In 1773, the state of the frontier had become so alarming, and the opposition and jealousy of Pakanke's tribe so great, that it was not thought safe for the brethren to remain longer at Friedenstadt. They accordingly broke up the station and departed for the new stations on the Muskingum, under the charge of Rev. John Heckwelder and Br. John Roth.

The historian willingly drops the curtain upon the scenes which they encountered in their new residence.

Until the passage of the celebrated land law of 1792, by the legislature of Pennsylvania, the whole territory northwest of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers, was an uninhabited wilderness, and had been in possession of the Indians: even for three years after that date, and up to the time of Gen. Wayne's treaty at Greenville on 3d Aug. 1795, it was unsafe for families to settle on that side of the river. Previous to this time few transactions of importance are recorded in history as having occurred within the bounds of what is now Beaver co. In Nov. 1753, Maj. George Washington arrived at Logstown, a little French and Indian village about 14 miles below Pittsburg on the right bank of the Ohio, on an errand to inquire into the movements of the French on these rivers. By his pub

lished journal it appears that this region was occupied by the Mingoes, Shawanees and Delaware Indians,—the Mingoes being only another name for the Iroquois or Six Nations. He also casually remarks that Tanacharison, or the Half King, a Mingo chief, had his hunting cabin on Little Beaver creek. Tanacharison was the principal chief and speaker of his tribe, and was friendly to the English, or rather was unfriendly to the French: not that he loved one more than the other, but that he valued his own rights to the soil, and was more jealous of the French with their arms and forts, than of the English with their articles of traffic. Several years afterward, when he became better acquainted with the real designs of both, he put to old Mr. Gest of Fayette co., the significant question, "where the Indians' land lay ?-for the French claimed all the land on one side of the Ohio river, and the English on the other."

In 1770, Washington again visited the country on the Ohio for the purpose of viewing lands to be apportioned among the officers and soldiers. who had served in the French war. He was accompanied by Dr. Craik, Col. Crawford, Col. Croghan, and other friends.

A short paragraph only of his journal relates to Beaver co., which is here extracted.

"Oct. 20, 1770. Col. Croghan, Lieut. Hamilton, and Mr. Magee set out with us. At two we dined at Mr. Magee's, and encamped ten miles below and four above Logstown. 21st. Left our encapment and breakfasted at Logstown, where we parted with Col. Croghan and company. At eleven we came to the mouth of the Big Beaver creek, opposite to which [now Phillipsburg] is a good situation for a house; and above it, on the same side, that is the west, there appears to be a body of fine land. About five miles lower down, on the east side, comes in Racoon creek, at the mouth of which, and up it, appears to be a body of good land also. All the land between this creek and the Monongahela, and for 15 miles back, is claimed by Col. Croghan under a purchase from the Indians, which sale he says is confirmed by his majesty. On this creek, where the branches thereof interlock with the waters of Shurtees cr. (Chartier cr.) there is, according to Col. Croghan's account, a body of fine, rich, level land. This tract he wants to sell, and offers it at £5 sterling per 100 acres, with an exemption of quit-rents for 20 years; after which to be subject to the payment of four shillings and two pence sterling per 100 acres; provided he can sell it in ten-thousand-acre lots. At present the unsettled state of this country renders any purchase dangerous."

Washington mentions calling at the Mingo town, about 75 miles below Pittsburg, on the right bank of the Ohio, a little above the Cross creeks. The place contained about 20 cabins and 70 inhabitants of the Six Nations.

The next event of interest in this county was the erection of fort M'Intosh in the spring of 1778, near the present site of Beaver. It was built of strong stockades, furnished with bastions, and mounted one 6 pounder. From here Gen. M'Intosh went on an expedition against the Sandusky towns with 1000 men, and erected fort Laurens on the Tuscarawa. There was also a blockhouse on the site of New Brighton, probably erected some time during the revolution.

A mile or two above the mouth of Beaver a small run, called Brady's run, comes dashing down a wild glen on the west side: and a road which winds up the hill behind Fallston retains the name of Brady's road. These names originated no doubt from the following adventures related by "Kiskiminetas," in the Blairsville Record:

In 1780 Gen. Washington wrote to Gen. Broadhead to select a suitable officer and despatch him to Sandusky, for the purpose of examining the place and ascertaining the force of British and Indians assembled there. Gen. Broadhead had no hesitation in making the selection. He sent for Capt. Brady, showed him Washington's letter, and a draft or map of the country he must traverse; very defective, as Brady afterwards discovered, but the best no doubt, that could