substantially the same manner as such a standardized contract".

1978-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95-405, § 19(1), substituted "$500,000" for "$100,000" and added provision relating to a fine of not more than $100,000 plus costs of prosecution for a violation by a person who is an individual.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95-405, 19(2), substituted "$500,000" for "$100,000" and added provisions making felonies the violation of sections 6, 6b, 6c(b) to (e), 6h, 60(1) and 23 of this title, knowingly making any false or misleading statement of material fact, or omitting such fact in any application or report, and setting the fine for such felonies at not more than $100,000 for a person who is an individual.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95-405, § 19(3), added references to subsecs. (d) and (e) of this section and substituted "sections 6a, 6c(a), 6d, 6e, 61, 6k, 6m, 60(2), or 12b of this title" for "sections 6 to 6e, 6h, 61, 6k, 6m, 60 or 12b of this title".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95-405, § 19(4), substituted "$100,000" for "$10,000".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95-405, 19(5), substituted "$100,000" for “$10,000".

1974-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93-463, § 212(d)(1), substituted "$100,000" for "$10,000".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93-463, § 212(d)(2), substituted "$100,000" for “$10,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93-463, §§ 212(d)(3), 409, substituted "$100,000" for "$10,000" and inserted reference to sections 6k, 6m, and 60 of this title.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 93-463, § 401, added subsecs. (d) and (e).

1968-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90-258 added subsec. (a). Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90-258 incorporated existing offenses in provisions designated as subsec. (b), changed the classification thereof from misdemeanors to felonies, and increased term of imprisonment from not more than one year to not more than five years.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90-258 incorporated existing offenses in provisions designated as subsec. (c), and included penalty for violation of section 12b of this title. 1936-Act June 15, 1936, amended section generally and provided that price manipulations of commodities in interstate commerce was a violation.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-444 effective Jan. 11, 1983, see section 239 of Pub. L. 97-444, set out as an Effective Date of 1983 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1978 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 95-405 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95-405, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93-463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 90-258 effective 120 days after Feb. 19, 1968, see section 28 of Pub. L. 90-258, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1936 AMENDMENT Amendment effective 90 days after June 15, 1936, see note under section 1 of this title.

CROSS REFERENCES

Misdemeanor defined, see section 1 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in sections 6a, 13b of this title.

§ 13-1. Violations, prohibition against dealings in onion futures; punishment

(a) No contract for the sale of onions for future delivery shall be made on or subject to the rules of any board of trade in the United States. The terms used in this section shall have the same meaning as when used in this chapter.

(b) Any person who shall violate the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof be fined not more than $5,000.

(Pub. L. 85-839, § 1, Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 1013.)

CODIFICATION

Section was not enacted as part of the Commodity Exchange Act which comprises this chapter.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 2 of Pub. L. 85-839 provided that: "This Act [this section] shall take effect thirty days after its enactment [Aug. 28, 1958]."

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 2 of this title.

§ 13a. Nonenforcement of rules of government or other violations; cease and desist orders; fines and penalties; imprisonment; misdemeanor; separate offenses

If any contract market is not enforcing or has not enforced its rules of government made a condition of its designation as set forth in section 7 of this title, or if any contract market, or any director, officer, agent, or employee of any contract market otherwise is violating or has violated any of the provisions of this chapter or any of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder, the Commission may, upon notice and hearing on the record and subject to appeal as in other cases provided for in paragraph (a) of section 8 of this title, make and enter an order directing that such contract market, director, officer, agent, or employee shall cease and desist from such violation, and assess a civil penalty of not more than $100,000 for each such violation. If such contract market, director, officer, agent, or employee, after the entry of such a cease and desist order and the lapse of the period allowed for appeal of such order or after the affirmance of such order, shall fail or refuse to obey or comply with such order, such contract market, director, officer, agent, or employee shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $100,000 or imprisoned for not less than six months nor more than one year, or both. Each day during which such failure or refusal to obey such cease and desist order continues shall be deemed a separate offense. If the offending contract market or other person upon whom such penalty is imposed, after the lapse of the period allowed for appeal or after the affirmance of such penalty, shall fail to pay such penalty, the Commission shall refer the matter to the Attorney General who shall recover such penalty by action in the appropriate United States district court. In de

termining the amount of the money penalty assessed under this section, the Commission shall consider the appropriateness of such penalty to the net worth of the offending person and the gravity of the offense, and in the case of a contract market shall further consider whether the amount of the penalty will materially impair the contract market's ability to carry on its operations and duties.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 6b, as added June 15, 1936, ch. 545, § 9, 49 Stat. 1500, and amended Feb. 19, 1968, Pub. L. 90-258, § 18, 82 Stat. 31; Oct. 23, 1974, Pub. L. 93-463, title II, § 212(b), 88 Stat. 1403; Sept. 30, 1978, Pub. L. 95-405, § 14, 92 Stat. 872.)

AMENDMENTS

1978-Pub. L. 95-405 inserted "on the record" following "notice and hearing".

1974-Pub. L. 93-463 added provision for the assessment of a civil penalty of not more than $100,000 for each violation, substituted "not more than $100,000" for "not less than $500 nor more than $10,000” as the permissible range of fines imposed, added provisions for the enforcement of a penalty, and substituted "orders of the Commission" for "orders of the Secretary of Agriculture or the commission".

1968-Pub. L. 90-258 revised the provisions to clarify application only to boards of trade designated as contract markets, to include as grounds for cease and desist orders failure to enforce the market's rules of government made a condition of its designation and violation of rules or regulations of the commission or orders of the Secretary, and to authorize such orders in conjunction with a suspension or revocation of designation as a contract market rather than in lieu of suspension or revocation.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AmendmeNT Amendment by Pub. L. 95-405 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95-405, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1974 AMENDMENT

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93-463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1968 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 90-258 effective 120 days after Feb. 19, 1968, see section 28 of Pub. L. 90-258, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

See Effective Date of 1936 Amendment note set out under section 1 of this title.

CROSS REFERENCES

Misdemeanor defined, see section 1 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

§ 13a-1. Action to enjoin or restrain violations; compliance; writs and orders; jurisdiction and venue; process

Whenever it shall appear to the Commission that any contract market or other person has engaged, is engaging, or is about to engage in any act or practice constituting a violation of any provision of this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder, or is restraining trading in any commodity for future delivery, the Commission may bring an action in the proper district court of the United States or the

proper United States court of any territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, to enjoin such act or practice, or to enforce compliance with this chapter, or any rule, regulation or order thereunder, and said courts shall have jurisdiction to entertain such actions: Provided, That no restraining order (other than a restraining order which prohibits any person from destroying, altering or disposing of, or refusing to permit authorized representatives of the Commission to inspect, when and as requested, any books and records or other documents or which prohibits any person from withdrawing, transferring, removing, dissipating, or disposing of any funds, assets, or other property) or injunction for violation of the provisions of this chapter shall be issued ex parte by said court. Upon a proper showing a permanent or temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond. Upon application of the Commission, the district courts of the United States and the United States courts of any territory or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States shall also have jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, or orders affording like relief, commanding any person to comply with the provisions of this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission thereunder, including the requirement that such person take such action as is necessary to remove the danger of violation of this chapter or any such rule, regulation, or order: Provided, That no such writ of mandamus, or order affording like relief, shall be issued ex parte. Any action under this section may be brought in the district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business or in the district where the act or practice occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur, and process in such cases may be served in any district in which the defendant is an inhabitant or wherever the defendant may be found. In lieu of bringing actions itself pursuant to this section, the Commission may request the Attorney General to bring the action. Where the Commission elects to bring the action, it shall inform the Attorney General of such suit and advise him of subsequent developments.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 6c, as added Oct. 23, 1974, Pub. L. 93-463, title II, § 211, 88 Stat. 1402, and amended Jan. 11, 1983, Pub. L. 97-444, title II, § 220, 96 Stat. 2308.)

AMENDMENTS

1983-Pub. L. 97-444 inserted "(other than a restraining order which prohibits any person from destroying, altering or disposing of, or refusing to permit authorized representatives of the Commission to inspect, when and as requested, any books and records or other documents or which prohibits any person from withdrawing, transferring, removing, dissipating, or disposing of any funds, assets, or other property)" after "Provided, That no restraining order".

EFFECTIVE DATE of 1983 AMENDMENT

Amendment by Pub. L. 97-444 effective Jan. 11, 1983, see section 239 of Pub. L. 97-444, set out as an Effective Date of 1983 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

For effective date of section, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as an Effective Date of 1974 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

Injunctions, see rule 65, Title 28, Appendix, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Writ of mandamus abolished in United States district courts, but relief available by appropriate action or motion, see rule 81.

§ 13a-2. Jurisdiction of States

(1) Whenever it shall appear to the attorney general of any State, the administrator of the securities laws of any State, or such other official as a State may designate, that the interests of the residents of that State have been, are being, or may be threatened or adversely affected because any person (other than a contract market, clearinghouse, or floor broker) has engaged in, is engaging or is about to engage in, any act or practice constituting a violation of any provision of this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission thereunder, the State may bring a suit in equity or an action at law on behalf of its residents to enjoin such act or practice, to enforce compliance with this chapter, or any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission thereunder, to obtain damages on behalf of their residents, or to obtain such further and other relief as the court may deem appropriate.

(2) The district courts of the United States, the United States courts of any territory, and the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia, shall have jurisdiction of all suits in equity and actions at law brought under this section to enforce any liability or duty created by this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission thereunder, or to obtain damages or other relief with respect thereto. Upon proper application, such courts shall also have jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, or orders affording like relief, commanding the defendant to comply with the provisions of this chapter or any rule, regulation, or order of the Commission thereunder, including the requirement that the defendant take such action as is necessary to remove the danger of violation of this chapter or of any such rule, regulation, or order. Upon a proper showing, a permanent or temporary injunction or restraining order shall be granted without bond.

(3) Immediately upon instituting any such suit or action, the State shall serve written notice thereof upon the Commission and provide the Commission with a copy of its complaint, and the Commission shall have the right to (A) intervene in the suit or action and, upon doing so, shall be heard on all matters arising therein, and (B) file petitions for appeal.

(4) Any suit or action brought under this section in a district court of the United States may be brought in the district wherein the defendant is found or is an inhabitant or transacts business or wherein the act or practice occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur, and process in such cases may be served in any district in which the defendant is an inhabitant or wherever the defendant may be found.

(5) For purposes of bringing any suit or action under this section, nothing in this chapter shall prevent the attorney general, the administrator of the State securities laws, or other duly authorized State officials from exercising the powers conferred on them by the laws of such State to conduct investigations or to administer oaths or affirmations or to compel the attendance of witnesses or the production of documentary and other evidence.

(6) For purposes of this section, “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any territory or possession of the United States.

(7) Nothing contained in this section shall prohibit an authorized State official from proceeding in State court on the basis of an alleged violation of any general civil or criminal antifraud statute of such State.

(8)(A) Nothing in this chapter shall prohibit an authorized State official from proceeding in a State court against any person registered under this chapter (other than a floor broker or registered futures association) for an alleged violation of any antifraud provision of this chapter or any antifraud rule, regulation, or order issued pursuant to the chapter.

(B) The State shall give the Commission prior written notice of its intent to proceed before instituting a proceeding in State court as described in this subsection and shall furnish the Commission with a copy of its complaint immediately upon instituting any such proceeding. The Commission shall have the right to (i) intervene in the proceeding and, upon doing so, shall be heard on all matters arising therein, and (ii) file a petition for appeal. The Commission or the defendant may remove such proceeding to the district court of the United States for the proper district by following the procedure for removal otherwise provided by law, except that the petition for removal shall be filed within sixty days after service of the summons and complaint upon the defendant. The Commission shall have the right to appear as amicus curiae in any such proceeding.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 6d, as added Sept. 30, 1978, Pub. L. 95-405, § 15, 92 Stat. 872, and amended Jan. 11, 1983, Pub. L. 97-444, title II, § 221, 96 Stat. 2308.)

AMENDMENTS

1983-Par. (8). Pub. L. 97-444 added par. (8).

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-444 effective Jan. 11, 1983, see section 239 of Pub. L. 97-444, set out as an Effective Date of 1983 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95-405, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE Injunctions, see rule 65, Title 28, Appendix, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

One form of action, see rule 2.

Rules as governing the procedure in all suits of a civil nature whether cognizable as cases at common law or in equity, see rule 1.

Writ of mandamus abolished in United States district courts, but relief available by appropriate action or motion, see rule 81.

§ 13b. Manipulations or other violations; cease and desist orders against persons other than contract markets; punishment; misdemeanor or felony; separate offenses

If any person (other than a contract market) is manipulating or attempting to manipulate or has manipulated or attempted to manipulate the market price of any commodity, in interstate commerce, or for future delivery on or subject to the rules of any contract markets, or otherwise is violating or has violated any of the provisions of this chapter or of the rules, regulations, or orders of the Commission thereunder, the Commission may, upon notice and hearing, and subject to appeal as in other cases provided for in section 9 of this title, make and enter an order directing that such person shall cease and desist therefrom and, if such person thereafter and after the lapse of the period allowed for appeal of such order or after the affirmance of such order, shall fail or refuse to obey or comply with such order, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than $100,000, or imprisoned for not less than six months nor more than one year, or both, except that if such failure or refusal to obey or comply with such order involves any offense within paragraph (a) or (b) of section 13 of this title, such person shall be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be subject to the penalties of said paragraph (a) or (b): Provided, That any such cease and desist order against any respondent in any case of manipulation of, or attempt to manipulate, the price of any commodity shall be issued only in conjunction with an order issued against such respondent under section 9 of this title. Each day during which such failure or refusal to obey or comply with such order continues shall be deemed a separate offense.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 6(c), as added Feb. 19, 1968, Pub. L. 90-258, § 17, 82 Stat. 31, and amended Oct. 23, 1974, Pub. L. 93-463, title I, § 103(a), (b), title II, § 212(c), 88 Stat. 1392, 1404.)

CODIFICATION

Section is composed of par. (c) of section 6 of act Sept. 21, 1922. The first par. and par. (a) of section 6 are classified to section 8 of this title. Par. (b) of section 6 is classified to sections 9 and 15 of this title. Par. (d) of section 6 is classified to section 9a of this title.

AMENDMENTS

1974-Pub. L. 93-463 substituted "not more than $100,000" for "not less than $500 nor more than $10,000" and substituted "Commission" for "Secretary of Agriculture or the Commission” and “Secretary”.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93-463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective 120 days after Feb. 19, 1968, see section 28 of Pub. L. 90-258, set out as an Effective Date of 1968 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

§ 13c. Responsibility as principal; minor violations

(a) Any person who commits, or who willfully aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces, or procures the commission of, a violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, or any of the rules; regulations, or orders issued pursuant to this chapter, or who acts in combination or concert with any other person in any such violation, or who willfully causes an act to be done or omitted which if directly performed or omitted by him or another would be a violation of the provisions of this chapter or any of such rules, regulations, or orders may be held responsible for such violation as a principal.

(b) Any person who, directly or indirectly, controls any person who has violated any provision of this chapter or any of the rules, regulations, or orders issued pursuant to this chapter may be held liable for such violation in any action brought by the Commission to the same extent as such controlled person. In such action, the Commission has the burden of proving that the controlling person did not act in good faith or knowingly induced, directly or indirectly, the act or acts constituting the violation.

(c) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed as requiring the Commission to report minor violations of this chapter for prosecution, whenever it appears that the public interest does not require such action.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 13, as added Feb. 19, 1968, Pub. L. 90-258, § 26, 82 Stat. 34, and amended Oct. 23, 1974, Pub. L. 93-463, title I, § 103(b), 88 Stat. 1392; Jan. 11, 1983, Pub. L. 97-444, title II, § 230, 96 Stat. 2319.)

AMENDMENTS

1983-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97-444, § 230(1), deleted "in administrative proceedings under this chapter" following "may be held responsible".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97-444, § 230(3), added subsec. (b). Former subsec. (b) redesignated (c).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97-444, § 230(2), redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).

1974-Par. (b). Pub. L. 93-463 substituted “Commission" for "Secretary of Agriculture or the commission".

EFFECTIVE Date of 1983 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 97-444 effective Jan. 11, 1983, see section 239 of Pub. L. 97-444, set out as an Effective Date of 1983 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 93-463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section effective 120 days after Feb. 19, 1968, see section 28 of Pub. L. 90-258, set out as an Effective Date of 1968 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

§ 14. Omitted

CODIFICATION

Section, act Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 11, 42 Stat. 1003, provided that violations of this chapter occurring before Nov. 1, 1922, should not be punishable. § 15. Enforcement powers of Commission

For the purpose of securing effective enforcement of the provisions of this chapter and for the purpose of any investigation or proceeding under this chapter, any member of the Commission or any Administrative Law Judge or other officer designated by the Commission may administer oaths and affirmations, subpena witnesses, compel their attendance, take evidence, and require the production of any books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, or other records that the Commission deems relevant or material to the inquiry. The attendance of witnesses and the production of any such records may be required from any place in the United States or any State at any designated place of hearing. In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpena issued to, any person, the Commission may invoke the aid of any court of the United States within the jurisdiction in which the investigation or proceeding is conducted, or where such person resides or transacts business, in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, and other records. Such court may issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Commission or member or Administrative Law Judge or other officer designated by the Commission, there to produce records, if so ordered, or to give testimony touching the matter under investigation or in question. Any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by the court as a contempt thereof. All process in any such case may be served in the judicial district wherein such person is an inhabitant or transacts business or wherever such person may be found.

(Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, § 6(b), 42 Stat. 1001; June 15, 1936, ch. 545, § 8(e)-(g), 49 Stat. 1499; June 16, 1955, ch. 151, 69 Stat. 160; Oct. 15, 1970, Pub. L. 91-452, title II, § 202, 84 Stat. 928; Oct. 23, 1974, Pub. L. 93-463, title I, § 103(d), title IV, § 408(b), 88 Stat. 1392, 1414; Sept. 30, 1978, Pub. L. 95–405, § 13(3), 92 Stat. 871.)

CODIFICATION

Section 9 of this title was derived from par. (b) of section 6 of the Grain Futures Act as originally enacted, act Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369. This par. (b) prior to its incorporation into the Code contained a provision as to finality of judgments and review by the Supreme Court and is covered by section 1254 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. A further provision of par. (b) is contained in this section. The first par. and par. (a) of section 6 are classified to section 8 of this title. Pars. (c) and (d) of section 6 are classified to sections 13b and 9a of this title, respectively.

AMENDMENTS

1978-Pub. L. 95-405 substituted provisions giving the Commission or any Administrative Law Judge or other officer designated by the Commission independent authority to administer oaths and affirmations, to subpena witnesses, and related actions for the purpose

of conducting investigations and proceedings with regard to this chapter for provisions basing the authority of the Commission or any Administrative Law Judge with regard to investigations and proceedings under this chapter on the Interstate Commerce Act and added provisions authorizing the Commission to invoke the aid of the courts in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of books and other records.

1974-Pub. L. 93-463 struck out "the Secretary of Agriculture (or any person designated by him)," following "jurisdiction, and authority of" and substituted “Administrative Law Judge” for “referee".

1970-Pub. L. 91-452 struck out references to sections 46-48 of Title 49, and provisions relating to the immunity of witnesses.

1955-Act June 16, 1955, extended subpoena power to investigations.

1936-Act June 15, 1936, § 8(e), (f), substituted "sections 12 and 46-48 of Title 49" for "section 12 of Title 49".

Act June 15, 1936, § 8(g), substituted "and" for "or" following "commission".

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 95-405 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95-405, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT

For effective date of amendment of Pub. L. 93-463, see section 418 of Pub. L. 93-463, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

EFFECTIVE Date of 1970 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 effective on the sixtieth day following the date of enactment of Pub. L. 91-452, which was approved Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as an Effective Date; Savings Provision note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1936 AMENDMENT Amendment effective 90 days after June 15, 1936, see note set out under section 1 of this title.

SAVINGS PROVISION

Amendment by Pub. L. 91-452 not to affect any immunity to which any individual is entitled under this section by reason of any testimony given before the sixtieth day following Oct. 15, 1970, see section 260 of Pub. L. 91-452, set out as a note under section 6001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

CROSS REFERENCES

Immunity of witnesses, see section 6001 et seq. of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS This section is referred to in section 12 of this title.

§ 15a. Repealed. Pub. L. 95-405, § 24, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 877

Section, Pub. L. 93-463, title II, § 217, Oct. 23, 1974, 88 Stat. 1405, related to leverage contracts for gold and silver. See section 23(b) of this title.

EFFECTIVE DATE OF REPEAL

Repeal of section effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 28 of Pub. L. 95-405, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.