N equals 63, PHI equals .27, XSQ equals 4.71, percent equals 65, P equals .03. N equals 66, PHI equals .52, XSQ equals 18.05, percent equals 77, P equals .0000. TABLE 10.-TWO STAGE DEVELOPMENTAL SOMOTOSENSORY DEPRIVATION (INFANCY AND PREMARITAL SEXUALITY) VERSUS MURDERING, KILLING, TORTURING OF ENEMY N equals 25, PHI equals .92, XSQ equals 20.91, Percent equals 96, P equals .000008. Physical punishment should be allowed in the schools.. Sexual pleasures help build a weak moral character. Society should interfere with private sexual behavior between adults. Alcohol is more satisfying than sex.. I enjoy sadistic pornography.. Responsible extramural sex is not agreeable to me.. Natural fresh body odors are often offensive.. Drugs are more satisfying than sex.. get hostile and aggressive when I drink alcohol. 1 often feel like hitting someone.. I often dream of either floating, flying, falling, or climbing. I would rather drink alcohol than smoke marijuana... I do not enjoy affectional pornography... My mother is often indifferent toward me.. I drink alcohol more often than I experience orgasm.. I can tolerate pain very well. I often get "uptight" about being touched. I remember when my father physically punished me a lot. [From The Humanist, November/December 1972] 0.85 .84 .82 .81 .80 .80 .78 וו. .76 .75 .74 .73 .72 .70 .69 .69 .61 .65 .60 .54 .51 .49 47 .45 45 43 42 40 BEFORE ETHICS AND MORALITY (By James W. Prescott) What is ethical and moral behavior? What is moral education? Without a definition of the former, a curriculum for the latter cannot be developed. The diversity of ethical and moral behavior reflects the diversity of human societies. What is ethical and moral behavior for one may be unethical and immoral for another. On the bases of cross-cultural studies of human behavior, can we establish some uniform and invariant principles of moral behavior that would apply to all human societies? Probably not! Even the taking of human life has its cultural and moral acceptance in societies known for their religious rites of human sacrifice and infanticide. As ethical humanists, we can, however, define our principles of ethical and moral behavior and then proceed to develop a curriculum to achieve the fulfillment of those principles. In this context one fundamental principle of moral behavior, from the ethical-humanist perspective, can be identified: the rejection of creeds, policies, and specific behaviors that inflict pain, suffering, and deprivation upon our fellowman. The converse of this principle is not just the absence of pain, suffering, and deprivation but rather the enhancement of pleasure, the promotion of affectional human relationships, the pursuit of excellence in individual development, and, in general, the enrichment of human life. The issues of human violence and human pleasure are pivotal to any theory scientific or religious-of moral behavior. Violence and pleasure are reciprocally related, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other, and certain critical early sensory experiences during the formative periods of development provide the neurobiological substrate and properties for either violence-seeking or pleasure-seeking behaviors. These beginnings are traced to "maternal-social" deprivation and to parental-child indifference and abuse that result in specific forms of sensory deprivation. EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION IN HUMANS The effects of "maternal-social" deprivation, institutionalization, hospitalization, and of parental abuse, neglect, and indifference, upon infant and child development have been well described by many investigators. When an infant is separated and isolated from loving, attentive parents, there is an initial stage of protest, agitation, and distressful crying followed by depression and 57-676 - 76 - 28 withdrawn, autistic-like behavior. Profound motor and mental retardation can develop, and movement stereotypes such as rocking are often present. The studies of Rene Spitz on the effects of "hospitalism" on infants raised in a founding home have documented that such infants can die when emotional deprivation is severe. This has been called "marasmus" and occurs even when the physical, nutritional, and medical care of the infant is satisfactory. John Bowlby created much controversy with his retrospective study of the home lives of 44 juvenile thieves when he concluded that early separation of the infant from its mother leads to a character disorder marked by a "lack of affection or feelings for anyone." These words are commonly used today to characterize psychopaths, one type of social offender. Similarly, the Gluecks and Robert Hare have reported a high incidence of fatherless families in their studies of delinquency, thus supporting the point of view that the absence of mother or father results in some degree of human deprivation, which has been linked to the development of abnormal social and emotional behaviors. Linkages between parental deprivation and asocial behavior have been further strengthened by the studies of K. M. Koller and J. N. Castanos, who report that long-term prisoners (recidivists) have two and one-half times the normal incidence and three and one-half times the normal degree of parental loss. Brandt F. Steele and Carl Pollock have studied parents who abuse and batter their children and have documented a history of maternal deprivation, a lack of "mothering" and affection-touching, cuddling, holding-in the heritage of such parents even when the physical and mechanical care of the child was satisfactory. This history of human deprivation was traced back to three generations of child-abusers and was found to be the only common characteristic of such parents, regardless of social and economic status. The deprivation of human pleasure and sensuality during infancy left other marks on these parents, who were also reported to have poor sexual lives and, in general, had difficulty in experiencing pleasure in day-to-day living. The violent sex offender has also been linked with a history of parental abuse and deprivation of affection. The capacity to express pleasure and to express violence are intimately linked and the nature of their reciprocal relationship, that is, the inhibition of the one by the other, is directly a consequence of somatosensory deprivation. Another example of somatosensory deprivation occurs when infants and children are physically immobilized in hospitals with plaster casts, splints, and other kinds of restraining devices commonly used in pediatric orthopedic wards. Such restraint has been reported to result in the development of symptoms of depression mixed with violent, explosive outbursts, hyperactivity, and impaired pain perception. In these studies, Marteen Sabinga and C. Jack Friedman have also reported reading and language disturbances in such physically restrained children. The damaging effects of early somatosensory depirvation have been compounded by the practice of some therapists who place sandbags on the arms and legs of hyperactive children or otherwise isolate and reduce somatosensory stmiulation. Institutionalization practices which imprison men, women, and children in "isolation cells" only aggravate conditions underlying their disorders. EFFECTS OF DEPRIVATION IN ANIMALS The experimental rearing of animals under varying conditions of parental. social, and sensory deprivation has documented effects similar to those of human deprivation. In brief, animals reared under conditions of parental and social deprivation develop abnormal social and emotional behaviors. First, there is the initial stage of protest and agitation that is followed by depressive, withdrawn, and autistic-like behaviors, and movement stereotypes of rocking and self-stimulation .As animals become older, they develop hyperactivity, hyperreactivity to sensory stimulation (particularly to touch), aberrant social and sexual behavior (monkeys fail to groom, are heterosexually incompetent, and engage in excessive, compulsive masturbation), impaired perception of intense or noxious stimulation, such as pain, and extremely violent-aggressive and assaultive behaviors. The effects of parental and social deprivation or isolation-rearing are not isolated phenomena, but have been documented in different mammalian species |