ignores entirely the efforts made by England, as witnessed in her official communications with the German Government, to secure from the latter a guarantee of Belgium's neutrality, a guarantee which France willingly and instantaneously made. It ignores also the statements of the British Military Attaché, quoted by the Belgian Major-General Ducharme to the Belgian Minister of War, and contained in the second document which Dr. Dernburg makes public, that "the entry of the English into Belgium would only take place after a violation of our neutrality by Germany." Dr. Dernburg bases his assertion solely, s far as we can see, upon the statement of the Chief of the Belgian General Staff, contained in the second document, that "England was ready to land troops even if Belgium had not asked for assistance." This statement was made after the Agadir crisis of 1911. Dr. Dernburg conveniently ignores the fact that, as further shown in this same document, such a disembarkment of English troops on Belgian soil was definitely decided upon by the English military authorities because of their disbelief in the ability of Belgium to protect herself, as she was by law and honor bound to do, against a German invasion. With this the Belgian military authorities did not agree. The events of the past few months have furnished conclusive proof of the correctness of the judgment of the English military authorities. In charging Belgium with destroying her own status of neutrality by making or considering plans of action with the English and French Governments Dr. Dernburg seems to us to be very wide of the point. If the Belgian authorities had not taken this step in an attempt to prepare themselves for the eventuality of a war between France and Germany, they would have been grossly negligent of their duties not only to the Belgian people, but also to those nations to whom they were bound by treaty to protect their own country's neutrality. That they saw fit to discuss these problems with the English and French military authorities is proof only of the quarter from which they foresaw the most immediate danger of treaty violation. How, with the strategic railways, frequent stations, and the long landing platforms for troops confronting them across their German frontier, could they have done anything else without gross negligence to their people? There is no evidence in Dr. Dernburg's two 979 documents that England or France, had Germany re-agreed to respect Belgium's integrity, would have been the first to cross the frontier of that neutral state; nor is his contention sustained that Belgium, because of her conversations with English and French military authorities, had lost all claim to consideration from her German neighbor. THE FIRST BULGARIAN Agriculture is the main source of wealth in Bulgaria. But agricultural conditions there are in a more primitive condition than in this country. This is only natural when one considers the long years of oppression under Turkish rule, the insufficiency of communications, and the want of capital. The first of these hindrances has been removed, the second is being removed, and the third should be removed. But Bulgaria is not rich enough herself to furnish the necessary capital for a proper agricultural development, even in a country where peasant proprietorship is practically universal. Bulgaria has contracted various loans in Europe, but there has always been some political "string" attached. This leads Bulgaria to turn towards America; indeed, the Queen's proposed trip to this country last year may not have been wholly disconnected with the idea of raising a loan here. The same idea is doubtless not disconnected with the arrival of Stefan Panaretoff, the first Bulgarian Minister to this country, whose portrait appears on another page. Mr. Panaretoff has spent most of his life as a teacher. He has been connected with Robert College, Constantinople, for fortythree years. Every one knows that the modern Kingdom of Bulgaria owes its conception to the inspiration which Bulgarian students. have received at Robert College; and Mr. Panaretoff's teachings, it is said, have had much to do with the molding of Bulgarian destinies. His first venture outside of the lecture-room was to enter his country's diplomatic service. He comes to this country particularly to represent his country's interests in agriculture. He has already begun making arrangements for the admission to our agricultural colleges of a number of young Bulgarians whose expenses are being paid by the communal governments in which they reside. One of these young men has already entered the University of Nebraska; others will go to Cornell, Amherst, and to various other institutions. The Minister also hopes to induce the Department of Agriculture at Washington to send a couple of its experts to Bulgaria to study the country and to report upon its possibilities, so that Americans may become better acquainted with it. In this direction a project now under consideration should be of help the organization of a line of steamers affording direct communication between America and the Bulgarian ports on the Ægean Sea, namely, Dedeagatch and Porto Lagos. WHAT THE WAR COSTS: The new French war loan is stated to be one of 1,400,000,000 francs ($280,000,000), of which half has already been subscribed, with every indication that the other half will speedily be taken. In addition, on Tuesday of last week the Chamber of Deputies voted $60,000,000 for the relief of the departments invaded by the enemy, this amount "to be considered as an advance on the indemnities to be exacted later"! It is also reported that the French Government has already borrowed from the Banque de France two billion francs ($800,000,000). In Austria two loans have been raised. The first amounts to a hundred million dollars, issued in Treasury bonds. The second is an unlimited loan; so far half a billion dollars of it has been subscribed. Of the first authorized German war loan of five billion marks ($1,250,000,000), about $1,125,000,000, it is stated, has already been paid in. The German Parliament has just sanctioned another loan for an equal amount. In addition, the Government is said to have borrowed $750,000,000 from the Reichsbank. Then there is the famous Spandau war chest, representing the French indemnity of 1871, of a billion dollars to draw from. Thus, as a total of actual war funds, Germany may have something like $2,825,000,000 to reckon with. As regards the daily expenditures of Continental countries in the war, the Swiss Bankverein estimates that Germany and Russia spend about fifteen million dollars a day each and that France and Austria spend about ten million dollars each. In addition to this, the war cost of Belgium, Servia, Montenegro, and Turkey should be taken into account, as well as the mobilization cost of the neutral countries of Italy, Rumania, Holland, Switzerland, and Scandinavia. WHAT THE WAR COSTS: According to the Swiss Bankverein, the lowest cost per day to any of the principal belligerents is to England, the figure being placed at about five million dollars. This is the more remarkable as compared with England's success in raising an unprecedentedly large war loan. Last August the Government borrowed £100,000,000 ($500,000,000), but the new war loan is for no less than £350,000,000 ($1,750,000,000), making a total of $2,250,000,000, and it has already been oversubscribed ! This achievement is the more striking when we remember that the moratorium has only recently expired; that the Stock Exchange is still closed; that the income tax is to be doubled next year, and even for the current year is to be doubled to the extent of a third part of incomes; finally, that the beer and tea duties are to be very greatly increased indeed, according to Mr. Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer, next year should see four times as much yield from taxation as at present. No other Chancellor ever introduced such a Budget. Though Mr. Lloyd George justified his drastic action by the precedents of Pitt in the Napoleonic and Gladstone in the Crimean campaigns, it will fall severely on those whose absolutely necessary family expenses leave no margin for savings. We In setting forth British resources, the Chancellor is reported to have said that Americans owed $5,000,000,000 to the British, a figure doubtless intended to cover British investments in American securities. There should have been no implication, however, that it was a demand obligation. are not obligated to buy back our stocks, and our bonds have various long terms of years in which to run. The settlement of the financial obligations from America to England at the beginning of the war has now called forth the comment by some London bankers that they would rather have our names on their bills of exchange than our funds! GOVERNOR O'NEAL Governor Emmet O'Neal, of Alabama, is completing an administration that is worthy to be remembered in the history of our times 1914 THE WEEK because of its significance in the development of the New South. Carpetbag government, imposed on Southern States by a dominant faction in the North, for years made it possible for Southern politicians to use the Negro as a continuous political issue. The dread of a return to that experience of misgovernment was so widespread that it was easy for the demagogic agitator to subordinate other issues to that of defending the white man's government. For instance, Senator Vardaman, of Mississippi, made all of his campaigns for the Governorship of Mississippi and for the Senatorship upon the issue of repealing the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. Governor Blease, of South Carolina, has been active in promoting racial antagonism, as is well known to the country generally. The recent defeat of Governor Blease as a candidate for the Senatorship is a sign that racial antagonism is ceasing to be of value as a political resource. 66 Shortly after Governor O'Neal was inaugurated a delegation of whites called upon him bespeaking the pardon of a white man who had been convicted of murdering a Negro, stating, among other things, that it was only a Negro" who had been killed. It was reported in the public press at the time that Governor O'Neal immediately replied to this suggestion that "the open season for killing Negroes closed when I became Governor of Alabama." Now, as he is about to relinquish the reins of power, he has again been subjected to a test calling for courage of the highest possible order. A Negro, Ervin Pope, has five times been convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged. Four times his case has been reversed and remanded by the State Supreme Court. The most intense feeling was engendered to prevent the Governor from reviewing and reprieving the convicted Negro. Governor O'Neal, however, discharged his duty absolutely independently of clamor. In com defendant, but whether, under all the facts and circumstances of the case, I should exercise my constitutional power to commute the sentence from death to life imprisonment. The defendant is a Negro, and the record shows that he was in good circumstances financially, at the time of the alleged commission of this crime, for a member of his race. It was shown that he owned a farm, and his merchant was ready to advance him all the supplies that he might require in the cultivation of his land. There is absolutely nothing in the record for the fifty years or more of his life showing that he had been convicted of crime or bore a bad reputation. "The fact that there was no motive by reason of poverty or need for him to commit the crime is a strong circumstance in his favor. After the first few trials his property was exhausted in the payment of his debts and attorney's fees, and during the last trials of his case he was defended by counsel appointed by the Court. The defendant has but few friends and no influence, and arrayed against him is a very strong and powerful public sentiment as established by the numerous petitions and letters on file in this office opposing executive clemency. He is, however, a citizen of Alabama, and, however humble or odious or obscure, is entitled to the protection of the law." These are courageous words. The record of Governor O'Neal confirms the belief which The Outlook shares with the most enlightened white leaders in the South and with such a leader of the Negro people as Dr. Booker T. Washington, that the "Negro problem" must be solved in the South, and that the broad-minded, patriotic Southern white man is the best friend the Southern Negro can have. THE INDIAN IN After Mr. Edward S. Curtis had spent The North American muting the sentence of Pope to life impris- twenty-five years gathering material for his monumental work onment he stated: Indian," for which the late J. P. Morgan provided the million dollars for field research and Theodore Roosevelt wrote the Introduction, he went back to southeastern Alaska and lived another three years among the Indians of that country. This time he sought a more lively record of their vanishing customs and habits than could be bound within a book. He made motion pictures of the "It is claimed that I should not interfere because the defendant has been convicted by five different juries in Calhoun County and sentenced to death. It should also be remembered, however, that four times this case has been reversed for errors prejudicial to the defendant, and the sole question for me to consider is not whether the weight of public opinion demands the execution of the intimate daily life of the savage tribes, so soon to be engulfed in the northward rising tide of the white man's civilization. The result was the moving-picture play "The Land of the Head Hunters," which has appeared in New York and is to tour the country. A striking photograph of one of the Indian figures appears in our picture section. So far as the record deals with Indian physique, with actual Indian materials of daily life, with their superstitions and ceremonials, this is a "movie" to demand the attention of ethnologists, archæologists, and historians. How a real Indian war canoe rides the water, the anatomical peculiarities of the Alaskan in motion, weird melodies of song and dance-they are all here. In only one respect does it go off romancing, in the scenes of head-hunting, a practice given up since 1868. But even here some of the actors may well have been ex-hunters of human heads. As a show this movie play is much like the old-time circus to which our grandparents used to take us "to study the animals.". On the day the play opened the house was filled with children whose elders had brought them as they would to the Aquarium or the Zoo. The pictures are far too gruesomely accurate in some of the head-hunting details to please a "grown-up's" civilized nerves, but the youngsters didn't mind. While their parents shrank from the frank brutality of some of the scenes, the children fixed their attention on pictures of fire-rubbing sticks or harpooning whales. The herd of sea lions diving off the rocks delighted them. The totem-poles, carved to look like men, were nearly as fascinating as the dancers dressed as birds and bears. They paid scant attention to the story of the play, and less to the Indian music accompanying it, but watched the warriors paddling briskly in their long, painted canoes and speculated on the question as to whether or not the boats were made of a solid tree dug out in fantastic shape. A PRESIDENTIAL FAMILY Unprecedented, so far as we know, is the choice of two sons of a university president to be themselves college presidents. This is the more extraordinary as both elections were announced almost simultaneously. Dr. Henry Mitchell MacCracken was for nearly twenty years Chancellor of New York Uni versity, and is now Chancellor Emeritus. Under his administration the University made great material gains and acquired its present commanding site in the northern part of New York City. His son, John Henry MacCracken, who is now thirty-nine years old. and who has been on the Faculty of New York University for about fifteen years, with the interruption of four years when he was President of Westminster College, of Missouri. has been called to the presidency of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania. Another son, Henry Noble MacCracken, who is now thirty-four years old, and has been Assistant Professor of English at the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, and for the last year Professor of English at Smith College, has been called to the presidency of Vassar College, at Poughkeepsie, New York. There seems to us to be a special opportunity presented to Professor Henry Noble MacCracken as he goes to what is generally recognized to be the oldest of American colleges for women. There are other colleges whose origin as educational institutions antedates Vassar's, but none, we believe, that began in the collegiate rank. And Vassar is barely fifty years old. Its charter was adopted in 1861, but its buildings were not open to students until the fall of 1865. It was natural that at that time the woman's college should be molded on the same lines as the man's. The first thing that it was necessary to do in founding a woman's college was to establish the right of women to have as good an education as men, and it was perhaps inevitable that that could be established only by providing that women should have the same education as men. That truth needs no longer to be demonstrated. It is accepted. What is now needed is to develop the woman's college in such a way as to provide for women the education that is best for women. Certainly, in these days when the traditional courses of education for men are in question in men's colleges, they can no longer be regarded as the standard to be accepted without question for the education of women. Professor MacCracken has a particularly hard task in following a man who has won the loyalty and affection of Vassar students to an extraordinary degree; but there is a stimulus in facing a hard task, particularly when it calls for the exercise of statesmanship and leadership in a new and extraordinarily important problem of education. The Outlook wishes for him A poet has died whose voice will be missed. Madison Cawein occupied a very creditable place in the field of American letters. Never a singer of great themes nor a builder of great harmonies, his musical notes and his delicate fancy were such as to entitle him to the affectionate respect of all those who delight in the beauty and the mystery of every-day things. It has been said of Mr. Cawein that one might explore the Kentucky woods and fields, which he loved, with a book of his poetry as a handbook and find the least regarded flower minutely and exquisitely celebrated. Not only did he have the natural-· ist's eagerness for truth, but he was one of the few American poets who have been able to translate the fairies of old England and the wood spirits of older Greece to the shelter of American trees and the freedom of American glades. To say that Mr. Cawein knew but a single song, and that there came a time when his fairy creations lacked something of their earlier buoyancy and delight, is by no means to dismiss his contributions to American letters without a feeling of gratitude that they were made. What the reader can find in his verse may be discovered perhaps from his description of the wild sweet pea. It is a little flower, but one which, under his delicate touch, is made to yield no little honey for the imagination : "Here's the tavern of the bees: Here the jeweled wasp, that goes Like some lady of the gloom, When the darkness cometh on, 983 The picture of the fireflies looking for the departed guests seems strangely suggestive of the scenes which should occur next summer in the woodlands which Mr. Cawein loved. HEBER NEWTON From 1870 to 1900 few men in the pulpit in the city of New York were more widely reported or more often discussed than Dr. Richard Heber Newton. He was then rector of All Souls' Church. He was the son of an Episcopal clergyman of Philadelphia who had a genius for preaching to children. He was a brother of the late William Wilberforce Newton, rector at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. At the close of his formal education Dr. Heber Newton served as his father's assistant, and ultimately, after a brief rectorship in Sharon Springs, New York, took charge of St. Paul's Church, Philadelphia, where his remarkable intellectual qualities and his effectiveness as a preacher soon brought him into public notice. In 1869 he came to New York City as the rector of the Anthon Memorial Church, which subsequently was rechristened All Souls' Church. When he took charge of the parish, the church attendance was small and becoming smaller; but Dr. Newton's vigorous and outspoken sermons speedily filled the church. He was a progressive, but not a destructive critic. At the time, however, his views caused alarm among the conservatives in his own church, while his pungent and rather aggressive form of statement made him seem much more radical than he Bishop Potter, who was a wise and broad-minded leader, held the charges of heresy which were brought against Dr. Newton in abeyance and ultimately dismissed them, at the same time giving Dr. Newton brotherly counsel in regard to the form of his pulpit utterances. In 1902 ill health and the attraction of a college congregation induced Dr. Newton to accept the position of preacher at Leland Stanford University. He was seventy-four years old at the time of his death at Scarborough, New York. was. Dr. Newton was pre-eminently an intellectual preacher. His appeal was to thought |