ment gave a similar guarantee for the safety of German residents in Japan! If that were guaranteed, the German Government would "not only release the Japanese, but even afford them all facilities for departure." On October 27, through the still more strenuous efforts of Ambassador Gerard, seventy-one Japanese were delivered to him and sent under Embassy escort to Zurich, Switzerland; but thirty-eight Japanese remained in German jails, some of them the children of Japanese residents in Germany.

The Germans, one and all, bitterly resented Japan's coming into the war game. They could not accept the same logic and plea of loyalty to an ally by which they explained Germany's stand by her ally, Austria. They recounted unceasingly all that Japan owed to Germany in military and medical training, modern science, and art and philosophy. Japan even owes the life of Japan's Emperor to Germany, they said, since as a delicate child he was cared for by a German physician. They proved so convincingly that everything was due to contact with German culture that for once Commodore Perry had a rest, and no American made himself heard with that perennial, age-worn claim of the American after-dinner speaker in Japan: "We did it all"-i. e., started Japan in the path of modern science and progress. Are "We" and "Commodore Perry " always to be crammed down the Japanese throat at the Japanese banquet board by the touring American?

The German officials left, protesting the ingratitude of the world and Japan. "Why, this war was not to come off until next spring," whimpered one German official's incautious wife; and then we were all to have been safely home in Germany before it began." A most illuminating break, which the British circulated with gusto.

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The German officials were convinced that the German army would be in Paris by September 15, before their ships could reach Seattle; that the war would be over in a few months; and that they would all return quickly to their dwellings, which they left intact, servants on duty, gardens growing.

There was no war thirst in Japan, no lingering animosity or resentment at the advice of 1895 that had robbed them of Port Arthur, no race hatred or cry of "white peril" when war was declared. Intellectual Japan grieved deeply at the necessity; every army surgeon and university professor was saddened at being arrayed against honored teachers, and

was cut to the quick by the violent expressions of German professors and officials. "Japan biting at Europe's heel," and "robbing" and "stealing Tsingtau," often raised peals of merriment.

The Eighteenth Army Division and other divisions in the southern island furnished the force of thirty thousand men, under the command of Lieutenant-General Kamio, which constituted the Shantung expedition. General Bannardiston with twelve hundred British, eight hundred Wales Borderers, and eight hundred Indian troops joined the land force, and British ships took part in the blockade, the whole fleet commanded by Admiral Kato. The whole Japanese navy was in commission, but only small cruisers, torpedo-boats, and destroyers were at Tsing

tau.

The battle-ships and swift cruisers were off scouting the South Sea for the marauding German cruisers, keeping the ways of commerce safe for merchant ships, concentrating with the British ships towards the South American coast, and escorting the great fleet of transports that bore the Australian contingent of 35,000 troops as far as Suez.

As the blockading fleet took position off Tsingtau, August 25, a typhoon swept the coast, and it was followed by a second and fiercer typhoon, that scattered the ships and made landing from transports a difficult affair at Laitschou Bay, one hundred miles north of Tsingtau.

Shantung Province was flooded as it has not been flooded in sixty years; rivers rose until whole valleys were inundated; villages of mud-walled houses melted into these lakes, and crops were drowned. The trenches around Tsingtau were filled or washed away, embankments crumbled, wire entanglements collapsed, and hidden land mines were exposed. All Shantung was a mud slough after the waters fell, and it was a fortnight before the last Japanese contingent and the heavy siege guns were landed. Through sloughs of mud they reached the shores of Kiaochau Bay, and farther inland seized a station of the German railway line leading up three hundred 1 miles to the provincial capital of Tsinantu. This railway, connecting with the Tientsi Pukow line from the Yangtze, which was German property and partly owned by the German Government, was seized for all its length, its bridges rebuilt, its coal mine relieved of their hidden explosives, and the

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locomotives fitted with missing parts. By this railway the Germans had received war materials, food supplies, reservists from all parts of China, and the returning crew of the disarmed Austrian cruiser which had been interned in earliest August. The Germans had been making belated efforts to transfer their railway to some neutral Power, but the neutral Legations at Peking were firm against any such entanglement. The British Minister seemed to be the only one in Peking whose advice Yuan Shi-kai asked for and followed, and when things were at more than boiling-point at Tsinanfu, and the German officials were threatening, Yuan Shi-kai sent them his trusted political adviser, Dr. Morrison, formerly of the London "Times." To those familiar with the tangle of Peking's personal politics of the last decade this was another rare touch of humor in the gloomy world. Throughout the siege Tsingtau had had communication by wireless with both Peking and Shanghai, and the Chinese officials were well-nigh distracted by British and Japanese demands that this means of communication cease.

From the very first the Japanese announced that it would be a slow campaign, their first object being to avoid all possible. loss of life on either side. It was their hope that the besieged would see the folly of prolonging operations and surrender while they could make terms.

But the Kaiser exhorted the garrison at Tsingtau to hold out to the end, as he would rather see the enemy in Berlin than lose his empire in the East. The Japanese called for surrender, and the Governor, Meyer Waldeck, answered:

Never shall we surrender the smallest bit of ground over which the German flag is flying. From this place we shall not retreat. If the enemy wants Tsingtau, he must come and take it.

It was reported that there was a strong feeling for surrender on the part of the three thousand German reservists, under the age of forty-five, drawn from business and professional life in all parts of the Far East. No reinforcements nor outside aid could ever be expected, and it was only a tedious wait for certain death, the practical ones said. The Governor and the military officers would not listen to talk of surrender, and duels were fought over the suggestion. From time to time reservists who had no stomach for fighting against such forlorn hope, or who reasoned that live Germans in

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Hankow or Shanghai were better than dead ones in Tsingtau, slipped away by night, reappeared in those cities, and unblushingly defended their conduct. Several reservists even returned to Japan while the siege went on, and one German officer, Major Derkenman, military adviser to Yuan Shi-kai, who had left that billet to go to Tsingtau in early August, returned to Peking and resumed attendance on Yuan Shi-kai. It was farcical after that to insist upon the Chinese interning the crew of the German torpedoboat stranded on a rock as they were effecting their escape from beleaguered Tsingtau. It was boldly suggested in print that Japanese aviators should distribute maps showing a convenient back door left open every night for such reservists as wished to abandon Tsingtau before it was too late.

Before the general attack on the posts began, October 22, the Japanese called a second time for surrender and gave opportunity for the non-combatants to leave. The American Consul, some women and children, and priests were passed from one boat to another in a rough sea outside the harbor, where more than a thousand fixed and floating mines had been dredged up and snared. Chinese junks past counting had been blown up, as well as one Japanese cruiser and destroyers of both sides, by these mines. A band of women shell-divers from the province of Ise offered their services to clear away the mines, but the Japanese authorities denied them emphatically. They were puzzled and aghast at foreigners' applause and approval of such an impossible thing as women taking any part in military work. Some kink in the Japanese brain made the thing so absurd and improper that no Japanese whom I knew could agree with me that it was the most picturesque incident of the war. Any one who has seen those Ise women somersault down into Toba Bay and crawl around for three and five whole minutes before coming up with a pearl shell knows that they could have dealt with fixed and floating mines as easily.

The real bombardment of the inner forts began on October 31, the Emperor's official birthday," as prearranged," they might have. "as said; for a party of high officials, foreign military attachés, and members of Parliament had been waiting for a fortnight in Tokyo. ready to embark on a despatch boat to Tsingtau "to watch operations in Shantung." The first lot of prisoners, seventy-seven in

all, and all captured on outpost duty, were brought to Japan early in October and assigned to Kurume, on the southern island, the headquarters of the Eighteenth Army Division. They were received at the station with ceremony by the military officers of the garrisons, by Mrs. Kamio and the members of the local Red Cross Society. I visited them myself later. The men were quartered in a Buddhist preaching-hall and class-rooms, the officers in the Lord Abbot's rooms at the Bairingi Temple, and the wounded men in a separate ward of the military hospital, where the chief surgeon and all his attendants spoke German. Officers, men, and invalids were allowed to speak to me freely, and one and all acknowledged the courtesy, consideration, and unfailing kindness of the Japanese officers in charge. As with the Russian prisoners of war in 1904 and 1905, the Japanese are doing "As The Hague Ordains," and then doing even a little more for their charges.

The captives are kept at different old castle towns, now headquarters of military divisions in the southern islands, in order to gain the advantage of mild winter weather. Buddhist temples and preaching-halls have been rented for such use, and are readily adapted to the purpose. The prisoners live under the most lenient regulations, and the Prisoners' Information Bureau in Tokyo permits communication, takes charge of any consignments, and answers any letters of inquiry concerning the captives. The prisoners' families may join them, rent houses in the towns, and the prisoners may live there with them under light restrictions, as Russian prisoners were permitted to do in 1904 and 1905.

I once heard a blustery American take a Japanese to task for exhibiting at the Panama. Exposition. "Why do you help make this fair a success in the State and the city where Legislature, press, and people have so abused you? Pay them back, draw out, save your money!" thundered the irate one. "They'll never thank you."

"Ah," was the answer, "that would be a very small spirit, to show resentment in such way. Japan rejoices more than other nations that the Panama Canal is complete. We can make a first exhibit of Japanese magnanimity, perhaps."

Since the war began Japan has been courted by all the Powers in Europe and "As The Hague Ordains: The Journal of the Wife of a Russian Prisoner in Japan" (The Century Company, New York).

directly and indirectly appealed to for help. In season and out, M. Pichon, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, has argued in print for a Japanese contingent in Europe; he remembers and always acknowledges generously that he, while French Minister at Peking, owed his life, as did all the other foreigners, to the stiff defense of the Su Wang Fu by Colonel Shiba and his Japanese guards and volunteers. Besides troops-a whole army corps, it is said, the Russians have called for to strike the sure terror to the heart of the enemy which they themselves experienced when Nogi's men from Port Arthur fell upon the Russian right at Mukden-besides a fighting contingent, there has been a call for a body of one hundred thousand Japanese coolies to intrench, that feature of the division of military labor having impressed all foreign observers of the war in Manchuria.

It is comforting to any people to be appreciated, to have their merits and abilities acknowledged, to be the honored ally of Great Britain, and to work with her in military and naval undertakings; but Japan has not at all lost her head with all the successes, courting, and coaxing and flattery that have gone on. She knows she is a great Power, with a great navy, and an army second to none in merciless efficiency and first in humanity and chivalry, and her people have no notion of mixing in the European mess, of marching to the shambles of Europe, of dying for any other emperor than their own. Despite Congressman Hobson's warnings and prophecies and the machinations of the Peking press and diplomatic wire-pullers and of the American masquerader in Tokyo, she does not want to and is not "going to war" with America. It would not pay, and Japan is a very hardheaded, practical Japan since the last war left her the great legacy of taxes. Japan is not striving to gain "the supremacy of the Pacific "-if that means ninety per cent of the commerce and carrying trade-because she already has it, and has had it without realizing that it was anything to make a great fuss about. Four merchant ships under the American flag are a pitiful plea for "supremacy;" and, more than this, our strangling navigation laws, the tyranny of labor unions, and the solidarity of the labor vote will forever check the United States from getting any more of the supremacy. As good neighbors and mutual customers, the one needing silk and tea as much as the other needs raw cotton and machinery and wheat, there is room

1914

and chance for both without jealousy and crowding and blocking.

If ever there was the retort courteous, just retribution, and also an object-lesson that no country can ignore, the Japanese have afforded it in this little war at Tsingtau, a campaign that they entered upon with deliberation and dignity, with every courtesy and honor to the enemy, without boasts or threats, gibes or jeers at their opponents, and without any interference whatever with non-combat

ants.

The whole campaign was conducted according to the rules of war and of chivalry. "Noblesse oblige" is easily translated into "the way of the Samurai," and bushido, in working even in the field, should by contrast give acute heart-searchings and violent blushes to some in Europe.

There was never any ranting in print, never recourse to petty retaliation, no descent into medieval savagery. It was a duty, and it was performed with thoroughness and efficiency. Japan has been a loyal ally, an honorable foe, and incidentally has set an example to Christian Europe and shoveled hot coals on Australia's head until the antipodes ought to sizzle. She has turned the other cheek to white Australia, and turned the tables with a magnanimity they must acknowledge. Let us hope that we have done with those senseless catch-words, "the Yellow Peril." This very war has raised too many embarrassing questions as to what is white and which is yellow, and shown that white can become something ranker than yellow, and that Christians may get a lesson in Christian-like conduct from those whom they have essayed to teach.

It was necessary to destroy the Germans' stronghold on the Asiatic mainland and their coaling and wireless stations throughout the South Seas in order to protect commerce and trade and industry. Japan must have wool from Australia and cotton from America and iron from China to keep her factories running, and silk and tea and small wares must go to America if Japan's people are to live and pay taxes. Her commerce must be protected at all cost, and, thanks to her navy, Japanese steamships have crossed the Pacific back and forth unhindered, keeping to their fixed schedules just as they did last year.

There have been gay little by-plays in the Pacific to relieve the hideous tales of the war in Europe. "The Marshall Islands must be taken. There's coal and a wireless station there," said the British Admiralty lords. The

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Japanese went-only eight hundred miles, two days' steaming from Japanese island shoresand took them, and handed them over to Australia with an indifferent "You may have them if you want them," that ought to rest America's hair-trigger nerves. The capture of the Marshall Islands was a gay little comedy that should get into comic opera yet. There was no fighting, no shot fired in anger, no defense by the little body of Germans at Jaluit when the Japanese cruisers came. Two surveying schooners sank themselves into the bay, an imprisoned Japanese copra buyer was set free, and the German Governor given two hours to get ready to go to Japan on the man-of-war. At Yokosuka, the naval station in Yeddo Bay, the German Governor of Jaluit and his family were put on a torpedoboat and rushed up to Yokohama at a gait of thirty miles an hour to a Japanese dungeon and chains, of course, the gloomy Germans thought. A charming young American Vice-Consul, in a high hat and frock coat, and the chairman of the German residents' committee, also in gala array, were waiting to receive the Jaluit party at the hatoba. The Japanese officer in charge presented his passengers, clicked his heels together, saluted, and was gone-racing back to Yokosuka at full speed. "Where am I to go?" wailed the Governor of Jaluit, and the two high hats conveyed him in a shining motor car to the Grand Hotel. "Where am I to go? Where am I to go?" he insisted, demanding to know his prison place. It was long before he could comprehend that he might go wherever he pleased, that the Japanese Government wanted none of him, was done with him, and would be only too pleased to have him go German funds were forthcoming from the Deutsche Bank, and he betook himself to Honolulu, where there is a powerful German community and a new German colony of the interned Geier's crew and the crews of German merchant ships that wait the end of the war with him.

soon.

Tsingtau was small game, a by-play only of this great war to the victors of Port Arthur, Mukden, and Tsushima. The man

ner and the good manners of that capture— which they graciously let stand as a surrender, since the white flags rose only as the storming parties rushed through the last breach-their courtesy to the vanquished, their kindness to the prisoners, are the greatest glory of the exploit.

Japan has said that she will ultimately.

return Tsingtau to China, administering it until the Peace Conference permits her to negotiate with China. A peaceful and prosperous Shantung, growing beans and silk to ship by the Japanese railway and Japanese ships from the free port of Tsingtau, will pay her best in the long run, and Japan would gain nothing by holding on to Tsingtau. All Europe grinned and scoffed when we said that we would return Cuba after the Spanish War, but we did retire, and occupied and retired from it even a second time. the meddlers in Peking will only cease to stir strife, China can date a great prosperity from the return of Tsingtau to its owner,

If

never again to be alienated to any European Power. In the last months the Germans wrecked all the public buildings, the docks and wharves, and shell fire destroyed the great barracks and forts, the water-works, and the electric light works. The young forests were cut away on the land side to give the guns sweep, the forty miles of perfect automobile roads were neglected, and forty million marks of German taxpayers' tribute have gone for naught. German trade and commerce are paralyzed, perhaps never to recover, and German merchants, once on the pinnacle of prosperity, are ruined throughout the East.

THOMAS MOTT

T

HE acceptance by Thomas Mott Osborne of the wardenship of Sing Sing Prison, his occupancy of the post approved by the present Governor of the State and by his successor, marks the longest step yet taken in the advancement of the new penology that aims at the moral rehabilitation of offenders against the law. It means that the State of New York has formally abandoned the barbaric system of punishment by retribution, and that hereafter our prisons are to be conducted as hospitals for diseases of the soul, not as institutions in which, in the language of Dr. Frederick H. Wines, guilt is measured on the one hand and suffering on the other and an equitable balance struck between the two. Mr. Osborne's appointment means also a long step toward the consummation looked forward to by the new penologists, when the control of the destinies of a man convicted of crime, by the judge who tried him, shall cease with his committal to prison, the extent of his punishment to be determined by the warden, and only men of exceptional capacity and moral fitness to hold that office.

Mr. Osborne, who is in the middle fifties, is an alumnus of Harvard and a man of affairs. He has retired from business with a fortune, and has held more than one public office. He was Mayor of his native city, Auburn, New York, from 1902 to 1905, and

was for nine years a member of the Board of Education of Auburn. He was a member of the Public Service Commission of the Second District from 1907 to 1910, and last year was made Chairman of the State Commission on Prison Reform. During his entire public life he has been known to politicians as an ardent obstructor of political schemes and a consistent enemy of Tammany Hall and all its works. He was little known to the general public, however, until the fall of last year, when he attracted what may fairly be called universal attention by undergoing a week's voluntary confinement in the State Prison at Auburn, during which period he lived the life of the other prisoners, worked with them in the shops, subsisted on their food, and slept locked in a cell at night.

The newspapers of the time published a great deal about Mr. Osborne's prison expe riences, but only those who have read his own narrative of those seven days," Within Prison Walls," can appreciate the nature of the ordeal through which he passed. For he did not test prison life with any sense of adventure; at his age men to whom the comforts and luxuries of life are available are wont to take advantage of them. His sok purpose was to ascertain actual condition: in a State prison; to learn at first hand some of the evils of the existing prison system "Within Prison Walls," by the way, shou