De la kleptomanie au point de vue médico-légal. (Dr August Wimmer.)

A criticism of the position that 'true kleptomania, if it exists at all, is a pathological rarity.'

Mesures de la tension artérielle au cours d'états dépressifs. (Dr H. Beaudouin.)

The conclusion is reached that hypertension is in all cases due to organic trouble. Le tréponème pâle est-il l'agent causal de la paralysie générale? (L. Marchand.) He favours the negative-the cause has yet to be found.

No. 4. April 1921.

Le rôle de l'habitude dans la colonisation familiale des aliénés. (Dalmas et Vinchon.) An interesting discussion with suggestion as to use of "family houses," where conditions will be semi-normal, in treatment of recovering patients.

L'œuvre du dispensaire des maladies mentales à Stockholm. (Dr V. Wigert.)

Emphasis should be laid upon the great need for treatment of cases of worry and slight mental disorder, as in this dispensary.

Délire de négation terminé par guérison-considérations sur l'hypochondrie et la mélancolie. (F. Tissot.)

Neurasthenia, hypochondria and melancholia are three forms of the same depressive psycho-neurosis; in all three is found evidence of psychic predisposition, and, objectively, disturbing preoccupation as to the bodily, the mental, or the moral self.

Écrits ironiques d'un paranoiaque halluciné. (Dr F. Usse.)

A low form of humour, immoral and morbid, which may be considered a special perversion of the social instincts.

Un cas de psychose maniaque dépressive à un jour d'alternance. (A. Starobinski.)
A case of 30 years' standing.

Mutisme acquis et persistant chez un enfant de 13 ans. (Alfred Gordon.)

An interesting account of a case where total dumbness followed the reading of a story about dumbness, and in which the psychic character of the child was completely changed.

Sur la nature de la démence survenant au cours de certains délires (à propos de deux cas de délire d'influence). (Dr M. Migrard.)

Hallucinations lilliputiennes, délire et puérilisme. (M. E. Marmor.)

No. 5. May 1921.

Les formes verbales de l'interprétation délirante. (Dr Paul Guiraud.)

Two kinds of cases are discriminated: (1) in which the conclusions have logical justification, and are due to a prevailing affective state which produces “polarisation of association of ideas and association of words or syntheses, (2) in which the conclusions have not logical justification, and are due to an organisation of the elements of the central theme according to different laws from those of ordinary psychology, the dominating factor being intensity of "affective potential."

Note sur quelques cas anormaux de mélancolie. (Ph. Chaslin, P. Chatelin, I. Meyerson.) An account of three cases.

Encéphalite épidémique et divorce (contribution à l'étude médico-légale des formes mentales de l'encéphalite épidémique). (M. Georges Petit.)

A woman about to be married became melancholic, declaring she was not fit to marry. Under medical treatment she recovered, but three weeks later relapsed. The marriage took place although she objected. No improvement followed and the husband applied for divorce. The Society discussed the case.

Sur un cas de délire d'interprétation. (Xavier Abély.)

An alcoholic suffered from delusion that his wife was unfaithful. The delusion increased in strength, especially after he became blind. The relative responsibility of diabetes, alcoholism and heredity for his misfortune is discussed.

JOURNAL DE PSYCHOLOGIE NORMALE ET PATHOLOGIQUE

(XVIIIe année).

No. 1. January 1921.

Sur le psychisme inconscient (1) (Fr. Paulhan).

Mental processes, as perception and recognition, which are usually classed as 'conscious' processes may be carried on without any conscious awareness. That which is acquired in this manner unwittingly differs in nowise from that which is obtained unwittingly and may be available to consciousness. That which is perceived, without conscious awareness may later be recognised consciously as known.

Le rire (G. Dumas).

Five problems are dealt with: (1) The anatomical and physiological mechanisms of laughter; (2) Laughter as a psychological state-laughter from pleasure and laughter from perception of the comic are distinguished, the former being a general joie de vivre; (3) The basis of the comic-theories from Aristotle to Bergson discussed; (4) The psychophysical mechanism by which perception produces laughter; (5) Laughter as a social language.

La conscience et la conscience du moi (H. Wallon).

The evolution of self-consciousness from consciousness of an external 'reality.' When full self-consciousness is not attained or is lost-e.g. in the infant, imbecile and chloroformed subject-there is a tendency to exteriorise personal reminiscences. In contrast, the 'self' of fully developed self-consciousness transcends all spatial limitations.

Une adaptation biologique du Freudisme aux psychonévroses de guerre-L'instinct et l'inconscient de Rivers (H. Piéron).

A detailed review with sense criticisms the principal one of which is that to see in the psychoneuroses an effort of the organism to regain mental equilibrium may suit Freudian metaphysics but is out of harmony with the spirit of modern biology.

No. 2. February 1921.

De l'automatisme dans l'imitation (H. Delacroix).

Imitation at various levels from voluntary imitation to purely reflex automatic mechanical imitation—its development and relation to language and perception. Les oscillations de l'activité mentale (P. Janet).

A brief outline of a course of study extending from 1918 to 1920.

Sur le psychisme inconscient (2) (Fr. Paulhan).

The supposed difference between unconscious mental activity and conscious mental activity is largely a metaphysical creation. Unconscious processes can be fully described in the same terms as conscious processes.

Sur le phénomène du déjà-vu (A. Gilles).

A short note in support of the view that explanation is to be found in the conscious recognition of things previously perceived subconsciously.

Contribution à l'étude de l'instinct: comportement de quelques araignées (Et. Rabaud). Concludes that certain behaviour of certain spiders cannot be classified fairly as either instinctive or intelligent.

No. 3. March 1921.

Théorie de la perception (B. Bourdon).

Perception in general-perception of space-visual space-visual perception of movement auditory space-development of perception of space.

L'orientation lointaine (Ed. Claparède).

Work on the ability of animals to move towards a place apparently desired but not yet an object of perception-the 'homing instinct' etc.-is reviewed and the conclusion reached that the problem is very complex and needs more elucidation.

La folie, pensée organique (A. Hesnard).

Mental and nervous disorders have always a primary organic basis. Application of the notion of the unconscious in psychiatry has given valuable results but tends to obscure the organic origin of mental disorders. 'Psychognomonie' is suggested, as the title of a psychological technique to explore the total mental content, in place of "psycho-analysis employed by Freud and his school in the arbitrary and illegitimate sense of the psychological analysis of sexuality."

Caractère individuel et aliénation mentale (W. Boven).

The character of those predisposed to mental disorder. Relation of type of character to type of disorder. Predisposition in relation to characters of ancestors.

La réticence (P. Courbon).

An analysis of the forms and use of reticence in insanity.

R. I. B.

ARCHIVES SUISSES DE NEUROLOGIE ET DE PSYCHIATRIE

(An extract from Vol. VIII, No. 1).

Sur les reactions musculaires d'ordre affectif. Leur relation avec les mouvements volontaires et les mouvements réflexes. (W. van Woerkom.)

Seeks the cause of emotional reactions in the study of motor reactions. Distinguishes two groups of muscular reactions: (1) limited to region stimulated (emotional), (2) adapted towards an end. Discusses emotional reactions of young children and pathological cases. In pathological cases emotion inhibits voluntary action. Motor reactions not directed towards an end have probably been useful in evolution. Affirms that a primitive component of feeling is common to the reactions of those suffering from functional diseases of the brain and normal individuals and that general diffused reactions are the expression of purposive action in which the primitive factors have got the upper hand.

R. I. B.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHO-ANALYSIS.

1921. Part I.

INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PSYCHO-ANALYSE. 1921. Part I.

The main contribution in this number of the Journal is an important article by Ferenczi on the subject of "Tic" (tic convulsif). Its interest lies in the fact that the subject has been little explored, and the position of these symptoms in relation to other mental or physical disorders has not hitherto been ascertained. Ferenczi's remarks are put forward tentatively, with a view to stimulating further observations and exploration of the subject, and are not advanced as final conclusions in any way. Nevertheless the main lines of his suggestions are sufficiently convincing to awake considerable interest and to justify an approximately definite position in relation to the other neuroses being accorded to this malady.

Various observations led to the supposition that tics have something to do with narcissism; this is supported by the reflexion that, although automatic, they constitute a preoccupation with the subject's own body, or a hyperaesthesia followed by a defence-reflex (of which a normal example would be the scratching of a pimple). It appears further that narcissistic and infantile traits have been clearly recognised as characteristic of sufferers from tic quite independently of psycho-analysis. Ferenczi gives reason for his belief that tics and stereotypies have a common origin and are essentially one phenomenon; the connection with onanism is brought out, many stereotypies evincing themselves under analysis as "equivalents of onanism"

66

-auto-erotism of course has an obvious connection with narcissism. The similarities and differences between this symptom and those of conversion-hysteria are referred to, the latter being described as an auto-erotic symbolization of an object-relationship." (Incidentally, an elucidation of the mechanism of the hysterical "leap from the mental to the physical" is given in this article, the first, we believe, to appear in psycho-analytic literature.) Tics, on the contrary, seem to have no relation to an external object, but to be derived either from constitutional narcissism, or from the secondary form of it conditioned by physical traumata—as when twitching of the eye-lids supervenes on a conjunctivitis. The narcissistic origin suggests a relation to the psychoses, and the author propounds a theory of the interesting connections between tic and catatonic conditions. Another link is shown in the connections between echolalia, tics, and what Freud has called the 'organ-speech' of narcissistic psychotics. Like all the author's work, the article is condensed in form and the presentation entirely without superfluities; it succeeds brilliantly in its design of drawing attention to an important subject which will evidently repay closer investigation.

Berkeley-Hill contributes "A Short Study of the Life and Character of Mohammed," which is rendered unnecessarily obscure by presuming an acquaintance with the life of Mohammed on the part of the reader. It has considerable interest, however, on account of the light thrown on the unconscious forces at work in the religion Mohammed bequeathed to "one-fourth of the human race.' The difficulties of dealing with Islam might well be lightened by a sympathetic understanding of the psychological factors behind its bewildering manifestations, especially since a peculiarly ambivalent attitude towards authority appears to be the essential element in them. The Nicene creed of the Christian Church is the subject of a rather elementary analytic study by Cavendish Moxon. A mass of quite interesting interpretations, however, will be found put forward in too incoherent and cursory a manner. There follow some minor communications on the analytic interpretation of points in dreams. Five of the extremely valuable Collective Reviews of recent literature on various subjects, which form a feature of this Journal, are contained in this number-namely, on the Unconscious, the Science of Religion, on Aesthetics and the Psychology of the Artist, on Mythology, and on Dream-Interpretation. There are also important book reviews, notably on Lipschütz's work on the Puberty Glands and their Effects (1919). The first number of the Zeitschrift for 1921 contains two papers delivered before the Hague Congress in 1920 by Jelgersma and Stärcke. There is also the second part of Boehm's contribution on Homosexuality contained in the previous number, which offers a very illuminating and entertaining analysis of a recent German pamphlet on a proposed method of dealing with prostitution in large cities, again showing the extremely close unconscious association existing between homosexual tendencies and prostitution.

J. R.

ARCHIV FÜR KRIMINOLOGIE (KRIMİNALANTHROPOLOGIE

UND KRIMINALISTIK).

Edited by Dr ROBERT HEINDL. Vol. 73, Nos. 3 and 4, 1921.
Verlag von F. C. W. Vogel. Leipzig.

This number contains an article by Dr Wilhelm Ostwald of Leipzig on "The place occupied by Criminology in the whole body of Science." Taking as his basis the theory of Comte, according to which it is possible to deduce the internal structure of a given science from its position in the whole structure of scientific knowledge, Dr Ostwald presents a schematic arrangement of this structure in general and of criminology in particular. His system is as follows. 1. Mathetics: (a) Logic, (b) Mathematics, (c) Geometry and Kinematics. 2. Energetics: (d) Mechanics, (e) Physics, (f) Chemistry. 3. Biotics: (g) Physiology, (h) Psychology, (i) Sociology. Applying this system to criminology, he concludes that this science in its most restricted sense falls under the

heading 3 i (Sociology) and represents the synthesis of all other branches of criminological science.

In an article entitled "The Criminal Police System and Anthropology," Arthur Macdonald of Washington discusses how far police records, and in particular the results of technical methods of identification, e.g. the taking of finger-prints, may serve the purpose of anthropological research.

Professors Allfeld and Beling and Dr Max Alsberg (barrister-at-law in Berlin) contribute papers criticising a treatise by Dr Robert Heindl on "Special Treatment of Habitual Criminals," being a supplementary proposal to the most recent German Criminal Procedure Bill. Dr Heindl recommends that in the new criminal procedure account be taken of the political revolution and that the rights of the accused and of his counsel be extended, while special rights (of arrest and search) be accorded to the State in the case of proved habitual criminals. The proposal is intended as a compromise, for the time of transition from old to new, which shall reconcile the most liberal general policy with the requirements of a sound policy of criminal law.

Prof. Mittermaier treats from the point of view of criminal jurisprudence the subject of the employment of means to procure abortion.

The Journal contains further the following articles: "Necrophilia and Necrosadism," by J. P. L. Hulst (University of Leyden). "The Value for Criminal Psychology of Recent Researches in the subject of Internal Secretion," by Dr M. H. Goring. "Attempted Murder with Pathogenic Bacteria," by Dr Lempp. "Ill-Treatment of Children," by Dr F. Siegfried (Public Prosecutor in Switzerland), and various notices and reviews of German, English, American, French, Spanish and Italian books and journals.

C. M. B.