The History of Geophysics in Finland: 1828-1918

Academy of Science Acta SSF air temperature Åland Åland islands appointed assistant astronomical aurora Baltic barometer began Biese Central Institute Central Meteorological Institute climatological director Diss earth currents electric evaporation expedition Fennia Finnish Finnish Society forecasts frost geomagnetism Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Hällström Hanko Helsingfors Homén hydrographical hydrographical and biological Hydrographical Bureau hydrological ice conditions Ilmala instruments international polar commission Johansson Kultala Kupffer Lake Ladoga Lapland later Lemström Letter Lighthouse Department lighthouse stations limnigraph Lindelöf magnetic observations magnetic observatory Main Physical Observatory maps marine research measurements Melander meteorological committee meteorological observations meteorological stations Moberg Nervander Nervander's Nordenskiöld Nordqvist Observatory in St oceanography ÖFS Ö Pavlovsk Petersburg phenological Pilot and Lighthouse polar precipitation stations Professor proposal published Russian scientific scientists Senate Society of Sciences Sodankylä Sundell Supreme Board temperature observations thermometers thesis Tornio Turku Vaasa variations water level observations weather telegrams Witting