Centennial Exposition brought directly to the attention of both producer and consumer the fact that the United States was far behind other nations in the quality of its manufactures. The public had an opportunity to see the best work from France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, and other countries, and there was a genuine awakening to our shortcomings. Isaac Edwards Clarke, in his report on "Art and Industrial Education" for the United States Commission to the Paris Exposition in 1900, said: The industries and arts of a people are determined by their needs, their desires, and their intelligence. So long as individuals and communities have never seen the added attractions given to buildings, furniture, clothing, and household implements by the application of art to such articles of prime necessity, so long there is no demand for the production of similar artistic articles; but let once their eyes be opened by a sight of the wonders of a world's fair or an art loan collection and immediately the demand is created. Great Britain was aroused by the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851 at Hyde Park, London, the first of the great "world fairs," to a realization that her artisans lacked skill, taste, and artistic training. This led to the immediate reorganization of the Government School of Design under the name of the South Kensington School of Art and Design. At present the vast Victoria and Albert Memorial Museum at South Kensington, London, with its school housed in an adjoining building, is the heart of an extensive system of industrial art education which includes schools and local museums in every city of any importance in the United Kingdom. Just as in industrial education a distinction is made between a trade school and a technical industrial school, so also among art schools there is a distinct difference between the school of design which does not offer opportunities for direct application of the design to manufacture and the fully equipped industrial art school with its building devoted to one or more phases of art applied to industry. In the latter the pupils can carry the work through the various steps from the first sketch, the carefully executed design, the numerous working drawings, the making of the object, and on to the salesroom. Between these two extremes are the schools where facilities are offered for carrying out from the design what are generally known as the crafts. A few public high schools are now offering vocational training along industrial art lines; a notable example is the Washington Irving High School, in New York City, where the girls may specialize in costume illustration or commercial design. The New York Evening Industrial Art School has recently been organized as part of the public school system. Some of the best instruction is secured through schools maintained by the manufacturers in their factories, but little information is available regarding these apprentice schools. Fees and hours.-The day industrial art schools are usually in session from 9 to 4; tuition for a full course varies from $75 to $150 for a year of eight months-October to June. To students from foreign countries the rate is about double. Evening classes are maintained from 7.30 to 9.30, and the tuition averages $15 for six months-October to April. Saturday classes, 9 to 12 a. m., are given in nearly all branches of art pursued in the regular day classes, with the addition of lectures on methods of teaching and on art history; tuition about $10 for six months. Applicants for admission to the industrial art schools must have a knowledge of common English branches and of drawing equal to the completion of the ordinary grammar-school grades. Scholarships offered at the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art include at least one scholarship from each county of the State, entitling the holder to free tuition in any regular course of the school for three years. The board of education of the city of Philadelphia also provides free instruction in the school. Pupils of the high schools, as well as of the Normal School and of the Public Industrial Art School, are eligible for these appointments, application for which must be made to the principals of the several schools. A certain number of free scholarships are provided through special gift and bequests to the school; in all, some 200 free scholarships are available. At the Rhode Island School of Design the State provides a number of scholarships in the day school and the city furnishes scholarships for the evening and Saturday classes. The New England Manufacturing Jewelers and Silversmiths' Association, the State Federation of Women's Clubs, and various other organizations and individuals also give scholarships in this school. Similar privileges can be secured at other schools for a limited number of worthy students. Courses in these industrial art schools are based upon thorough training in design adapted to special materials. Courses of study in the various branches, and the schools offering these courses, are as follows:1 Bookbinding and leather work-The course includes sewing, forwarding, finishing, and library binding; cased books with stiff boards and with flexible boards; lacedin boards; half leather and full leather; blind tooling; portfolios; wall and furniture panels from original designs. The study of good examples of bookbinding is emphasized. Classes in bookbinding are maintained in the following schools: Minneapolis, Minn.-Handicraft Guild. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. St. Louis, Mo.-School of Fine Arts. Worcester, Mass.-Art Museum School. Ceramics. The pupils study the chemistry of clays and colored bodies, with special reference to the production of artistic forms and decoration in relief or intaglio; the construction of pottery, either built up or turned; and the execution and firing of 1 Based on the announcement of the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. the finished work from their original designs, for garden vases, tiles, jardinières, decorative tablets, etc. There is a kiln and all necessary equipment. There is a special building for this department at the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art, and its museum is particularly rich in specimens of pottery and porcelain. China painting is offered in several of the schools of design which do not have technical courses in ceramics. Professional courses are given, as follows: Alfred, N. Y.-New York State School of Clay Working and Ceramics. Minneapolis, Minn.-Handicraft Guild. New Orleans, La.-Newcomb College, Tulane University. New York, N. Y.-Columbia University, department of fine arts of Teachers College. Norwich, Conn.-Norwich Free Academy. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. Rochester, N. Y.-Mechanics Institute, school of applied and fine arts. Trenton, N. J.-School of Industrial Art. Urbana, Ill.-University of Illinois, school of ceramics. Worcester, Mass.-Art Museum School. Gilding.-A revival of the Florentine and Sienese craft of gold laying and enameling for use on picture frames, panels, illumination, boxes and other objects. New York, N. Y.-Columbia University, department of fine arts of Teachers College; New York School of Applied Design for Women. Jewelry. Instruction includes polishing and finishing of metals; coloring by chemical and electrolytic methods; the setting of stones; casting of silver. Design is considered in the problem of the making of buckles, fobs, chains, necklaces, pendants, rings, etc. Courses are offered in the following schools: Minneapolis, Minn.-Handicraft Guild. Newark, N. J.-Fawcett Industrial School (evening school only); Newark Technical School. New York, N. Y.-Columbia University, department of fine arts of Teachers College; New York School of Fine and Applied Arts; Pratt Institute, department of fine and applied arts. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. Providence, R. I.-Rhode Island School of Design (a part-time apprenticeship course is also offered which calls for 9 hours' instruction a week and extends over 3 years). Rochester, N. Y.-Mechanics Institute, department of applied and fine art. Worcester, Mass.-Art Museum School. Metal work.—Instruction in the use of the different metals—gold, silver, German silver, copper, brass, and iron; technical processes, such as hammering, hard and soft soldering, etching, repoussé, finishing, coloring, and enameling; forge work includes drawing, welding, tempering, setting of dies, etc. Tools are made and practical work undertaken, such as bowls, plates, candlesticks, cups, jewel caskets, buckles, clasps, trays, lamp stands and shades, grilles, weather vanes, hinges, doorplates, and other architectural hardware, etc., all from original designs. Courses are offered in the following schools: Cincinnati, Ohio.-Ohio Mechanics Institute. Monhegan, Me.-Summer School of Metal Work. Newark, N. J.-Newark Technical School. New York, N. Y.-Columbia University, department of fine arts of Teachers College; Pratt Institute. Norwich, Conn.-Norwich Free Academy. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. Providence, R. I.-Rhode Island School of Design. Trenton, N. J.-School of Industrial Art. Modeling for architecture.—The students model in different degrees of relief and in the round ornament of various styles, studies of the human figures and of animal from nature, casts, and prints. Original designs are made in clay, wax, and plasters for terra cotta and architectural ornament, for concrete, for cast and wrought metal, for wood and stone carving, for furniture and mosaic. The execution from the design of furniture, pottery, and mosaic are essential parts of the course; and some decorative application to an important subject, such as a foundation or wall panel, is made the final problem. Modeling is taught in nearly all the academic schools and in many of the other schools. The following schools give special attention to architectural requirements: New York, N. Y.-Evening School of Industrial Arts; Sculpture Studio of the Trenton, N. J.-School of Industrial Art. Textile. The curriculum includes the following departments: Design planned with special reference to the construction of fabrics and their decoration; color harmony and figured design; cotton, wool, worsted, and silk warp preparation and weaving; knitting; chemistry, dyeing, and printing; power weaving; textile engineering; finishing. The Lowell and New Bedford textile schools have developed from trade schools in contrast to the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art which has developed from an academic art school. These three are the only textile schools. Woodwork, carving, furniture.-The study of design in furniture; the detail drawing and construction of the same, involving the study of joinery, hand-wrought mouldings, and enrichment of surfaces by carving. The work is correlated with the courses in design and interior decoration. Special departments for woodworking are maintained as follows: Cincinnati, Ohio.-Ohio Mechanics Institute. New York, N. Y.-Columbia University, department of fine arts of Teachers College. New York, N. Y.-Pratt Institute. Philadelphia, Pa.-Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art. 4. SCHOOLS OF ARCHITECTURE. There is no independent school of architecture. The education of the architects is cared for in schools which are affiliated with the universities. Evening classes for draughtsmen are an important part of the work of the architectural clubs scattered throughout the country. Most of these are affiliated with the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects, which maintains its headquarters in New York City and sends its problems to ateliers in 83 cities. The Paris prize established by this society sends a young man to Paris each year, with the privilege of attending the École des Beaux-Arts, and gives him $250 quarterly for two and a half years. The education of the architect needs to be many-sided; there are scientific problems of engineering, material, and estimating, and artistic questions of design, ornament, interior decoration, including rendering the drawings and many working plans. In the universities a four years' course in the school of architecture leads to the degree of 1 The list on page 394 contains only the ateliers with five or more students. bachelor of architecture. It must usually be preceded by two years of scientific work in the college. More advanced study leads to the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy. The fees in architectural schools average $200 for the term of eight months. Schools of landscape architecture are of comparatively recent date in this country; they are closely connected with the departments of horticulture. Drawing and ability to render the design form part of the course. Institutions maintaining such schools are: Ann Arbor, Mich.-University of Michigan. 5. NORMAL ART SCHOOLS.1 From the founding of the first normal schools in the United States 2 some phase of art instruction has always been included in the course of study. The first normal art school was founded in 1873 by an act of the Legislature of the State of Massachusetts, and this is still the only State art school in the country and the only independent normal art school. Admission.-Candidates must be over 16 years of age; they must present a certificate of moral character and a high-school diploma or its equivalent. In addition to this, there is a written examination in English, civil government, elementary botany, and physiology, as well as the test in drawing. Tuition is free to pupils whose parents reside within the State; tuition for students from other States is $50. The Massachusetts Normal Art School is organized into 11 departments offering definite elective courses of four years' work. Instruction in all courses consists of studio and practical apprentice experience in educational and industrial establishments. The courses are: I. Applied arts in public schools-presentation of applied art subjects in classroom and workshop. II. Applied design and interior decoration-general and specialized design and methods of application. III. Modeling and casting-appreciation of form and professional craftsmanship. IV. Graphic arts-technique and processes in illustrative, photographic, and printing arts. V. Drawing and painting-drawing and painting the figure. VI. Mechanical drafting-technique, design, and methods of shop drafting. VII. Architectural drafting-technique, construction, and methods of architectural and structural drafting. VIII. Iron working-technique and methods of iron working, forging, bench work, and machine-tool practice. IX. Woodworking-technique and methods of woodworking, turning, furniture, and cabinet work, pattern making, and carving. X. Metal work and jewelry-technique and methods of coppersmithing, silversmithing, enameling, and jewelry. XI. Costume illustration-technique, methods and combinations in costume illustration and production. 1 Information in this section based on the announcement of the Massachusetts Normal Art School. 2 West Newton, Bridgewater, and Westfield, Mass., 1839. 73226°- -ED 1914-VOL 1-25 |