Hood River, Oreg., has meetings of the parent-teacher association every two weeks. These are very deeply affecting the community; they are the best attended meetings of any kind held in this community. They affect about 100 families.

Warner, Okla., has opened school for adults at night. The domestic science teacher visits homes. A paper is sent out every two weeks, with helpful hints to the housewife, and 300 homes are reached.

Rockland, Wash., maintains a magazine exchange system of standard magazines, reaching many homes. Lists of the best books are sent out stating they may be borrowed from the high school library. This has doubled the use of the library.

Towanda, Kans., opened its classes in domestic science to all women, and found them very popular courses.

Rosenberg, Tex., has a parent-teacher association which has done much for both home and school. Approximately 60 homes were affected directly last year, and the whole community indirectly.

Kioma, Okla., has a strong mothers' club in connection with the school. Magazines and newspapers are collected for homes that have no reading matter. They are read, returned, and loaned again.

In Mart, Tex., a parent-teacher club has been organized which affects about 50 or 60 homes. A debating society affects 25 or 30 homes. Meetings of both of these are held in the school building.

In Knoxville, Tenn., the Park City High School has a large mothers' associations that is doing a great work.

HOME EDUCATION EXTENSION WORK OF NORMAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.

Reports received from 125 normal schools show that 16 of these are doing extension work in home making, while 109 are doing nothing outside the school.

The Rochester Normal Training School has a trained nurse, and last year reached 185 homes by inviting the mothers to meet in the school for instruction in washing and caring for the baby.

The Teachers College of Indianapolis reaches the mothers by inviting all the mothers of children in free kindergartens to meet in the different kindergarten buildings, where regular outlined talks are given upon the responsibilities and preparation for parenthood, suggestions and observations of child psychology made, including instincts, intuitions, and interests of children, and home economics. Other normal schools have extension lecture courses which reach many parents.

The National Kindergarten College, Chicago, Ill., has a course of 12 lectures in a mothers' course each year. It also has 12 lectures on mental development of children, and 18 lectures on physical devel

opment of children. The 18 lectures on maternal efficiency given to students and to mothers deal in alternate years with hygiene, sanitation, contagious diseases, the development of the child after birth, and eugenics. Extension courses are given in 56 welfare stations conducted by the Chicago Woman's Club. The college also cooperates with numerous graduates who hold mothers' meetings in their kindergartens. Two hundred lectures on the mental and spiritual training of the child are to be given at these stations this year by the faculty and alumni of the college.

COLLEGES GIVING OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDY OF CHILD NURTURE AND HOME MAKING BY PARENTS.

The following are typical instances of the work done by colleges and universities in this field:

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.-Extension courses in home economics are given, and there are lectures by medical faculty.

Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa.-Weekly clinics are conducted on care of children.

Clark University, Worcester, Mass.-The child study institute makes possible the study of every phase of child development.

University of Nevada, Reno, Nev.-A field demonstrator is employed for extension work in child nurture and home making. Three hundred homes were reached last year. There has been increased effort in organizing home economics clubs of girls and women in rural districts.

University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.-The courses in child study and adolescence have been opened to any one desiring them. Bulletins on health are issued.

University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla.-Courses for parenthood are given, including correspondence courses in eugenics; and special bulletins are issued. Forty-five traveling libraries containing books on child nurture and home making are in operation. The extension work included 400 lectures last year, and 1,041 debating clubs were organized for the discussion of public questions.

University of Montana, Missoula, Mont.-The home economics department reaches 20 communities, cooperating with mothers' clubs and parent-teacher associations in a number of interesting studies.

St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y.-One-year's course for home makers, including infant feeding and dietetic work.

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.-Correspondence course in home economics. Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.-About 30,000 homes reached by extension lectures on domestic science and care of children.

University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.-One-week schools are held throughout the State for adult women; 1,000 homes were reached last year.

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.-About 1,000 mothers have attended the lectures on child psychology and hygience. The Colorado Congress of Mothers helps in promoting extension of the social and home service.

University of Maine, Orono, Me.-Lectures on home making in an extension course. State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash.-Extension lectures on childhood, adolescence, dietetics, and home management.

University of Denver, University Park, Colo.-Forty-five mothers are taking a course in child study, health, and home making. Extension courses in home making are offered to Colorado towns. Reading courses by correspondence are offered to parents.

Ripon College, Ripon, Wis.-Extension courses by lectures and institutes have reached 1,000 homes. Work connects with religious education and lays great stress on the home as an agent of child nurture.

New Mexico Normal University, East Las Vegas, N. Mex.-Short course in child study. Courses are planned in physical and mental development of children. Extension work has been done in various sections of the State. The endeavor has been to create an interest in home making and child nurture with a view to organizing classes in these subjects later.

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.-The school of education gives a course in the home care and training of children. Extension courses in home making and child nurture are given at different centers. It is planned to multiply courses and educate outlying committees.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.-Extension courses in home making and child nurture through lectures given to parent-teacher associations and other organizations interested in home welfare. Three to five thousand homes were reached last year.

Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford University, Cal.-Members of the department of education lecture before parent-teacher associations and mothers' clubs on home making and child nurture. Three or four hundred homes were reached last year.

Winthrop Normal and Industrial College, Rockhill, S. C.-One person employed to give lectures on home making and child nurture. Bulletins are issued on care of the baby and other problems of the home.

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.-A child welfare station has been organized which provides for cooperation of the departments of medicine, dentistry, home economics, sociology, education, and psychology to be primarily an institute for research.

Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.-Thirty communities are reached in extension lectures on home making and child nurture.

WORK OF WOMEN'S CLUBS IN BETTER HOME MAKING.

Many women's clubs in the United States have given earnest effort to education in household arts and domestic science. Many domestic science clubs have been formed for study of cooking, food values, and sanitation. These clubs include in their membership young girls and married women, and indicate an increasing desire for systematic scientific methods in the physical side of home making.

The Chicago Woman's Club conducts 50 welfare stations in which 200 lectures on the mental and spiritual training of the child are to be given by the faculty and alumnæ of the national kindergarten college. In addition to these 200 medical lectures, 200 lectures on domestic science will be given.

The women's clubs have in many places secured the introduction of domestic science courses in schools.

Classes for instruction in household arts are conducted in the various branches of the Young Women's Christian Association. Mothers' meetings for instruction of mothers are also a part of the work of the Young Women's Christian Association.

EDUCATIONAL WORK OF SETTLEMENTS.

It is estimated that in the United States some 6,000 settlements. have been established in poor neighborhoods and congested districts to improve conditions through example and education. Teaching home making under tenement conditions is an important feature of these settlements. In 1897 there were 74 settlements listed; in 1905 204; in 1911, 5,158.

These settlements are conducted by universities, colleges, women's clubs, associations of collegiate alumnæ, King's Daughters, visiting nurse associations, and similar organizations; by gifts of individuals, with trustees in charge; or by religious bodies, which include the Baptist, Catholic, Congregational, Episcopal, Ethical Culture, Friends, Hebrews, Methodist, Presbyterian, Swedenborgian, and Unitarian denominations, and by nonsectarian yet religious bodies.

The educational agencies established in these districts are many. Among them are kindergartens, classes in care of babies, sewing, cooking, household arts, nursing, elementary vocational and cultural subjects. The benefits of instruction are extended to men, women, and children.

CHAPTER XVII.

PROFESSIONAL ART SCHOOLS.

By FLORENCE N. LEVY,

Editor "American Art Annual," New York City.

CONTENTS.-History of the movement-Management-Academic schools-Schools of design-Industrial art schools-Schools of architecture-Normal art schools-Art courses in colleges and universitiesConclusion-List of art schools classified as to management-Classified by subjects-Art school statistics.

Professional art schools may be divided into the following classes: (1) Academic, where drawing, painting, and sculpture alone are taught; (2) schools of design, where, in addition to the academic branches, applied design is the principal subject, with craft classes frequently included; (3) industrial art schools, with workshops; (4) schools of architecture; (5) normal art schools; (6) colleges and universities giving instruction in drawing and history of art. In a brief review, such as is contemplated in this chapter, it is impossible to describe every one of the 216 art schools that exist in the United States. The general characteristics of each type are, however, indicated; and under industrial art the schools offering special courses are listed. At the end of the chapter the schools are entered under the five headings, with indications regarding evening and summer schools.

HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT.

During the eighteenth century any citizen of the American colonies who wanted to learn how to paint was obliged to go to Europe, and the success of Benjamin West, born in Pennsylvania in 1738, led many young Americans to follow him to London. Munich and Dusseldorf attracted many students in the middle of the nineteenth century, while Paris has been the Mecca of a host of artists for the past 50 or 60 years.

During the period when many ambitious painters and sculptors were finding their way to European art schools, art was beginning to take root in the United States. As far back as 1791 Charles Willson Peale tried to found an art school in Philadelphia. He was not successful, but his attempt led in 1805 to the establishment of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, the oldest art institution in the country. The school of the National Academy of Design, New York,