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at the school; also of 5 State geologists and 56 professors who have been connected with most of the great educational institutions of the country. The pamphlet also shows that the graduates of the school have been connected as designers and constructors with nearly all the larger bridge companies and great bridges in the country, and that they have in responsible positions helped to build and equip 109,000 miles of the railroad systems of North America, besides many miles in other quarters of the globe. One hundred and ninety of the graduates of the school have become members of the American Society of Civil Engineers. It received at the Paris Exposition of 1889 the only grand prize given to engineering schools of the United States.

That it is widely known as a school of science may be inferred from the residences of its students, who have come from all parts of the world.

Including the class of 1893 there have been 1,093 graduates, of whom 837 are alive and 256 are dead. Nine hundred and forty-seven received the degree of civil engineer (C. E.). The graduates are practicing their professions in 47 of the States and Territories of the United States and in 18 foreign countries.

Besides the General Alumni Association of the Institute there are associations of graduates in Pittsburg, Kansas City, Chicago, and New York.

The annual register for 1893 contains the names of 18 professors and instructors, 8 lecturers, and 206 students.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The laws of the State of New York for the years 1826, 1832, 1833, 1835, 1837, 1850, 1851, 1861, 1863, 1864, 1866, 1868, and 1871 contain provisions relating to the school.

Prospectus entitled Preparation Branch Recently Established at Rensselaer School, and dated September 14, 1826.

Prospectus entitled Notices of Rensselaer Institute, and dated October 15, 1835. The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Its Reorganization in 1849-50; its Condition at the Present Time; its Plans and Hopes for the Future, by B. Franklin Greene, was published in 1856. 8vo pamphlet, 87 pp.

Papers relating to the Organization of the Association of Graduates, Troy, N. Y., June 22-23, 1869. 8vo pamphlet, 24 pp.

Proceedings of the Semicentennial Celebration of the Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute, Troy, N. Y., held June 14-18, 1874. 8vo pamphlet, 139 pp. History of the Winslow Laboratory and the Cabinets of Mineralogy and Geology, Troy, N. Y., 1874. 8vo pamphlet, 13 pp.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. Meeting of Alumni in New York, February 18, 1881. 8vo pamphlet, 30 pp.

Biographical Record of the Officers and Graduates of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1886, by Henry B. Nason. 8vo. 614 pp.

A Partial Record of the Work of Graduates of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., 1892. 8vo pamphlet, 27 pp.

The Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., founded 1824. Handbook of Information. 8vo pamphlet, 23 pp.

Annual registers of the institute from the foundation of the school to 1893.

POPULAR COLLEGES AND SUMMER SCHOOLS.

Peculiar work of a technical or a popular character, done by such institutions as Cooper Union in New York, Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, Chautauqua University, and the Catholic Summer School of America, valuable as it is, does not properly belong within the limits of this history, although the above institutions are colleges incorporated under the laws of the State of New York. They are doing work which falls in with the university-extension movement, as leading to a wider opportunity for higher education to the people at large. The real history of this large movement is yet to make, and such beginnings as can be attributed to these institutions have been often described in pamphlets and articles easily accessible. Reference is specially made to the following list of publications:

"The history of summer schools in the United States," by W. W. Willoughby, Ph. D. Published as chapter 29 of the Report of the United States Commissioner of Education for 1891-92.

COOPER UNION.

Hough, F. B. Historical and Statistical Records of the University of the State of New York, 1784-1884. Albany, 1885. This sketch has peculiar interest as giv. ing an account of the conferring of the degree of LL. D. upon Peter Cooper, on February 12, 1878, his eighty-ninth birthday.

66

Laws of New York, 1857, chap. 31. Incorporation of the Peter Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art."

Laws of New York, 1859, chap. 379, amending above. Pamphlet, "Charter, Trust Deed, and By-laws of the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art; with the letter of Peter Cooper accompanying the trust deed." New York, 1881.

This pamphlet contains also the by-laws and regulations of the institution. Address of the graduates and pupils to Peter Cooper, esq., and his reply at the annual commencement, May 31, 1871. New York, 1871.

Annual Report of the Trustees. The thirty-ninth report is dated May, 1898. Regents' Report for 1889." P. 592 has interesting summary of the financial statements of the institution.

Chautauqua Assembly Herald.

CHAUTAUQUA.

See University of the State of New York. Extension bulletin 9. (Summer schools.)

Noble, F. P. Chautauqua as a new factor in American life. New England Magazine n. s. 2: 90.

Thorpe, F. N. Chautauqua life in 1800. Chaut. 9: 528.

Flood, T. L. Old Chautauqua Day. Chaut. 13: 561.

Prof. Herbert B. Adams. Chautauqua. Report of United States Commissioner of Education for 1894-95. Chapter 19. Comprises 100 pages and includes an account of the "Catholic Chautauqua," the Catholic Summer School.

PRATT INSTITUTE.

Campbell, J. R. Pratt Institute. Century 46: 870.

Hale, E. E. Pratt Institute. Cosmopolitan 7: 99.
Regent's report, 1895. pp. 467-492.

CATHOLIC SUMMER SCHOOL.

Catholic Reading Circle Review.

SECONDARY SCHOOLS COMPRISED IN THE UNIVERSITY.

The secondary schools of New York, outside of the purely private schools, are divided into three classes-academies, high schools, and academic departments of union schools. They are designed to cover the four years of work preparatory to admission to the first year of college. Although touching at several points the work under the direction of the department of public instruction, notably in the academic departments of union schools, yet they are kept under the supervision and control of the regents. Much of the most effective work of the regents has been in securing greater uniformity and higher standards of work in the academies. The number of these institutions is so great that detailed account is here impossible, although several of the academies date from the last century and have a history at once interesting and instructive. A detailed account of these academies will be found in Dr. Hough's Historical and Statistical Record of the University of the State of New York, already referred to, chapter 27. Chapters 11 to 26, inclusive, of that work are likewise devoted to the academies.

In June, 1897, there were a total of 584 of these secondary schools in the State. They were attended by over 53,000 scholars and had a total of 3,291 teachers, of whom 2,256 were women. The 465 high schools and academic departments, which are public institutions, had a net property of $7,667,883.30, and expended $1,892,960.16 for the year, while the 119 academies, which are incorporated, show a net property of $15,493,518.70, with expenses for the year of $1,391,286.02. The following extracts from the report of Secretary Melvil Dewey to the regents for 1897 will be found interesting:

ACADEMIES AND HIGH SCHOOLS.

In 1896, the last year for which the statistics are available, 600,000 pupils pursuing secondary studies were reported to the United States Bureau of Education, nearly seven-eighths of the whole number being in public and private high schools, the remainder in normal schools, academic departments of colleges, etc. There are now in the high schools and academies of New York State 53,464 students, or about one-eleventh of the whole number in the United States. Of these 82 per cent are in our high schools, while the whole United States shows 78 per cent of the entire number taking the public-school course. The number of public high schools in the United States in 1896 was 4,974-421, or more than one-twelfth, being in New York. The growth in one year for the whole country was 262 schools, of which one-fifth was in New York, whose high schools increased from 371 to 421.

During the year ending June 30, 1897, the high schools in our State reached the number 465, and there were 119 academies, making a total of 584.

Including the additions up to the time this report goes to press, there are in this State 611 high schools and academies, or about 1 to every 10,000 population. For comparison with another of the States of the Union, we note that Ohio, with 4,000,000 population, reports 558 public high schools and 56 private, a total of 614, or about 1 to every 8,000 population.

NUMBER OF STUDENTS IN ACADEMIES AND HIGH SCHOOLS, 1892 AND 1897.

The following table shows the number of students in 1892 compared with that in 1897:

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The list of the academies which follows is taken from the regents' report for the year ending June 30, 1896, and shows 128 institutions:

Academies of the University of the State of New York.
[L.-Legislature; all others incorporated or admitted by regents.]

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Academies of the University of the State of New York-Continued.

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Female Academy of Sacred Heart. Female Academy of Sacred Heart. Female Academy of Sacred Heart. Female Institute of the Visitation 42 Flushing Institute...

Fort Edward Collegiate Institute
Genesee Wesleyan Seminary
Glens Falls Academy.
Greenville Academy

Kenwood, Albany.
New York

Rochester, Monroe.
Brooklyn, Kings
Flushing, Queens

Fort Edward, Washington.
Lima, Livingston

Hartwick Seminary, academic de- Hartwick Seminary, Otsego.
partment.
Hebrew Technical Institute

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Glens Falls, Warren

Greenville, Greene.

Jan. 25, 1842

Feb. 26, 1816

Aug. 13, 1816

New York

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Hogansburg, Franklin. Buffalo, Erie

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Claverack, Columbia.

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Apr. 25, 1831

Dec. 14, 1892

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Institute of the Sisters of St. Joseph Buffalo, Erie. 54 Ives Seminary Keuka Institute.

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74 Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, academic department. Pratt Institute High School. Rensselaerville Academy

Round Lake Summer Institute. St. Agnes Female Seminary 79 St. Ann's Academic School St. Austin's School St. Bernard's Academy

82 St. Elizabeth's Academy St. Faith's School..

St. Francis Xavier's Academic
School.
St. Gabriel's School

St. Joachim's Academic Institute
St. John's Academic School.
St. John's Academy

St. John's Catholic Academy
St. John's Military School

St. Joseph's Academic School.
St. Joseph's Academy.
St. Joseph's Academy.
St. Joseph's Academy.

St. Joseph's Academy.

Keuka College, Yates.

Marion, Wayne.

Pike, Wyoming. Brooklyn, Kings

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Rensselaerville, Albany Round Lake, Saratoga. Brooklyn, Kings Hornellsville, Steuben. New Brighton, Richmond Cohoes, Albany

St. Joseph's Academy and Indus- Lockport, Niagara

trial Female School.

St. Margaret's School

Feb. 8,1894

Jan. 30, 1845

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June 26, 1895

Feb. 8,1894

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Albany

June 24, 1896

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Troy, Rensselaer.

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Buffalo, Erie...

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St. Mary's Academic School

St. Mary's Academic School

100 St. Mary's Academy..

trial Female School.

St. Mary's Catholic Institute

St. Patrick's Academy.

St. Peter's Academy.

St. Peter's Academy.

St. Philomena's Academic School
St. Stanislaus Academic School.

108 St. Teresa's Ursuline Academy. St. Thomas Aquinas's Academy.

109

110 Seymour Smith Academy. Sherman Collegiate Institute Sodus Academy.

111

112

113 Starkey Seminary

114

Staten Island Academy

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